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Results for “Haplotype”

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PubMed1989

The "Sardinian" HLA-A30,B18,DR3,DQw2 haplotype constantly lacks the 21-OHA and C4B genes. Is it an ancestral haplotype without duplication?

The C4 and 21-OH loci of the class III HLA have been studied by specific DNA probes and the restriction enzyme Taq 1 in 24 unrelated Sardinian individuals selected from completely HLA-typed families. All 24 individuals had the HLA extended haplotype A30,Cw5,B18, BfF1,DR3,DRw52,DQw2, named "Sardinian" in the present paper because of its frequency of 15% in the Sardinian population. Eighteen of these were homozygous for the entire haplotype, and six were heterozygous at the A locus and blank (or homozygous) at all the other loci. In all completely homozygous cells and in four heterozygous cells at the A locus, the restriction fragments of the 21-OHA (3.2 kb) and C4B (5.8 kb or 5.4 kb) genes were absent, and the fragments of the C4A (7.0 kb) and 21-OHB (3.7 kb) genes were present. It is suggested that the "Sardinian" haplotype is an ancestral haplotype without duplication of the C4 and 21-OH genes, practically always identical in its structure, also in unrelated individuals. The diversity of this haplotype in the class III region (about 30 kb less) may be at least partially responsible for its misalignment with most haplotypes, which have duplicated C4 and 21-OH genes, and therefore also for its decreased probability to recombine. This can help explain its high stability and frequency in the Sardinian population. The same conclusion can be suggested for the Caucasian extended haplotype A1,B8,DR3 that always seems to lack the C4A and 21-OHA genes.

Blotting, Southern↗

PubMed1993

Human natural killer (NK) alloreactivity and its association with the major histocompatibility complex: ancestral haplotypes encode particular NK-defined haplotypes.

As ancestral haplotypes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) appear to define identical MHC haplotypes in unrelated individuals, unrelated individuals sharing the same ancestral haplotype should also share the same NK-defined allospecificities that have recently been shown to map to the human MHC. To test this prediction, multiple cell lines from unrelated individuals sharing the same ancestral haplotypes were tested for the NK-defined allospecificities. It was found that cells sharing the same ancestral haplotypes do have the same NK-defined specificities. Furthermore, the NK-defined phenotype of cells that possess two different ancestral haplotypes can be predicted from the NK-defined phenotypes of unrelated cells that are homozygous for the ancestral haplotypes concerned. Although the group 1 and 2 NK-defined allospecificities can be explained to some extent by HLA-C alleles, evidence is presented that additional genes may modify the phenotype conferred by HLA-C.

Alleles↗

PubMed2005

Accuracy of haplotype reconstruction from haplotype-tagging single-nucleotide polymorphisms.

Many investigators are now using haplotype-tagging single-nucleotide polymorphism (htSNPs) as a way of screening regions of the genome for association with disease. A common approach is to genotype htSNPs in a study population and to use this information to draw inferences about each individual's haplotypic makeup, including SNPs that were not directly genotyped. To test the validity of this approach, we simulated the exercise of typing htSNPs in a large sample of individuals and compared the true and inferred haplotypes. The accuracy of haplotype inference varied, depending on the method of selecting htSNPs, the linkage-disequilibrium structure of the region, and the amount of missing data. At the stage of selection of htSNPs, haplotype-block-based methods required a larger number of htSNPs than did unstructured methods but gave lower levels of error in haplotype inference, particularly when there was a significant amount of missing data. We present a Web-based utility that allows investigators to compare the likely error rates of different sets of htSNPs and to arrive at an economical set of htSNPs that provides acceptable levels of accuracy in haplotype inference.

Biometry↗

PubMed2005

The effect of single-nucleotide polymorphism marker selection on patterns of haplotype blocks and haplotype frequency estimates.

The definition of haplotype blocks of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) has been proposed so that the haplotypes can be used as markers in association studies and to efficiently describe human genetic variation. The International Haplotype Map (HapMap) project to construct a comprehensive catalog of haplotypic variation in humans is underway. However, a number of factors have already been shown to influence the definition of blocks, including the population studied and the sample SNP density. Here, we examine the effect that marker selection has on the definition of blocks and the pattern of haplotypes by using comparable but complementary SNP sets and a number of block definition methods in various genomic regions and populations that were provided by the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) project. We find that the chosen SNP set has a profound effect on the block-covered sequence and block borders, even at high marker densities. Our results question the very concept of discrete haplotype blocks and the possibility of generalizing block findings from the HapMap project. We comparatively apply the block-free tagging-SNP approach and discuss both the haplotype approach and the tagging-SNP approach as means to efficiently catalog genetic variation.

Algorithms↗

PubMed2005

Haplotype analysis of the RAGE gene: identification of a haplotype marker for diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus.

BACKGROUND: Diabetic nephropathy (DN) represents a devastating complication of diabetes. Family clustering, heterogeneity in the onset and progression and results of segregation studies indicate that susceptibility to DN is a complex trait. METHODS: Common single nucleotide polymorphisms in the RAGE (receptor of advanced glycation end-products) gene (-429T/C, -374T/A, G82S, 1704G/T, 2184A/G and 2245G/A) were studied in the association study comprising 605 Caucasian subjects by means of haplotype analysis in order to identify an eventual haplotype marker for DN in type 2 diabetes. Haplotypes were constructed computationally; frequencies were compared among groups of subjects with type 2 diabetes (DM) and DN, diabetics without DN and non-diabetics. Survival analysis was carried out to ascertain whether certain RAGE haplotypes influence onset of DN in type 2 diabetics. RESULTS: Significant differences in haplotype frequencies among DM + DN vs DM non-DN and non-DM groups were found (P = 0.0007 and 0.0013, respectively; permutation test). Frequency of the RAGE(2) haplotype containing minor alleles in positions -429 and 2184 (CTGGGG) in the DN group was significantly higher than in the two control groups (21.7% vs 12.8% and 13.8%, both P(corr)<0.003; two-tail Fisher exact test); odds ratios 1.65 [95% confidence interval (CI): 1.08-2.50; P = 0.020] and 1.79 (95% CI: 1.22-2.62; P = 0.003), respectively. In survival analysis, duration of diabetes until the onset of DN (e.g. appearance of persistent proteinuria) was significantly different among RAGE(2) diplotype groups (P<0.05); median DN-free interval was 9.6 years in RAGE(2) +/+ homozygotes, 15.2 years in +/- heterozygotes and 17.0 years in the -/- combination. CONCLUSIONS: The RAGE(2) haplotype is associated with DN in type 2 diabetics and with earlier DN onset and, thus, can be regarded a marker for DN.

Biomarkers↗

PubMed2007

Accounting for linkage disequilibrium among markers in linkage analysis: impact of haplotype frequency estimation and molecular haplotypes for a gene in a candidate region for Alzheimer's disease.

OBJECTIVES: Linkage disequilibrium (LD) between closely spaced SNPs can be accommodated in linkage analysis by specifying the multi-SNP haplotype frequencies, if known. Phased haplotypes in candidate regions can provide gold standard haplotype frequency estimates, and may be of inherent interest as markers. We evaluated the effects of different methods of haplotype frequency estimation, and the use of marker phase information, on linkage analysis of a multi-SNP cluster in a candidate region for Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS: We performed parametric linkage analysis of a five-SNP cluster in extended pedigrees to compare the use of: (1) haplotype frequencies estimated by molecular phase determination, maximum likelihood estimation, or by assuming linkage equilibrium (LE); (2) AD families or controls as the frequency source; and (3) unphased or molecularly phased SNP data. RESULTS: There was moderate to strong pairwise LD among the five SNPs. Falsely assuming LE substantially inflated the LOD score, but the method of haplotype frequency estimation and particular sample used made little difference provided that LD was accommodated. Use of phased haplotypes produced a modest increase in the LOD score over unphased SNPs. CONCLUSIONS: Ignoring LD between markers can lead to substantially inflated evidence for linkage in LOD score analysis of extended pedigrees with missing data. Use of marker phase information in linkage analysis may be important in disease studies where the costs of family recruitment and phenotyping greatly exceed the costs of phase determination.

Adult↗

PubMed1995

Haplotype analysis in Australian hemochromatosis patients: evidence for a predominant ancestral haplotype exclusively associated with hemochromatosis.

Hemochromatosis (HC), an inherited disorder of iron metabolism, shows a very strong founder effect in Australia, with the majority of patients being of Celtic (Scots/Irish) origin. Australian HC patients thus provide an ideal group in which to examine HC-gene-region haplotypes, to analyze the extent of linkage disequilibrium and genetic heterogeneity in HC. We have analyzed chromosomes from 26 multiply affected HC pedigrees, and we were able to assign HC status unambiguously to 107 chromosomes--64 as affected and 43 as unaffected. The haplotypes examined comprise the following highly polymorphic markers: the serological marker HLA-A and the microsatellites D6S248, D6S265, HLA-F, and D6S105. All show highly significant allelic association with HC and no evidence of separation from the disease locus by recombination. Analysis identified a predominant ancestral haplotype comprising alleles 5-1-3-2-8 (marker order: D6S248-D6S265-HLA-A-HLA-F-D6S105), present in 21 (33%) of 64 affected chromosomes, and exclusively associated with HC (haplotype relative risk 903). No other common haplotype was significantly associated with HC. Haplotype analysis in Australian HC patients thus provides strong evidence for (a) the introduction of HC into this population on an ancestral haplotype, (b) a common mutation associated with HC in Australian patients, and (c) a candidate HC-gene region extending between and including D6S248 and D6S105.

Australia↗

PubMed1977

Comparison of haplotypes of the major histocompatibility complex in the rat. I. The Ag-B7 (H-1g) and Ag-B8 (H-1k) haplotypes.

Two haplotypes of the major histocompatibility complex of the rat, Ag-B7 and Ag-B8, have been compared with known H-1 haplotypes using the F1 skin-graft test and the dextran haemagglutination test. Both of these Ag-B haplotypes were different from the known H-1 haplotypes and determined different private specificities. The Ag-B7 haplotype was denoted as H-1g and the Ag-B8 haplotype as H-1k. The complex structure of the serologically detected antigenic products of these haplotypes was determined by means of H-1 congenic lines.

Alleles↗

PubMed2003

The use of the S haplotype-specific F-box protein gene, SFB, as a molecular marker for S-haplotypes and self-compatibility in Japanese apricot (Prunus mume).

Japanese apricot ( Prunus mume) exhibits the S-RNase-based gametophytic self-incompatibility system as do other self-incompatible Prunus species. This report identifies the S haplotype-specific F-box protein gene ( SFB), a candidate gene for pollen- S, of Japanese apricot, which leads to the development of a molecular typing system for S-haplotype in this fruit species. Both 5'- and 3'-RACE (rapid amplification of cDNA ends) were performed with SFB gene-specific oligonucleotide primers to clone Pm-SFB(1) and Pm-SFB(7) of 'Nanko ( S(1) S(7))'. As in the case of SFB of other Prunus species, Pm-SFB(1) and Pm-SFB(7) showed a high level of S-haplotype-specific sequence polymorphism and their expression was specific to pollen. Genomic DNA-blot analyses of 11 Japanese apricot cultivars with the Pm-SFB probes under low stringency conditions yielded RFLP bands specific to the S(1)- to S(8)-haplotypes as well as a self-compatible S(f)-haplotype. A practical usage of SFB as a molecular marker for S-haplotypes and self-compatibility in Japanese apricot is discussed.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed1996

Haplotype identity between individuals who share a CFTR mutation allele "identical by descent": demonstration of the usefulness of the haplotype-sharing concept for gene mapping in real populations.

Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients with the A455E mutation, in both the French Canadian and the Dutch population, share a common haplotype over distances of up to 25 cM. French Canadian patients with the 621+1G-->T mutation share a common haplotype of more than 14 cM. In contrast, haplotypes containing the delta F508 mutation show haplotype identity over a much shorter genomic distance within and between populations, probably because of the multiple introduction of this most common mutation. Haplotype analysis for specific mutations in CF or in other recessive diseases can be used as a model for studying the occurrence of genetic drift conditional on gene frequencies. Moreover, from our results, it can be inferred that analysis of shared haplotypes is a suitable method for genetic mapping in general.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed2006

The HLA 8.1 ancestral haplotype is strongly linked to the C allele of -429T>C promoter polymorphism of receptor of the advanced glycation endproduct (RAGE) gene. Haplotype-independent association of the -429C allele with high hemoglobinA1C levels in diabetic patients.

Previously we reported on strong linkage disequilibrium (LD) between the mono-S-C4B-RCCX module (mono-S) and the TNF2 allele (both known constituents of the 8.1 ancestral haplotype (8.1 AH)) in two Caucasian populations. The gene for the receptor of advanced glycation endproducts (RAGE) is encoded between the RCCX module and the HLA class II genes in the central MHC region. In order to assess the relationship between the promoter polymorphisms of the RAGE gene and the 8.1 AH, we performed a family study in eight informative families affected with type 1 diabetes mellitus; haplotypes of a RAGE promoter SNP (-429T>C) with the HLA-DQ2, -DR-3(17) and TNF2 alleles, as well as the mono-S genotype were determined. A similar analysis was performed in 82 unrelated patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus, and in unrelated healthy individuals of three different Caucasian populations (Hungarians, Ohioian females, Icelandics). In the diabetic patients clinical correlations were also investigated. Out of the 32 paternal and maternal chromosome 6 from the eight families, 15 different MHC haplotypes were found. Haplotypes containing at least three of the known constituents of the 8.1 AH (HLA-DQ2, -DR17, mono-S, TNF2) were always linked to the RAGE -429C allele. The RAGE -429C allele exhibited highly significant (p<0.0001) LD coefficients to known constituents of the 8.1 AH both in healthy persons and patients with type 1 diabetes. In the group of patients with diabetes we found significantly (p=0.013) higher maximal hemoglobinA1C concentration in the carriers of the RAGE -429C allele, this trait, however was not linked to the 8.1 AH. Our present findings indicate that the RAGE -429C allele can be considered as a candidate member of the 8.1 AH. The results also reveal a spectrum of recombinant MHC haplotypes in addition to the conserved ancestral haplotypes.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2001

Transracial evidence for the influence of the homologous HLA DR-DQ haplotype on transmission of HLA DR4 haplotypes to diabetic children.

The HLA-DQB1*0302 allele on DR4 haplotypes is a marker for type 1 diabetes susceptibility and it is an especially high-risk allele in DR3/4 because of its preferential distribution in Caucasian DR3/4 patients. In Asians, not only DQB1*0302 but also DQB1*0401 on DR4 haplotypes are associated with type 1 diabetes. We investigated whether the contribution of these DQ molecules was also genotype-dependent in Asians. Although the prevalence of the DR4-DQB1*0302 haplotype did not differ in patients vs. controls, the DR3/4-DQB1*0302 genotype had a RR of 12 (P<10(-4)). Moreover, a significant association of DQB1*0302 with the DR3/4 genotype was found (RR=3, P<10(-2)). In contrast, the distribution of DQB1*0401 alleles of DR4/X (X: other than 3, 4) is different from that of DR3/4 and DR4/4. Especially a significant association of DQB1*0401 with DR4/X (X: other than 1, 3, 4) was found (RR=3, P<10(-3)). The frequency of transmission of the DR4-DQB1*0302 haplotypes to diabetic offspring with DR3 was 80%, while to those without DR3 was 40%. In contrast, the transmission of the DR4-DQB1*0401 to those with DR3 was 60%, while to those without DR3 was 80%. High-risk DR4 subtypes were predominant in DR4/X (RR=7, P<10(-3)), whereas protective DR4 subtypes were observed mainly in the DR3/4 (RR=3, P<0.05). The association with diabetes and transmission to a diabetic offspring of DR4 haplotypes varies depending on the haplotype borne on the homologous chromosome. This might contribute not only to the synergistic effect of DR3/4, but also to the susceptibility influence of HLA DQB1*0401 alleles confined to DR4/X.

Asian People↗

PubMed2001

Short tandem repeat (STR) haplotypes in HLA: an integrated 50-kb STR/linkage disequilibrium/gene map between the RING3 and HLA-B genes and identification of STR haplotype diversification in the class III region.

We present a dense STR/linkage disequilibrium(LD)/gene map between the RING3 and HLA-B loci, reference allelic sizes on the most prevalent HLA haplotypes and their allelic frequencies in pedigree founders. This resource will facilitate LD, evolution and gene mapping studies, including comparisons of HLA and STR haplotypes and identification of HLA recombinants. The map was constructed by testing novel and previously reported STRs using a panel of 885 individuals in 211 families and 60 DNA samples from cell lines and bone marrow donors homozygous in the HLA-A, -B and -DR loci selected from over 15 000 entries into the registry of Swedish bone marrow donors. We have also analysed the variability of STR alleles/haplotypes on the most prevalent HLA haplotypes to identify STRs useful for fine mapping of disease genes in the region previously implicated in susceptibility to many disorders. The analysis of 40 HLA-A*01, B*0801, DRB1*03011, DQB1*0201 haplotypes in homozygous donors showed a surprising stability in 23 STRs between the class II recombination hot spot and HLA-B, with the average of 1.9% (16/838) variant alleles. However, 40% variant alleles were found at the D6S2670 locus in intron 19 of the tenascin-X gene both in the families and homozygous donors. The nucleotide sequence analysis of this STR showed a complex polymorphism consisting of tetra- (CTTT)(8-18) and penta-nucleotide (CTTTT)(1-2) repeats, separated by an intervening non-polymorphic sequence of 42 bp. The HLA-A1, B*0801, DRB1*03011, DQB1*0201 haplotypes had five (CTTT)(14-18)/(CTTTT)(2) variants with a predominant (CTTT)(16) allele, implicating the tetranucleotide component as the source of this ancestral haplotype diversification, which may be due to the location of D6S2670 in the region of the highest GC content in the human MHC.

Centromere↗

PubMed2001

Short KIR haplotypes in pygmy chimpanzee (Bonobo) resemble the conserved framework of diverse human KIR haplotypes.

Some pygmy chimpanzees (also called Bonobos) give much simpler patterns of hybridization on Southern blotting with killer cell immunoglobulin-like receptor (KIR) cDNA probes than do either humans or common chimpanzees. Characterization of KIRs from pygmy chimpanzees having simple and complex banding patterns identified nine different KIRs, representing seven genes. Five of these genes have orthologs in the common chimpanzee, and three of them (KIRCI, KIR2DL4, and KIR2DL5) also have human orthologs. The remaining two genes are KIR3D paralogous to the human and common chimpanzee major histocompatibility complex A- and/or -B-specific KIRs. Within a pygmy chimpanzee family, KIR haplotypes were defined. Simple patterns on Southern blot were due to inheritance of "short" KIR haplotypes containing only three KIR genes, KIRCI, KIR2DL4, and KIR3D, each of which represents one of the three major KIR lineages. These three genes in pygmy chimpanzees or their corresponding genes in humans and common chimpanzees form the conserved "framework" common to all KIR haplotypes in these species and upon which haplotypic diversity is built. The fecundity and health of individual pygmy chimpanzees who are homozygotes for short KIR haplotypes attest to the viability of short KIR haplotypes, indicating that they can provide minimal, essential KIRs for the natural killer and T cells of the hominoid immune system.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2005

Direct molecular haplotyping by melting curve analysis of hybridization probes: beta 2-adrenergic receptor haplotypes as an example.

Direct determination of the association of multiple genetic polymorphisms, or haplotyping, in individual samples is challenging because of chromosome diploidy. Here, we describe the ability of hybridization probes, commonly used as genotyping tools, to establish single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) haplotypes in a single step. Three haplotypes found in the beta 2-adrenergic receptor (beta2AR) gene and characterized by three different SNPs combinations are presented as examples. Each combination of SNPs has a unique stability, recorded by its melting temperature, even when intervening sequences from the template must loop out during probe hybridization. In the course of this study, two haplotypes in beta2AR not described previously were discovered. This approach provides a tool for molecular haplotyping that should prove useful in clinical molecular genetics diagnostics and pharmacogenetic research where methods for direct haplotyping are needed.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed2005

Single-point haplotype scores telomeric to human leukocyte antigen-C give a high susceptibility major histocompatibility complex haplotype for psoriasis in a Caucasian population.

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease that affects 0.1%-5% depending on the population. PSORS1 is the major susceptibility locus, accounting for approximately 33%-50% of the genetic component of psoriasis among Caucasians. PSORS1 is located within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) locus on 6p21.3. Its position has been refined to hundreds of kilobase and the region located at approximately 100-200 kb telomeric to human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-C is a very strong candidate. To determine the MHC psoriasis risk haplotype, we screened the whole 46 kb interval for single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) and identified 138 SNP. We genotyped 29 SNP throughout this region in psoriatic nuclear families. We calculated the frequency of haplotypes generated by the 29 SNP using all genotyped founder individuals and found four common haplotype with frequency >0.10. We then used SNPtagger to derive the best six SNP and fed these into Transmit using 148 nuclear families. We found that CTGGAC haplotype is a single-point score haplotypes telomeric to HLA-C and gives a 1 df, chi2 of 50.27 (p<0.0001). Most importantly the six selected SNP accurately tagged the most common haplotype found in this region. Moreover, using the same program (Transmit) we show that the association with CTGGAC is higher than the one with HLA-Cw6 (chi2=10.53; p=0.0051). Our results give scores as high as the highest single-point scores suggesting that it is unlikely to be able to discriminate the origin of the association on this analysis on strength of association.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed1992

Structural similarity of the HLA-DQ region in DQ3 and DQ4 haplotypes and structural diversity of the HLA-DQ region in HLA-DR7 haplotypes.

Genomic DNA obtained from a B lymphoblastoid cell line was digested with appropriate restriction endonuclease and hybridized with several probes specific for genes encoding HLA-DQ. Southern hybridization with a DQA1 3'untranslated (UT) region probe showed DQ2-type hybridization pattern in DR7DQ3 haplotype. On the contrary, DQB1 3'UT probe showed DQ3-type pattern in the same haplotype. Gene cloning and DNA sequencing analysis revealed a repetitive sequence, (TG)19, between DQA1 and DQB1 gene in the DR7DQ3 haplotype. These results suggest that a recombination event has occurred near this potential Z-DNA structure in the haplotype, DR7DQ3. The 3'UT region probes of DQA1 and DQB1 genes failed to detect restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) differences between DR4DQ3 and DR4DQ4 haplotypes in this experiment, suggesting that the gene structure between DQA1 and DQB1 is conserved in these haplotypes.

Antigenic Variation↗

PubMed1994

HLA-DPB1 polymorphisms on the MHC-extended haplotypes of families of patients with Graves' disease: two distinct HLA-DR17 haplotypes.

HLA-DPB1 polymorphisms were investigated in 217 members of 21 multiplex families of patients with Graves' disease, who had previously been haplotyped, using in vitro enzymatic DNA amplification and hybridization with sequence-specific oligonucleotide probes. Using the strategy of group-specific amplification, we were able to assign 19 DPB1 alleles with the use of 13 sequence specific oligonucleotide probes. No recombination was found between HLA-DPB1 and the HLA-DR/DQ complex in 243 informative meioses. HLA-DPB1*0401 was found to be the most common allele followed by DPB1*0101, *0201 and 0402 with allele frequencies of 0.4214, 0.1132, 0.1069 and 0.1006, respectively. Besides the strong linkage disequilibrium between HLA-DPB1*0101 allele and the HLA-B8, DR17/DQ2 haplotype; HLA-DPB1*0202 and *1101 alleles were also found to be significantly associated with HLA-B18 and DR7 with Pc < 0.001 and Pc < 0.009, respectively. HLA-DR17/DQ2 was found to be more commonly associated with HLA-DPB1*0101 on the Affected haplotypes (from family members affected with Graves' disease) while associated with DPB1*0401 on the Ab + ve haplotypes (deduced from thyroid autoantibody positive unaffected members). The differences in the frequency of this preferential association on the Affected and Ab + ve haplotypes was statistically significant (ch 2 = 10.18, df = 2, P < 0.007). Though it is rater unlikely that the HLA-DPBI polymorphism by itself could contribute a direct role towards the genetic susceptibility for the development of autoimmune thyroid disease, it could serve as a marker in identifying family members with the HLA-DR17/DQ2 haplotype who are more likely to develop Grave's disease or thyroid autoantibodies.

Graves Disease↗