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PubMed2000

Was Hippocrates a beginner at trepanning and where did he learn?

A critical reading of Hippocrates'On Wounds of the Head suggests the writer was a beginner at trepanning. He could not explain clearly, in the pathological terms used in his time, why routine early trepanning was beneficial. His technique was hesitant, suggesting he himself had never done the routine early trepanning he advocated, and he had not yet realised that his policy would be unacceptable to most Greek patients. It is suggested that he might have learnt trepanning on a brief trip to Marseilles, where the Gauls had already trepanned for 1500 years.

Craniocerebral Trauma↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Vibrio vulnificus: did Hippocrates describe a fatal case?

In the fifth century B.C., Hippocrates described a fatal illness in a man who lived on an island in the Aegean Sea. This acute infection was characterized by black bullous skin lesions, rapidly progressive septicemia, and death on the second day. It is hypothesized that this disease was caused by Vibrio vulnificus.

History, Ancient↗
PubMed2005

The catheter and its use from Hippocrates to Galen.

PURPOSE: We comprehensively reviewed the history and use of the bladder catheter in Western medicine from 500 BC to 200 AD. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Greek and Latin texts were key word searched to identify descriptions of contemporary instruments and their uses. RESULTS: The catheter and its use were mentioned by about 10 ancient authors in more than a total of 20 texts dating to the end of the second century AD. The authors include Hippocrates, Celsus, Soranus, Rufus, Aretaeus and Galen. They described the use of the instrument in reference to contemporary anatomy and physiology, and indications and contraindications in regard to certain conditions, such as urinary retention, bladder stones and intravesical blood clots. Technical details and particularities of use were also reviewed, as were pharmacological considerations and underlying physical principles. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge of the urinary catheter, and its usefulness and risks in ancient medicine can be dated from the 5th century BC. Our study of European texts documents its broad use. Because catheterization was perceived as a practical measure, it generated little scientific controversy.

History, Ancient↗
PubMed1962

Diseases of the heart in the works of Hippocrates.

He who would make accurate forecasts as to those who will recover, and those who will die, and whether the disease will last a greater or less number of days, must understand all the symptoms thoroughly and be able to appreciate them, estimating their powers when they are compared with one another, as I have set forth. Hippocrates, Prognostic XXV (Jones, 1923-31)

Cardiology↗
PubMed1995

[Surgical treatment of breast carcinoma since Hippocrates of Cos].

The pessimistic prognosis for cancerous diseases made by the founder of occidental medical science, Hippocrates of Cos (ca. 460 BC--ca. 370 BC), resulted also in the fact that the surgical treatment of breast cancer was performed rather as a last resort. Not until the rise of scientific surgery in the 16th century did European surgeons begin to develop different procedures in the surgical treatment of breast cancer. In 1774, in a treatise rewarded by the Academy, the French surgeon Bernard Peyrilhe, who may be considered one of the founders of experimental cancer research, demanded radical operative surgery in cases of breast cancer. Peyrilhe first formulated the principles of that surgical concept which is connected with the name of the American surgeon William Stewart Halsted (1852-1922), a concept which has long remained influential.

Breast Neoplasms↗
PubMed2000

From Hippocrates to the Eskimo--a history of techniques used to reduce anterior dislocation of the shoulder.

It has been recognised for thousands of years that the shoulder joint is particularly prone to dislocation following trauma. From the time of Hippocrates, physicians have described a variety of different techniques aimed at reducing shoulder dislocations. In this article we review the historical development of these techniques and suggest that, despite being described as new, many of these are simply variations on an already established method.

History, 16th Century↗
PubMed2001

Hippocrates and his principles of medical ethics.

"The Father of Medicine", as Antiquity called Hippocrates has left rich medical and ethical heritage for us. His heritage--the collection of treatises Corpus Hippocraticum, from 5th and 4th centuries BC, comprise not only general medical prescriptions, descriptions of diseases, diagnoses, dietary recommendations etc., but also his opinion on professional ethics of a physician. The Hippocratic Oath, taken by ancient and medieval doctors, requires high ethical standards from medical doctors. Its principles are important in professional and ethical education of medical doctors even today. (Ref. 4.).

Ethics, Medical↗
PubMed1995

[Etnography between Herodotus and Hippocrates: the case of warrior women].

According to Herodotus, which tells the myth of their origin, Sauromatides are the daughters of Amazons and of Scitian men; they live as warrior women adapting theirselves on a male model from the childhood until the old age. Hippocrates, corretting the herodotean heritage, says that Sauromatides change their roles with male ones, but only until the age of their marriage. Ephoros says that Sauromatides are a people dominated by women; Plato assignes them a special role in his social roject of Laws.

Anthropology, Cultural↗
PubMed2001

Cryobiology in human assisted reproductive technology. Would Hippocrates approve?

Recent advances in human cryobiology have been substantially greater than the first slow step from freezing spermatozoa in animals in Italy, published in 1776 to observing motility in frozen-thawed human sperm in 1938(1). Reports on cryopreservation of rabbit oocytes (1947)(1) and births from fertilised frozen-thawed mice oocytes in 1977(1) were soon followed by the first human pregnancy (1983)(1) and birth (1984)1 following transfer of frozen-thawed embryos after in-vitro fertilisation (IVF). Whereas cryopreservation of human sperm and embryos in tertiary level fertility centres is now commonplace, the full clinical, scientific and sociological consequences of progress in this rapidly moving field are to be determined. These include pregnancy with frozen-thawed human mature, oocytes after conventional IVF (1986)4, intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI)(5) (1996), pregnancies following use of frozen-thawed mature (1995)(5,6) and immature oocytes (1999)(7), ovarian tissue banking (8) and possible autografting (1999)(9) as well as repeated freeze-thawing of male gametes and of embryos (10,11). Cryopreservation of female and male gametes instead of embryos offer solutions of obvious religious, ethical, legal and clinical problems. In addition, there may be benefits in reducing the cost of infertility treatment, improving the safety of fertility treatment with respect to ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome and repeated treatment with controlled ovarian hyperstimulation, prevention of diseases such as sexually transmitted diseases and hereditary disorders and preventing infertility by possible long-term storage of gametes, gonadal tissue and even embryos. The benefits of cryopreservation of sperm, oocytes and embryos in the management of subfertile couples, many being self-evident to some, bear emphasis. Cryopreservation of sperm offers substantial organisational, cost and social advantages in IVF/ICSI treatment, in that it is no longer necessary for both partners to be present at the time of oocyte retrieval, or to have the sperm retrieval done simultaneously, as frozen-thawed sperm (ejaculatory, epididymal or testicular) can be used. This strategy permits men in the latter two categories to be able to support their partners at the time of oocyte retrieval, with the knowledge that their sperm surgically obtained some time previously, is available. It is now clear that, in men with obstructive azoospermia, the use of fresh or frozen-thawed sperm will yield equivalent fertilisation rates following ICSI. In men with non-obstructive azoospermia, with a 60% chance only of obtaining sperm from the testicular aspiration or biopsy, the option could be cryopreservation of the sperm harvested first and later controlled ovarian hyperstimulation of the female partner, to use thawed sperm which will lead to equivalent fertilisation rates using fresh sperm. Thus, one may avoid cost of treatment of the female in those couples who do not wish to use donor sperm as a back-up in the 40% of men from whom sperm is not obtained. Important consequences of cryopreservation of gametes and gonadal tissue are likely to be in the area of prevention of hereditary and familial diseases, as cryopreservation of oocytes, sperm, embryos and blastocysts is exploited fully in pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) strategies12. Embryo biopsy now permits screening to identify normal embryos from couples who are carriers of known single gene defects and hereditary disorders and the list of these conditions is expanding rapidly. PGD is feasible on frozen-thawed blastomeres even if cells have lysed after thawing, providing information relevant for surviving blastomeres or blastocysts. But what of the gene probes which will soon deluge us on the completion of the Human Genome Project? Can we anticipate benefits and consider proposing that couples with familial disorders, whether degenerative e.g. Type 2 Diabetes, or malignant conditions such as cancer of the ovary, breast and colon? Should we cryopreserve oocytes/sperm/embryos for the purposes of PGD once the markers are available? Cryobiology indeed provides hope now for women and men with neoplastic diseases, who are about to receive oncotherapy for malignancies which inevitably will render them sterile. Men may now freeze epididymal, testicular as well as ejaculatory sperm as ICSI has revolutionalised the treatment of male infertility. It might be likely that testicular tissue from prepubertal boys can be cryopreserved with a reasonable expectation that techniques will soon be developed to effect maturation of spermatogonia in-vivo or in-vitro13. The greatest advance is likely to be for women suffering from reproductive cancer, who may now consider mature and immature oocytes being frozen or vitrified with a reasonable chance of fertilisation by ICSI later, as well as the cryopreservation and storage of ovarian cortex tissue biopsies. Work is proceeding still to refine techniques of in-vitro maturation of frozen-thawed immature oocytes, and the frozen-thawed ovarian cortex tissue slices. The potential benefits will not only be to female fertility for the latter conditions but endocrine disorders as well as by autotransplantation (1999)9. Currently, ovarian tissue banking8 is being considered by women undergoing procedures or treatment which could destroy ovarian function with quite realistic but cautious expectations of preserving ovarian function, but tomorrow women may consider banking ovarian tissue as insurance against childlessness because of the risk of disorders in the reproductive tract (endometriosis, simple recurrent ovarian cysts) and even advancing years. For those who have conceived with surplus oocytes cryopreserved, anonymous oocyte donation is a possibility for the solution of ethical and legal problems. All over Europe, the age of women having their first child is dramatically increasing now being in their late twenties, with likely significant implications in the need to fertility treatment in the Millennium. Society has always been excited but understandably cautious about the prospect of whole body cryopreservation. Hippocrates would have argued that Society could separate medicine and its advances from religious views, dogma and prejudice and, on the present evidence, would probably have looked upon human cryobiology favourably. Human cryobiology is here to stay and society as well as the profession is addressing its relevance. There are clear signs that this technology can and will alleviate suffering by preventing genetic and familial diseases, infections and infertility as well as lowering the cost and social consequences of the treatment. For these reasons, further research in this field should be welcomed and supported.

Cryopreservation↗
PubMed2001

[Did Wilhelm Kopp possess the Par. gr. 2254 and 2255? A study on his translation of Hippocrates' De victus ratione in morbis acutis].

In the preface of his Greek edition of Hippocrates, published in Basle in 1538, Janus Cornarius of Zwickau mentions a manuscript of the French physician Nicolas Kopp among the textual sources used by him to review the preceding edition. It is known that Nicolas inherited the library of his father Wilhelm, who made the translations of two Hippocratic treatises, Prognostikon and De victus ratione in morbis acutis, published in Paris in 1511. It is suggested that the manuscript used by Cornarius for his edition and earlier by Wilhelm Kopp for his translations can be identified with the Par. gr. 2254 and 2255. This proposal is verified in the present article by an examination of the translation by Wilhelm Kopp of the treatise De victus ratione in morbis acutis, which is contained in the original part of the manuscript Par. gr. 2254.

France↗
PubMed2004

["Eternal physicianship" or "new medical ethics" 1939-1945? Hippocrates and historians in the service of war].

What changes, if any, came with the so-called "new medical ethics" that was propagated during the Nazi period and the war of 1939-1945? This article analyses the context of the publication series "Ewiges Arzttum" ("eternal physicianship"), which was edited during World War II. The first volume--"Hippocrates"--included an introduction by the "Reichsführer-SS", Heinrich Himmler, and was edited by the "Reichsarzt-SS", Ernst Grawitz. B. J. Gottlieb, the medical historian who arranged the excerpts from Hippocratic texts, later headed an SS-Institute for the History of Medicine in Graz. Gottlieb was a pupil of Paul Diepgen, the head of the large Department for the History of Medicine and Natural Sciences at the University of Berlin. What were the goals of historians under National Socialism when they constructed continuities between the ethics of ancient times and the Nazi ethos? How did the moral points of view change under political pressure and in the circumstances of war? The series "Ewiges Arzttum", its context, and the correspondence between the persons involved are striking examples of the instrumentalisation of history for other purposes, even for "total war".

Ethics, Medical↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Hippocrates, father of semiology and medical deontology].

Elaborated 24 centuries ago, Hippocrate's and his school's works are considerable. They concern all aspects of medicine, surgery and even obstetrics, tackled by three approaches: clinical observation by constitution for each patient of what can be considered as the ancestor of the current medical file and by use of clinical signs still in application in modern semeiology; the Oath, basis of benevolence ethic, still taken nowadays but in an actualized form by future medical doctors; humoral theory which proposes a physiopathological concept of diseases and deduces a therapeutical approach still in use until the end of 19th century, by lack of sufficient knowledge about organs function and origin of diseases. It consists in an amalgam of archaic concepts, elaborated by presocratic philosophers about matter's structure transposed to body fluids and presented in a pseudocoherent form. Current concepts of diseases, especially role of pathogens render it obsolete.

Diagnosis↗
PubMed2005

Galen's commentary on Hippocrates' De humoribus.

This paper deals with the fragments of the Galenic commentary on Hippocrates' De humoribus preserved in Oribasius, Rhazes, Maimonides, their philological history and a comparison of some passages.

History, Ancient↗
PubMed2005

[Hippocrates commentaries in modern age].

The Hippocratic commentaries represent a genre utilised not only by university teachers and so-called "medical philologists", but also by working doctors, personal physicians, and other medical practitioners. As such, the genre of the commentary is located at a crucial point of intersection between medical history, theory, and practice, as well as between orthodox and "alternative" conceptions of medicine; the commentaries are thus ideally placed to reflect the diversity of early modern medicine as well as the larger cultural context in which it was practised and debated. In this paper, some general remarks on researching Hippocrates commentaries are presented and followed by two test cases: the commentaries on the Hippocratic Letters and on the Hippocratic Oath.

Hippocratic Oath↗
PubMed1988

The history of lupus erythematosus. From Hippocrates to Osler.

Hippocrates (460-375 BC) was the first to describe cutaneous ulcers under the heading of herpes esthiomenos. From what we can tell, Herbernus of Tours was the first to apply the term lupus to a skin disease in 916 AD. Following this, a number of terms including lupus, noli me tangere, and herpes esthiomenos were used to describe cutaneous ulcers. Willan (1757-1812) expanded the classification of skin diseases using the term herpes for vesicular diseases and lupus for destructive and ulcerative diseases of the face. The first clear description of lupus erythematosus was by Biett and was reported by his student Cazenave under the term erythema centrifugum in 1833. In 1846 Hebra, under the name of Seborrhea Congestiva described disc-shaped patches and introduced the butterfly simile for the malar rash. In 1851 Cazenave renamed erythema centrifugum, calling it lupus erythematosus and gave a classic description of discoid lupus erythematosus. In 1872 Kaposi subdivided lupus into the discoid and systemic forms and introduced the concept of systemic disease with a potentially fatal outcome. Hutchinson alluded to the photosensitive nature of the rash and may have provided the earliest description of what is now called annular subacute cutaneous lupus. In 1894 Payne used quinine in the treatment of patients with LE and postulated the presence of a vascular disturbance. In 1902, Sequira and Balean published a large series of patients with discoid and systemic LE and provided clinical and pathologic details of a young woman who died of glomerulonephritis. In 1904, Jadassohn published an exhaustive review of discoid and systemic LE, including clinical features and pathologic findings. Between 1895 and 1904 Sir William Osler published 29 cases of what was termed the erythema group of diseases. Perhaps his major contribution was to show that skin diseases could be accompanied by a variety of systemic manifestations. In retrospect most of his patients suffered from diseases other than SLE and it was only in his 1904 paper that two cases with SLE were described. He did not acknowledge this diagnosis in his cases and we share the viewpoint that his contribution to the study of SLE has been overemphasized.

History, 15th Century↗
PubMed1998

Hippocrates and the mouth.

Hippocrates as a central figure of Greek Medicine of the Golden Age stands ipso jure first among equals with Pericles, Socrates, Plato, Aeschylus, Sophocles, Euripides, Phidias, Praxiteles and all of the other great men who are to this very day considered by the true rulers, philosophers, writers, artists and generally all civilized men as Great Teachers.

Greece, Ancient↗