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PubMed1993

[Studies on S-1108 in pediatric infection].

Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies on S-1108, a new oral cephem antibiotic, were performed in pediatric infections and the following results were obtained. 1. Pharmacokinetics studies Pharmacokinetics of S-1108 was studied in 4 children (3 y 7 m-11 y 1 m) using doses of 2 mg/kg (n = 2) and 4 mg/kg (n = 2). The average peak plasma level was 0.88 microgram/ml at 2 hours after administration of 2 mg/kg and 2.00 micrograms/ml at 3 hours after administration of 4 mg/kg, and plasma half-lives were 1.45 and 0.96 hours, respectively. Average cumulative urinary recovery rates at 0-6 hours were 30.0 and 34.8%, respectively. 2. Clinical studies S-1108 was administered to 32 patients with various infectious diseases (6 with acute tonsillitis, 2 each with pertussis and acute bronchitis, 3 with pneumonia, 4 with scarlet fever, 5 with impetigo contagiosa, 6 with acute urinary infection and 1 each with subcutaneous abscess, impetigo, vulvitis and urethritis) at daily doses between 6-12 mg/kg/day, t.i.d., for 5-12 days. Clinical responses were excellent in 17 patients, good in 13, and poor in 2, and the efficacy rate was 93.8%. Bacteria were identified and 33 strains of 12 species were found. The eradication rate was 93.9%. No side effects were observed in 43 patients. Abnormal laboratory test values were observed in 2 patients, 1 with elevation of eosin. and the other with elevations of GOT and GPT. The results suggest that S-1108 may be a very useful and safe drug for the treatment of pediatric infections.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1978

Streptococcal impetigo and acute glomerulonephritis in children in Cairo.

Impetigo contagiosa in Cairo affected young children of both sexes, the face being the main site. Post-impetigo nephritis, confirmed by a low serum C3 level and by urinalysis, occurred in only 11% of cases. Streptococcus pyogenes strains were recovered from 84% of the skin lesions. Sixteen types were identified according to their T-protein, and most infections were associated with T3/B3264, T13/B3264, T5, T11, T12, T8/25/Imp 19 and T14/49; the majority of these types were also recovered from houseflies. The types isolated from cases of post-impetigo nephritis were T4 (M 60), T14/49 (M49), T8/25/Imp 19 (mostly M 55) and T11. Seventy percent of the patients infected with T4 (M 60) and 40% of those infected with T14/49 (M 49) developed nephritis. Strains isolated from the skin bore a closer resemblance to those isolated from the nose than to those found in the throat. The ASO response was poor in uncomplicated impetigo but the titre rose more aften in post-impetigo nephritis.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed2005

Current options for the treatment of impetigo in children.

Impetigo contagiosa is a common, superficial, bacterial infection of the skin characterised by an inflamed and infected epidermis caused by Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes or both. The less common bullous impetigo is characterised by fragile fluid-filled vesicles and flaccid blisters, and is invariably caused by pathogenic strains of S. aureus. In bullous impetigo, exfoliative toxins are produced, although these are restricted to the area of infection and bacteria can be cultured from the blister contents. In the rare variant, staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome, the exfoliative toxins are spread haematogenously from a localised source causing widespread epidermal damage at distant sites.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1978

[Morphological variants of folliculitis barbae candidomycetica].

Report on two cases of folliculitis barbae candidomycetica (f.b.c) which mimicked impetigo contagiosa in one case and tinea barbae in the other. Both patients suffered from typical predisposing factors such as leukemia, cytostatic and corticosteroid therapy, and diabetes mellitue. Taking into consideration the morphology of cases described earlier in this journal, three types of f.b.c. can be recognized: folliculitis simplex-like type, tinea barbae-like type and impetigo-like type.

Candidiasis, Cutaneous↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Treatment of impetigo: a review.

A number of well-designed comparison studies have shown the superiority of oral or injectable antibiotics over typical treatment in the treatment of impetigo contagiosa. Erythromycin, phenoxymethyl penicillin, intramuscular benzathine penicillin G as well as clindamycin, cefaclor and amoxicillin with clavulanic acid have been shown to be extremely effective. Because of significant differences in study design, it is difficult to compare drugs investigated in different studies. Intramuscular benzathine penicillin G consistently has been associated with the highest cure rates, especially in studies specifically of streptococcal impetigo. It is unclear whether these high cure rates reflect superior efficacy or are the result of lesser compliance with oral medication, but the latter explanation is quite likely. This information generally translates into daily practice as a recommendation of a penicillin or an erythromycin preparation for streptococcal impetigo unless the lesions are small and few in number, in which case topical therapy is probably sufficient. If oral antibiotics are prescribed they should be given for 10 days. Systemic as opposed to topical antibiotics should be considered more strongly in situations where the incidence of impetigo is high, since these drugs are clearly superior in sterilizing the lesions quickly to prevent transmission. Other situations that favor the use of systemic as opposed to topical antibiotics include the presence of nephritogenic strains in the population, whether endemic or epidemic, more severe or spreading lesions and a population with poor hygiene.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1994

Some clinical features of pediculosis among school children.

Pediculosis is one of the most conspicuous and important type of contagious disease among school children. Lice infestation is always accompanied with different clinical manifestations. Thirty lousy school children were clinically examined. The common manifestation was pruritus with or without lymphadenopathy. The least common manifestation was erythema. Other manifestations as excoriation, bite reaction, impetigo contagiosa, crusts behind ears. Conjunctivitis and psoriasis were also seen. It was concluded that school children are the group at high risk for lice infestation.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Unusual course of a Chlamydia pneumonia in an infant with IgG2/IgG4-deficiency.

An unusual case of Chlamydia trachomatis (C. trachomatis) pneumonia, complicated by the development of a pneumothorax, is reported in an IgG2/IgG4 deficient infant delivered by caesarean section. C. trachomatis was isolated initially from a throat smear and subsequently from pleural effusions. Serological examinations using the complement fixation test were negative in sera of both mother and child. However, using immunofluorescence the presence of an acute or recent infection was confirmed by IgM-antibodies in the serum of the infant and IgA-antibodies in the serum of the mother. At the age of 7 months the girl suffered from impetigo contagiosa which was partially resistant to antibiotic treatment. IgG-subclass deficiency was diagnosed after the onset of this disease and the girl was then treated by immunoglobulin transfusion.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗

PubMed2006

Adverse skin reactions to infliximab in the treatment of intraocular inflammation.

TNFalpha inhibitors are more widely used in the treatment of intraocular inflammation, thus ophthalmologists should become aware of possible adverse events, associated with this form of treatment. Herein we report two cases of cutaneous adverse events in uveitis patients treated with infliximab. In one patient, the primary outbreak of pustular psoriasis was observed after her third infusion. A second patient developed impetigo contagiosa induced by Staphylococcus aureus. Thus patients undergoing treatment with infliximab should be monitored carefully since dermal infections and pustular psoriasis, which may be triggered by streptococcal infection, may occur under this regime.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

[Clinical studies on SY5555 in pediatric infections].

Pharmacokinetic and clinical studies on SY5555, a new oral penem antibiotics, were performed in pediatric infections and the following results were obtained. 1. Pharmacokinetics studies Pharmacokinetics of SY5555 was studied in 5 children (5y1m-10y11m) using doses of 5 mg/kg (n = 3) and 10 mg/kg (n = 2). The average peak plasma levels were 0.65 microgram/ml at 1 or 2 hours after administration of 5 mg/kg and 2.12 micrograms/ml at 1 or 2 hours after administration of 10 mg/kg, and the plasma half-lives were 0.81 and 1.08 hours, respectively. Average cumulative urinary recovery rates at 0-6 hours were 2.97 and 3.96%, respectively. 2. Clinical studies SY5555 was administered to 45 patients with various infectious diseases (2 with acute pharyngitis, 8 with acute tonsillitis, 4 with lacunar tonsillitis, 3 each with acute bronchitis, pneumonia and pertussis, 7 with scarlet fever, 3 with impetigo contagiosa, 6 with acute urinary tract infections, 2 with balanoposthitis and 1 each with cervical lymphadenitis, S.S.S.S., vulvitis and acute colitis) at daily doses between 3.4-10 mg/kg, t.i.d., for 3-14 days. Clinical responses were excellent in 27 patients, good in 15 patients, fair in 1 patient, and poor in 2 patients, and the efficacy rate was 93.3%. Causative organisms were examined and 39 strains of 11 species were identified. The eradication rate was 78.9%. Side effects were observed in 1 patient with diarrhea. An abnormal laboratory test value was observed in 1 patient with elevation of eosinophils. The above results suggest that SY5555 may be a very useful and safe drug for the treatment of pediatric infection.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1995

[Chronic bullous dermatosis in childhood. Association with salmonella enteritis].

We report on a 2-year-old girl with chronic bullous disease of childhood (CBDC). Concomitantly with a feverish gastrointestinal infection caused by Salmonella enteritidis, the child presented with lesions resembling impetigo contagiosa on the legs and face. Following antibiotic treatment with cephalosporins p.o. and flucloxacillin i.v. she developed typical symptoms of CBDC, i.e. tense blisters on erythematous skin in the perineal area, on the flexor aspects of the thighs and upper arms and on the face. Direct immunofluorescence revealed a linear IgA deposition along the basement membrane zone, confirming the diagnosis of CBDC. These lesions cleared rapidly after treatment with dapsone p.o. This case prompted us to consider new aspects of the pathogenesis, clinical entity and treatment of this rare bullous disease of childhood.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2003

Herbal medicines for treatment of bacterial infections: a review of controlled clinical trials.

OBJECTIVES: Many hundreds of plant extracts have been tested for in vitro antibacterial activity. This review is a critical evaluation of controlled clinical trials of herbal medicines with antibacterial activity. METHODS: Four electronic databases were searched for controlled clinical trials of antibacterial herbal medicines. Data were extracted and validated in a standardized fashion, according to predefined criteria, by two independent reviewers. RESULTS: Seven clinical trials met our inclusion criteria. Four of these studies were randomized. Three trials of garlic and cinnamon treatments for Helicobacter pylori infections reported no significant effect. Bacterial infections of skin were treated in four trials. Positive results were reported for an ointment containing tea leaf extract in impetigo contagiosa infections. Two trials of tea tree oil preparations used for acne and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and one trial of Ocimum gratissimum oil for acne, reported results equivalent to conventional treatments. CONCLUSIONS: Few controlled clinical trials have been published and most are methodologically weak. The clinical efficacy of none of the herbal medicines has so far been demonstrated beyond doubt. This area seems to merit further study through rigorous clinical trials.

Acne Vulgaris↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Epidemiology of pediatric dermatology and allergology in the region of Aargau, Switzerland.

Pediatric dermatology is a new topic and no epidemiologic data exist from Switzerland. Therefore we performed a survey of the pediatric population referred to the hospital of Aarau, Switzerland, between 1998 and 2001. All inpatients and outpatients less than 16 years old with a dermatologic diagnosis were included prospectively in our study. Demographic data (age, mean age, sex distribution), referral method, pattern and frequency of the different diagnoses in various age groups, diagnostic pattern, and therapy were analyzed. A total of 1105 children were included, with a slightly higher proportion of girls (53.8% versus 46.2%). The average age was 6.8 years and infants and school children represented 60% of the study population. Half of the patients (51%) were external referrals, almost one-third (29%) presented spontaneously, and the remaining 20% were sent from other hospital departments. With a frequency of 25.9%, atopic dermatitis was the most frequent diagnosis, followed by pigmented nevi (9.1%) and warts (5.0%). Local therapy was prescribed in 66% of patients and systemic therapy in 18.6%. Other treatments such as curettage, surgery, cryotherapy, ultraviolet therapy, and electrotherapy were rarely performed (2%). We found that atopic dermatitis was the most frequent skin disorder seen in all age groups. As this was a dermatologic subspecialty clinic, higher frequencies of chronic and uncommon dermatoses such as genetic and autoimmune diseases were seen, whereas frequent diagnoses such as diaper rash and miliaria were rarely seen and the frequencies of other common skin disorders such as scabies, pediculosis, impetigo contagiosa, warts, and molluscum contagiosum were expected to be higher compared with the figures in the literature. In our study these dermatoses are underreported, as most patients are treated by general practitioners and pediatricians. Our survey documents the most common skin diseases in childhood primarily seen by pediatricians. We emphasize that dermatologic education of medical students, primary care physicians, and pediatricians should focus on allergic skin diseases, skin infections, pigmentary disorders, and vascular lesions.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1995

Frequency and activity of IgE-secreting peripheral blood B-cells in atopic eczema.

Increased immunoglobulin (Ig) E-levels are frequently found in the sera of patients with atopic eczema. To further understand the mechanisms underlying this increase of IgE, like enlarged number of IgE-producing cells, enhanced activity of IgE-producing cells or altered IgE metabolism, we analyzed the frequency and activity of IgE-producing B-lymphocytes within peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with atopic eczema. By use of a sensitive solid phase enzyme-linked immunospot assay (ELISPOT), IgE-secreting cells could be visualized within peripheral blood mononuclear cells of 14 individuals (12 patients with atopic eczema, one patient with impetigo contagiosa, one patient with allergic contact dermatitis) at a frequency of 10-1,120 IgE-secreting cells/10(5) B-lymphocytes. The number of IgE-secreting cells was markedly correlated with the corresponding serum IgE-level (r = 0.97). Secretory activity was also reflected by in vitro IgE production, which was assessed in parallel 7-day cultures and found to be related with actual serum IgE-levels. The enhanced serum IgE-levels in patients with atopic eczema seem to result primarily from an increased number of circulating IgE-secreting B-cells, which may also be found, however, in patients with elevated serum IgE-levels, showing different skin diseases.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1992

[Clinical evaluation of cefprozil in children].

Cefprozil (CFPZ, BMY-28100), a new oral cephalosporin, was evaluated for its efficacy and safety in 42 children with bacterial infections (Table 1), and the following results were obtained. 1. CFPZ was administered in 3 or 4 divided doses at daily dosages ranging from 15.3 to 60.0 mg/kg to 42 patients (19 cases of acute tonsillitis and/or laryngitis, pharyngitis, 13 cases of pneumonia, 2 cases each of suppurative cervical lymphadenitis and UTI, and 1 case each of scarlet fever, acute otitis media, suppurative parotitis, impetigo contagiosa, furuncle and acute enteritis) and the following clinical results were obtained: excellent; 24 cases, good; 14 cases, fair; 4 cases. The overall efficacy rate was 90.5% (Table 3). 2. MICs of CFPZ against 50 strains of isolated organisms are shown in Table 4. In 19 cases out of 28 cases examined, causative organisms were successfully eradicated and strain of Staphylococcus aureus was decreased in 1 case. 3. Diarrhea was observed in 2 cases (cases 8, 11). In case 8, the symptom disappeared spontaneously. Case 11 improved immediately after the administration of the drug was stopped. Among 39 children who went through laboratory tests, eosinophilia which seemed to be related to the administration of this drug was observed in 2 cases (cases 29, 38). Slight elevations of S-GOT and S-GPT were found in 1 case (case 22) (Table 7). 4. These data suggest that CFPZ is a safe and useful new antibiotic in the treatment of children with susceptible bacterial infections.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1992

[Therapeutic effects of cefprozil in the treatment of various infectious diseases in children].

Therapeutic effects of cefprozil (CFPZ, BMY-28100), a new cephalosporin, were examined in various infectious diseases in children. Clinical efficacy rates were 50% (2/4) in acute bronchitis, 80% (4/5) in pharyngitis, 0% in laryngitis, 100% (7/7) in tonsillitis, 100% (8/8) in impetigo contagiosa, furuncle and posthitis. Hence, the overall efficacy rate was 84% (21/25). Adverse effects were observed in 1 case with slightly elevated serum GOT and GPT. Changes in serum concentrations and urinary excretion of CFPZ were examined in 4 and 2 children without infection, respectively. T 1/2 values obtained were between 1 hour to 2 hours (bioassay). Six hour recovery rates in urine were 51.8% and 77.8% (bioassay). CFPZ was considered to be a safe and useful drug in treating various infectious diseases in children.

Administration, Oral↗

PubMed1990

[Epidemiology of communicable skin diseases in school children of a rural area in North Ethiopia].

The pupils of 5 elementary schools in the Dembia-District in Northethiopia were inspected in serial examinations. The transmissible skin diseases head lice infestation, tinea capitis, impetigo contagiosa and verrucae vulgares are very common among the unselected children (5 to 15 years old). Only 16% of all children had not any infectious skin disease. The investigations showed the unfortunate conditions of the poor hygiene those are existing in the rural areas of a developing country in the tropics.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1986

[The clinical course and differential diagnosis of papular dermatitis in fattened pigs].

Since December 1981, dermatitis of unknown etiology in form of papular lesions has appeared in fattened pigs in some large herds in the Czech Socialist Republic. Clinical investigations of diseased pigs were performed in a large fattening house D. and in a large production herd of pigs M. in the region with frequent mines (lignite extraction). The diameter of the papules is mostly 3-5 mm, they are not painful when touched, are straggled irregularly, their large numbers are on the upper surface of the body. Papular dermatitis has a chronic course, affecting the gilts and castrated boars from the body weight of 30 kg, irrespective of their nutritional status. The overall health condition of pigs is not impaired and the disease does not cause itch. In the infected herds, there are usually fewer than 30% of pigs suffering from the disease. The incidence of the disease is highest in winter months. It is necessary to distinguish by differential diagnostics: swine pox, parakeratosis of swine, lesions of impetigo contagiosa suum, pustular dermatitis and scab of swine, from rarely occurring skin diseases of swine hypotrichosis cystica suis and demodicosis of swine. Neither did preventive nor therapeutic measures reduce expressively the incidence of skin lesions. We hope that the complex investigation of the internal environment of the infected pigs could help to reveal the pigs sensitive to the infection by this disease.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

[Biological, chemical and pathohistologic study of the skin in papular dermatitis in fattened pigs].

We examined the skin samples from 23 fattened pigs with papular dermatitis (PD) and from 17 pigs showing no skin lesions; the live weight of the pigs was from 95 to 105 kg and the pigs came from a large fattening house D that is located in the region where the mines are frequent (lignite extraction). It was only in 26% of pigs with PD where the common ectoparasites Haematopinus suis and Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis were found out. The skin lesions were not fluorescent in the light of Wood's lamp. The fungi Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, A. tereus, Chrysosporium, Mucor sp., Scopulariopsis sp. were sporadically isolated from the skin lesions in 39% of pigs with PD. In 65% of pigs with PD Staphylococcus aureus was isolated from the skin lesions, which was not found in pigs without dermal lesions. Staphylococcus epidermidis was isolated in 87% of pigs with PD and 58% of pigs without any skin changes. The skin lesions were virus-free. Increased concentrations of cadmium and mercury were observed in the skin of pigs with PD and in control pigs. The concentration of aflatoxin B1 in the skin of the two groups of pigs did not exceed the level of 5 micrograms X kg-1, in PD pigs it was, however, twice higher than in the clinically healthy pigs. The residues of chlorinated hydrocarbons in the subcutaneous fat were not higher than the certified hygienic levels. Both epidermis and corium are affected by inflammatory lesions. At the beginning, neutrophil infiltration with necrotization of epithelial cells prevails. It is followed by capillary proliferation with angioblast and fibroblast multiplication and straggled lymphoid infiltration. It is necessary to distinguish by differential diagnostics: swine pox, parakeratosis of swine, lesions of impetigo contagiosa suum, pustular dermatitis and scab of swine, and from rarely occurring skin diseases of swine hypotrichosis cystica suis and demodicosis of swine. No conclusions can be drawn explicitly on the etiology and pathogenesis of papular dermatitis in fattened pigs. We must study the potential interactions of negative environmental factors with regulating homeostatic and adaptation mechanisms in fattened pigs.

Animals↗