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PubMed1998

Neural structures associated with recognition of facial expressions of basic emotions.

People with Huntington's disease and people suffering from obsessive compulsive disorder show severe deficits in recognizing facial expressions of disgust, whereas people with lesions restricted to the amygdala are especially impaired in recognizing facial expressions of fear. This double dissociation implies that recognition of certain basic emotions may be associated with distinct and non-overlapping neural substrates. Some authors, however, emphasize the general importance of the ventral parts of the frontal cortex in emotion recognition, regardless of the emotion being recognized. In this study, we used functional magnetic resonance imaging to locate neural structures that are critical for recognition of facial expressions of basic emotions by investigating cerebral activation of six healthy adults performing a gender discrimination task on images of faces expressing disgust, fear and anger. Activation in response to these faces was compared with that for faces showing neutral expressions. Disgusted facial expressions activated the right putamen and the left insula cortex, whereas enhanced activity in the posterior part of the right gyrus cinguli and the medial temporal gyrus of the left hemisphere was observed during processing of angry faces. Fearful expressions activated the right fusiform gyrus and the left dorsolateral frontal cortex. For all three emotions investigated, we also found activation of the inferior part of the left frontal cortex (Brodmann area 47). These results support the hypotheses derived from neuropsychological findings, that (i) recognition of disgust, fear and anger is based on separate neural systems, and that (ii) the output of these systems converges on frontal regions for further information processing.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

[Akinetic mutism and bicingular softening. 3 anatomo-clinical cases].

The authors describe three pathological cases of akinetic mutism with, as a common basic lesion, bilateral infarction of the cingulate gyrus secondary to aneurysm of the anterior communicating artery (case n degrees 1), to a huge olfactory meningioma (case n degrees 2), both operated on, and to atheromatous occlusion of the anterior cerebral arterial system (case n degrees 3). These three cases enable a variety of "anterior and waking" akinetic mutism to be described which is unusual enough to be compared with other mesencephalic and diencephalic aspects of this syndrome. It is in fact an akinetic mutism characterized by: a certain dissociation in its non-response to various stimuli, a particularly marked appearance of wakefulness when day-time alertness is considered, conservation of the waking-sleeping rhythm, perception and reaction unpredictable and paradoxical in both degree and quality, complete absence of any spontaneous verbal communication in contrast to relative break-down of solicited communication which is infrequent, uncertain and unresponsive to the usual methods of stimulation, without any possibility of a code. In addition, there is a remarkable mimic and segmental general akinesia, resistant to the usual nociceptive stimuli, but sensitive to slight excitation of the manual and oral zones. Besides this special akinetic mutism, there are variously systematised signs, mostly asymmetrical, indicating lesion of the cortico-sub-cortical frontal structures bordering on the gyrus cinguli. This unusual behaviour pattern corresponds in these three cases to extensive anterior bilateral ischemic lesions of the cingulate gyrus regularly associated with bilateral infarctions confined to the medial aspect of F1 in the superficial territory of the two anterior cerebral arteries, to possible neurosurgical changes (ablation of the right frontal pole) and to compressive or ischaemic lesions of the gyrus rectus. These exclusively cortico-sub-cortical associated lesions are in contrast with the remarkably intact caudate nuclei, the pallidal, thalamic, hypothalamic and septal formations and the anterior pillars of the fornix. These findings compared with the results of experimental research carried out by M. Kennard, help, if help is needed, to resolve the apparent contradictions between the effects of therapeutic cingulectomies or cingulotomies and the scanty pathological data already available in cerebral vascular pathology.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Functional neuroanatomy of robbery re-experience: affective memories studied with PET.

Using positron emission tomography (PET) and [15O]butanol, regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) was determined in six bank officials during exposure to a video of a jointly experienced armed bank robbery, and a control video. Besides elevating subjective and physiological indices of anxiety, traumatic stimulation increased rCBF bilaterally in the primary and secondary visual cortex, the posterior gyrus cinguli and in the left orbitofrontal cortex compared with that during the control stimulation. Decreased rCBF was found in Broca's area, the left angular gyrus, the left operculum and the secondary somatosensory cortex. Thus, the stress induced by visual re-experience of a robbery is associated with altered activity in paralimbic and cortical brain regions of relevance for cognition and affect.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

The pontine projection to the flocculonodular lobe and the paraflocculus studied by means of retrograde axonal transport of horseradish peroxidase in the rabbit.

The occurrence and distribution of labeled cells in the pontine nuclei were mapped following injections of small amounts of horseradish peroxidase (0.05-0.5 microliter, 50% suspension) in the flocculus, nodulus and the dorsal and ventral paraflocculus in adult albino rabbits. While no labeled cells were found in the pontine nuclei following injections in the nodulus, some were present following injections in the flocculus and a great number following injections in the paraflocculus. The projections onto the flocculus and paraflocculus are precisely organized. Following injections in the paraflocculus labeled neurons are arranged in four columns (E and G in the paramedian pontine nucleus, F in the peduncular and H in the dorsolateral nucleus). Following injections in the ventral paraflocculus labeled cells are present only in parts of column E and F, while columns G and H and parts of E and F project onto the dorsal paraflocculus. Following injections in the flocculus labeled cells occur in the rostral part of column E only. A comparison between the sites of termination of pontine afferents and the areas giving origin to floccular and parafloccular fibers shows that only few fibers mediating visual impulses end in these pontine areas, while they receive numerous fibers from gyrus cinguli and areas 18 and 19 of the cerebral cortex.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

[Cytoarchitecture and histochemical fluorescence studies of the cingulate cortex in the rat].

The cingular cortex of the rat was examined by means of Golgi's rapid impregnation technique, the glyoxylic acid technique for the detection of biogenic amines and a ninhydrin reaction in the octanoic milieu for the detection of GABA. Six interneuron types are described, differing with respects to their dendrite configurations and axon morphology. The noradrenaline innervation shows considerable differences as compared to the dopamine fibre system. GABA-containing neurons of various shapes and sizes are concentrated in the laminae II and III. The findings are discussed in connection with the conception according to the which the Gyrus cinguli as part of the limbic system might play a role in the genesis of psychopathological processes.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

[Infraslow activity and temperature of the brain during tests with emotional tension].

Infraslow electrical activity and brain temperature were recorded with implanted electrodes and differential thermocouples in rabbits. Stimulation of gyrus cinguli increased the amplitude of infraslow activity and reduced its frequency. Stimulation of the hypothalamus entailed both changes of the infraslow activity and raise of the brain temperature. The effects of stimulation were altered after administration of antihypoxants.

Animals↗
PubMed1999

The synaptic-vesicle-specific proteins rab3a and synaptophysin are reduced in thalamus and related cortical brain regions in schizophrenic brains.

Two synaptic-vesicle proteins, rab3a and synaptophysin, have been studied on post-mortem brain tissues of schizophrenics and healthy controls. We found significantly reduced levels of rab3a in thalamus (p<0.001); for both proteins in gyrus cinguli and hippocampus (p<0.0001); for rab3a in frontal and parietal cortex (p<0.05); and no differences in temporal cortex or cerebellum in schizophrenics compared with controls. Reduced synaptic density may be a prominent feature of the molecular neuropathology of schizophrenia.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Superoxide dismutase activity in brains from chronic alcoholics.

CuZn superoxide dismutase (SOD) and Mn SOD activities were analyzed in hypothalamus, nucleus caudatus, hippocampus and cortex gyrus cinguli from 12 chronic alcoholics and from 16 controls. The CuZn SOD activities were slightly lower and the Mn SOD activities were slightly higher in the brain pieces from chronic alcoholics compared to the controls. The slight differences found can hardly be assigned etiological importance in the degenerative processes in brain tissue connected with chronic alcoholism.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Impairment of executive functions in a patient with a focal lesion in the anterior cingulate cortex. Evidence from neuropsychological assessment.

Patients with naturally occurring lesions involving the anterior cingulate cortex are rare and there thus exist very few reports of focal lesions in this area. We report a longitudinal study of a new case of selective anterior cingulate damage due to the presence of an angiocavernoma at the junction of the anterior third with the middle third of the right gyrus cinguli. Before surgery, the results of several, different tests suggested a significant impairment of executive functions, including deficits in planning, monitoring of ongoing behavior, and strategy shifting, as well as an exaggerated susceptibility to retroactive interference. Most of these symptoms disappeared completely or almost completely after the surgical removal of the angiocavernoma, although exaggerated susceptibility to interference was found to persist four months after surgery.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

Superoxide dismutase isoenzymes in normal brains and in brains from patients with dementia of Alzheimer type.

CuZn superoxide dismutase and Mn superoxide dismutase were analysed in hypothalamus, nucleus caudatus, hippocampus and cortex gyrus cinguli from 14 patients with dementia of Alzheimer type and from 16 controls. Ample amounts of both enzymes were demonstrated in the brains and there was little difference between the various parts of the brain. There were only small differences in the enzymic activities between the two groups indicating that deficiencies of these enzymes are not a very likely cause of brain degeneration in dementias of Alzheimer type.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1977

[Quantitative study of the apical dendritic spines in the cingulate lamina-V-pyramid neurons of the rat following oral application of alcohol].

The question answered in this paper is whether the apical dendritic spines-values of lamina-V-pyramidal cells of the gyrus cinguli of the rat are changed as a result of the oral application of ethanol. Alcohol-application causes a statistically significant increase of apical spines, especially at the main dendrite when given during the early postnatal development phase, where the brain is still impressible. The results are discussed as compensatory achievement of the not degeneratively changed neurons, while other pyramids show signs of degeneration. The conclusions were compared with the results of Kunz et al. (1976), who investigated the ethanol-effects on hippocampal pyramids.

Animals↗
PubMed1983

The activity of monoamine oxidase -A and -B in brains from chronic alcoholics.

The activity of monoamine oxidase--A was found to be lower in homogenates of hypothalamus and caudate nucleus, but not in cortex of the gyrus cinguli and hippocampus, from chronic alcoholics with respect to homogenates from autopsy cases without histories of alcohol abuse. The activity of monoamine oxidase--B was also lower in the alcoholics, but this could be due to the selective effect of age upon this enzyme form, since the alcoholics were younger than controls. No difference was found for either monoamine oxidase -A or -B activities in brain homogenates from an alcohol preferring (AA) strain of rats, with respect to those from a water preferring (ANA) strain.

Aged↗
PubMed1997

Serotonergic, noradrenergic, and dopaminergic measures in suicide brains.

Concentrations of the three main monoamines (5-HT, NA, and DA), their metabolites (5-HIAA, DOPAC, and HVA), and the serotonin precursor 5-hydroxy-L-tryptophan were simultaneously measured in frontal cortex, gyrus cinguli, and hypothalamus from 23 controls and 18 suicide victims. Overall suicides did not show significant differences with respect to the control group in any of the measured compounds. Significant increases in noradrenaline and dopamine concentrations were noted in the carbon monoxide poisoning suicides, together with a significant increased hypothalamic dopamine in the drug overdose suicides. It is suggested that the suicidal behavior is not related to substantial changes in cortical and hypothalamic monoaminergic function; however, the reported results could be secondary to the rapid effect of hypoxia and of the acute self-administration of certain drugs in specific metabolic pathways.

3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic Acid↗
PubMed1995

Pain--old and new methods of study and treatment.

In the last 5 years several remarkable methods for localizing precisely a wide range not only of specific motor and sensory functions but as well of more complex mental phenomena in the domain of cognitive functions have been demonstrated to evoke sharply localizable responses. In pain, positron emission tomography (PET) scanning has been used to show that the anterior gyrus cinguli is an integral component of the pain system. The PET technique suffers from a limitation of both spatial and temporal resolution, which permits only accurate center of mass coordinates of activated regions. Functional mapping of the brain by nuclear magnetic resonance has been achieved with techniques depicting specific brain areas in action during a mental process. These techniques open up an entirely new domain for study and treatment of many problems linked to cognition including many in whom pain is a central feature. The many cerebral cortical areas involved in pain make it unlikely that any ablative procedure will achieve long sustained pain relief. The dual objective of relief of both pain and suffering is probably going to be attained only by activation of pain suppressor mechanisms. This may well require the added knowledge accessible only by functional magnetic resonance imaging.

Brain Mapping↗
PubMed1978

[Effect of sensory deprivation on the lamina V pyramidal neurons in the rat cingulate gyrus].

Three groups of Wistar-rats were reared in the dark during different periods in their postnatal life: the first group was reared in the dark starting from birth for a period of four weeks, the second one from birth up to nine weeks of age and the third one from the fifth up to the ninth week postnatal. Two groups of control animals were reared under normal laboratory conditions from birth up to four or else up to nine weeks of age. The brains were processed according to a modified Golgi-Kopsch method. In lamina-V-pyramids of the gyrus cinguli there were evaluated lightmicroscopically for every group: length, number and distribution of spines on the main apical dendrites; on the apical oblique dendrites, too, these measures were made in the groups of four weeks of age (experimental and control animals). Main results are: 1. Rearing in the dark from birth up to the fourth week of age, i.e. during the early period of the postnatal brain development causes a growing-inhibition: the number of apical oblique dendrites (first order) was significantly decreased in comparison with the controls. The apical spines-values are not significantly altered. 2. Rearing in the dark from birth up to the ninth week of age as well as during the later postnatal development (from the fifth up to the ninth week) cause a statistically significant increase of spines values on the main apical dendrite. 3. These findings are discussed from a functional point of view and with the references.

Animals↗
PubMed1978

[Quantitative examinations of stellate cells in the region of the cingulate gyrus in the rat].

Brains of three months old male rats were handled by a modified Golgi-Kopsch method. Stellate cells of the gyrus cinguli were drawn, classified into four types and analyzed quantitatively. The values of the four types were compared by means of a varianz analysis. The four types are: isodendritic stellate cells without spines (I/OS), isodendritic stellate cells with spines (AI/OS), anisodendritic stellate cells without spines (AI/OS), anisodendritic stellate cells with spines (AI/MS). Type I/OS and type AI/MS are the most contrary one. Main results are: 1. The lengths of the dendritic branches show maximum values in the 3rd order. The dendritic lengths exhibit great deviations in all the four types. The alteration of the lengths values from one to the next order is similar the basal dendritic tree of primitive pyramidal neurons. The same analogy you can find for the dendritic numbers of corresponding orders: highest numbers are in the 2nd order, in the following orders the numbers decrease permanently. Isodendritic stellate cells without spines have significantly more dendrites of the 1st order compared with the other three types. 2. The branching pattern --- revealed in the number of free dendritic endings --- shows differences between isodendritic stellate cells without spines and anisodendritic stellate cells with spines. 3. The total lengths of the dendritic branches and the lengthes of the single dendritic fields are similar in significant differences: least lengths there are in anisodendritic stellate cells with spines, they are significantly different from isodendritic stellate cells with and without spines. 4. There are differences in the values of spines and varicosities between all types which causes the possibility of classifying stellate cells according to this parameter. This is valid for spines values of the orders, spines values of single dendritic fields and for the total number of spines for one neuron. 5. Localization and extending in the layers: most stellate cells extend through several layers. The isodendritic type is preferentially localizes in layer III, the anisodendritic one in layer V.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

History, anatomical nomenclature, comparative anatomy and functions of the hippocampal formation.

The complex structures in the cerebral hemispheres is included under one term, the limbic system. Our conception of this system and its special functions rises from the comparative neuroanatomical and neurophysiological studies. The components of the limbic system are the hippocampus, gyrus parahippocampalis, gyrus dentatus, gyrus cinguli, corpus amygdaloideum, nuclei anteriores thalami, hypothalamus and gyrus paraterminalis Because of its unique macroscopic and microscopic structure, the hippocampus is a conspicuous part of the limbic system. During phylogenetic development, the hippocampus developed from a simple cortical plate in amphibians into complex three-dimensional convoluted structure in mammals. In the last few decades, structures of the limbic system were extensively studied. Attention was directed to the physiological functions and pathological changes of the hippocampus. Experimental studies proved that the hippocampus has a very important role in the process of learning and memory. Another important functions of the hippocampus as a part of the limbic system is its role in regulation of sexual and emotional behaviour. The term "hippocampal formation" is defined as the complex of six structures: gyrus dentatus, hippocampus proprius, subiculum proprium, presubiculum, parasubiculum and area entorhinalis In this work we attempt to present a brief review of knowledge about the hippocampus from the point of view of history, anatomical nomenclature, comparative anatomy and functions (Tab. 1, Fig. 2, Ref. 33).

Anatomy, Comparative↗