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At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed2000

Acid load during total parenteral nutrition: comparison of hydrochloric acid and acetic acid on plasma acid-base balance.

The effects of hydrochloric acid and acetic acid on the plasma acid-base balance were investigated in four rabbits receiving parenteral nutrition. Hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis was observed only in the animals receiving total parenteral nutrition (TPN) whose pH was adjusted with hydrochloric acid. The observed acidosis was due to an excess of hydrogen ions with chloride ions as judged by the plasma-base excess and urinary net-acid excess and not by the infusion of solution having a high titratable acidity. The hydrogen ion released from the acetic acid added to TPN is consumed by the metabolism of the acetate ion and thus does not contribute to the net hydrogen-ion load. A reduction in the chloride load by using acetic acid to adjust the pH of the TPN solution when it is formulated can be safely achieved and prevents acidosis.

Acetic Acid↗
PubMed2006

The criteria of critical runaway and stable temperatures of catalytic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide in the presence of hydrochloric acid.

The hydrogen peroxide and hydrochloric acid are used in close proximity in the computer chip manufacture. The hydrochloric acid catalyzes an exothermic decomposition of hydrogen peroxide into oxygen and water. The accumulation of heat and non-condensable gas increases temperature and pressure in this reaction process always lead to runaway reaction and accident owing to inadvertent mixing. Thus, the chemical reaction hazard has to be clearly identified. Its critical runaway temperatures and unstable reaction criteria in this reaction process have to be determined urgently. In this investigation, we estimated its kinetic parameters at various volumetric ratios of the hydrogen peroxide to hydrochloric acid. Then, used these kinetic parameters to evaluate their critical temperatures and stable criteria in each reaction processes. The analytic results are important and useful for the design of safety system in the computer chip manufacture.

Catalysis↗
PubMed1992

Periodic acid incubation can replace hydrochloric acid hydrolysis and trypsin digestion in immunogold--silver staining of bromodeoxyuridine incorporation in plastic sections and allows the PAS reaction.

We have examined the possibility of improving the present methods of detecting bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) and for combining the PAS reaction with the BrdU detection by means of immunogold-silver staining (IGSS). This was done in testes fixed in Carnoy or Bouin, and in parts of the small intestine which were fixed in Carnoy or periodate-lysine-paraformaldehyde (PLP). All tissues were embedded in a mixture of glycol methacrylate and butanediol-monoacrylate. It was found to be impossible to carry out BrdU detection using HCl hydrolysis and trypsin digestion in combination with a PAS reaction. However, incubation of the plastic sections in periodic acid for a period of 30 minutes appeared to make it possible to eliminate the HCl denaturation step and to carry out a specific PAS reaction. Moreover, after incubation in periodic acid, trypsin digestion was no longer required to make the BrdU label accessible in GMA-embedded sections, nor to re-expose the antigenic sites in plastic sections of tissues fixed with cross-linking fixatives. In this way the loss of cell structures, which is inevitable when trypsin is used, can be avoided. Now a BrdU detection with improved morphology can be combined with the PAS reaction in the same plastic section in order to stain tissue carbohydrates. This is important for tumour diagnosis, where the PAS reaction can be very useful.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Ice-catalyzed ionization of hydrochloric acid.

Ionization of hydrochloric acid (HCl) on stratospheric ice particles is believed to be a key step in the depletion of stratospheric ozone. Ab initio calculations based on a model HCl-water cluster show that HCl ionization on ice surfaces is a barrierless process. Since this mechanism is rapid and produces chloride anions that are exposed to ambient stratospheric chlorine reservoir molecules, it is likely to be important for stratospheric chemistry. It complements a previously suggested mechanism where HCl forms part of the ice lattice before ionizing. The mechanism proposed here is also consistent with experimentally observed ionization of HCl on ice at low temperatures and under vacuum, where the HCl is not expected to be encapsulated in the ice lattice.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1997

In situ end labelling: effect of proteolytic enzyme pretreatment and hydrochloric acid.

AIM: To determine the effect of dilute hydrochloric acid on the in situ end labelling (ISEL) reaction, with and without a variety of different proteolytic enzymes. METHODS: Sections of tissue fixed in buffered formalin were pretreated with trypsin, protease XIV (at two different concentrations), or protease XXIV (for two different incubation times), with and without subsequent 1 M hydrochloric acid treatment. The results were compared with those obtained using hydrochloric acid alone, with proteinase K, and pepsin pretreatment, and with no pretreatment. RESULTS: When hydrochloric acid was added to the sections in addition to trypsin, protease XIV, and protease XXIV, there was a significant increase in ISEL reactivity in both apoptotic nuclei and morphologically normal nuclei. Hydrochloric acid alone had no significant effect. CONCLUSIONS: Hydrochloric acid has a distinctive effect on the ISEL reaction that is dependent on prior proteolytic digestion.

Adenocarcinoma↗
PubMed1990

Lung lavage and surfactant replacement for hydrochloric acid aspiration in rabbits.

Hydrochloric acid (0.1 N, 5.0 ml.kg-1 in total) was administered intratracheally to 28 adult rabbits anesthetized with pentobarbital and mechanically ventilated with pure oxygen. When the PaO2 decreased to 14.1 +/- 2.8 kPa (mean +/- s.d.), the PaCO2 increased to 8.9 +/- 2.5 kPa, and the minute ventilation (VE) decreased to 51 +/- 8% of the baseline value, animals were divided into 4 groups. The deteriorated values did not improve in the non-treated (control) animals, whereas the animals treated with lung lavage and surfactant replacement showed a significant increase in PaO2 to 35.1 +/- 12.2 kPa, and maintained lower PaCO2 and larger VE than the controls. These parameters showed no significant improvement with surfactant replacement alone, and deteriorated further with lung lavage alone. The minimum surface tension (gamma min) of the edema fluid that accumulated in the airways after acid administration was 22.5 +/- 1.7 mN.m-1, and was not lowered by adding surfactant preparation (10 mg.ml-1) whose original gamma min was less than 2 mN.m-1. We concluded that surfactant inhibition by edema fluid was a cause of respiratory failure, and that lung lavage followed by surfactant replacement might be of therapeutic value for acid aspiration.

Animals↗
PubMed1998

Swallowing of hydrochloric acid: study of 25 cases.

INTRODUCTION: Ingestion of hydrochloric acid solutions (Salfumant/Salfuman) constitute a relatively frequent emergency in our environment. It is a strong acid, highly corrosive, the swallowing of which causes a very serious necrosis of the gastrointestinal tract. AIM: We review our experience on emergency treatment of inpatients after the swallowing of watery hydrochloric acid solutions, in order to identify the most important prognosis factor. PATIENTS AND METHODS: During the last thirteen years, 25 patients have been attended in our center with the diagnosis of hydrochloric acid swallowing. The clinical and therapeutical characteristics are respectively analyzed, as well as the high morbi-mortality of these kind of emergencies. RESULTS: Global mortality of the series has been 48% (12 patients). The common characteristic of these 12 patients was the esophagogastric massive necrosis, and the duodenopancreatic frame necrosis. Ten patients who did not present duodenal necrosis or were operated on of later complications, survived. Three patients could be managed with medical conservative treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Hydrochloric acid swallowing constitutes an extraordinary severe emergency, with a high mortality, mainly related to necrosis extension to the duodenopancreatic frame.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Destructive effect of percutaneous hydrochloric acid injection therapy for liver cancer--a preliminary experimental and clinical study.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the tissue coagulation and anticancer effects of hydrochloric acid compared with ethanol and acetic acid. To assess the in situ destructive effects and safety of CT mediated percutaneous hydrochloric acid injection therapy (PHAIT). METHODS: IC50 of gastric juice and 10% diluted hydrochloric acid against cancer cell lines in vitro were determined. Coagulated necrotic area of hydrochloric acid was observed in vitro and in vivo using pig liver. The coagulated effects of 6 mol/l hydrochloric acid solution (HAS6) on pig liver and muscle were compared with 50% acetic acid and anhydrous alcohol. Thirty patients with 38 lesions of liver cancer were treated by the CT mediated intratumor injection of HAS6. The in situ destructive rate, CT evaluation, PET, histopathology, survival and side effects were observed. RESULTS: The IC50 of gastric juice and 10% diluted hydrochloric acid against cancer cell lines were as similar as approximately 0.05-0.07% in concentration. Coagulated area of liver tissue by 1 ml of 1.5-12 mol/l hydrochloric acid was 18.3-53.4 mm in diameter. The globular hoariness coagulation area with a clear-cut borderline separated from normal tissue was produced. The 6.0 mol/l hydrochloric acid shows a larger coagulation dimension with a clear boundary, 15 times of anhydrous alcohol and 5 times of 50% acetic acid. No toxicities in the routine local injection dosages were found. Clinically, the patients received 73 sessions of PHAIT; CT scan shows a low density area with gas that did not enhance by CT scan shown 24 hrs later. A good necrosis and destruction rate of cancer was obtained by PET, biopsy and AFP measurement. One year, 2-year and 3-year survival rates were 100, 90 and 85%, respectively. Nine cases survived more than 3 years, and 2 cases for more than 4 years. No change in the heart, liver and kidney functions were found. Main side effects were slight pain, lower fever, etc. CONCLUSIONS: The 6 mol/l hydrochloric acid is an effective endogenetic protein coagulator; the cancer tissue coagulated effect of HAS6 was superior to 50% acetic acid and anhydrous alcohol. CT mediated percutaneous hydrochloric acid injection therapy showed good destructive effects; it would be used as a new minimum invasive treatment for percutaneous treatment of liver cancer, instead of acetic acid and anhydrous alcohol with its safety, controllability and no poisonous effects.

Acetic Acid↗
PubMed2002

Adsorption behavior of mercury and precious metals on cross-linked chitosan and the removal of ultratrace amounts of mercury in concentrated hydrochloric acid by a column treatment with cross-linked chitosan.

Cross-linked chitosan was synthesized with chitosan and ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether. The adsorption behavior of trace amounts of metal ions on the cross-linked chitosan was systematically examined by packing it in a mini-column, passing a metal solution through it and measuring metal ions in the effluent by ICP-MS. The cross-linked chitosan adsorbed mercury and precious metals (Pd, Pt, and Au) at pH values from acidic to neutral. Especially, mercury in concentrated hydrochloric acids could be adsorbed on cross-linked chitosan quantitatively by an anion-exchange mechanism in the form of a stable chloride complex. This method was applied to the removal of mercury from commercially available hydrochloric acid; more than 97% of mercury was removed, and the residual mercury in the hydrochloric acid (Grade: for trace analysis) was found to be 0.15 ppb. Mercury adsorbed on the cross-linked chitosan could be easily desorbed with an eluent containing I M hydrochloric acid and 0.05 M thiourea. The thus-refreshed cross-linked chitosan could be repeatedly used for the removal of mercury in hydrochloric acid.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1991

Emergency esophagogastrectomy for treatment of hydrochloric acid injury.

Eight patients with severe hydrochloric acid injury of the esophagus and stomach had early esophagogastrectomy. Four patients survived and 6 to 8 weeks later underwent successful substernal colon replacement. The value of early diagnosis and subsequent aggressive surgical management of patients who have ingested hydrochloric acid is stressed.

Adult↗