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PubMedDate not supplied

Field trial in commercial broilers with a multivalent in ovo vaccine comprising a mixture of live viral vaccines against Marek's disease, infectious bursal disease, Newcastle disease, and fowl pox.

A multivalent in ovo vaccine (MIV) was tested for safety and efficacy in a commercial broiler complex. The MIV comprised five replicating live viruses including serotypes 1, 2, and 3 of Marek's disease virus (MDV), an intermediate infectious bursal disease virus (IBDV) and a recombinant fowl poxvirus (FPV) vector vaccine containing HN and F genes of Newcastle disease virus (NDV). The performance of MIV-vaccinated broilers was compared with that of hatchmates that received turkey herpesvirus (HVT) alone (routinely used in ovo vaccine in the broiler complex). The chickens that hatched from the MIV-injected and HVT-injected eggs were raised under commercial conditions in six barns. Barn 1 housed 17,853 MIV-vaccinated chickens and each of the barns 2-6 housed 18,472-22,798 HVT-vaccinated chickens. The HVT-vaccinated chickens were given infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and NDV vaccines at hatch and at 2 wk of age. The MIV-vaccinated chickens received IBV vaccine at hatch and IBV + NDV at 2 wk of age. The relative values of hatchability of eggs, livability and weight gain of chickens, and condemnation rates at processing were comparable between the MIV and the HVT groups (P > 0.05). Chickens from the MIV- and the HVT-vaccinated groups were challenged with virulent viruses under laboratory conditions. The resistance of vaccinated chickens against Marek's disease could not be assessed because of high natural resistance of unvaccinated commercial broilers to virulent MDV. The relative resistances of the MIV- and the HVT-vaccinated groups, respectively, against other virulent viruses were as follows: IBDV, 100% for both groups; NDV, 81% vs. 19%; FPV, 86% vs. 0%. The successful use of MIV under field conditions expands the usefulness of the in ovo technology for poultry.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Nucleic acid amplification and infectious disease.

Infectious organisms that have long eluded detection may now be easily identified using nucleic acid amplification techniques. Because nucleic acids are relatively stable, a wide range of samples, including paraffin-embedded fixed tissues, may be amplified. Infections by both RNA and DNA viruses and a variety of other organisms may be detected in both a prospective and retrospective fashion. Amplification techniques also may be used to detect bacterial toxins or type organisms for epidemiological purposes. However, the current lack of standardization between laboratories makes the interpretation of a negative or positive result hazardous in some instances, a problem that should be resolved with the evolution of the procedure.

DNA, Viral↗
PubMed1996

Are all diseases infectious?

The complex interactions between microorganisms and human hosts include the well-known, traditional infectious diseases and the symbiotic relation we have with our normal flora. The media have brought to the public's attention many newly described infectious diseases, such as Ebola virus hemorrhagic fever, that were not part of common medical parlance a decade ago. While flooding us with interesting and often dramatic reports of so-called emerging infectious diseases, the media have largely ignored a more fundamental change in our appreciation of human-microorganism interactions: the discovery that transmissible agents may play important roles in diseases not suspected of being infectious in origin. A well-known example is ulcer disease; other examples include neurodegenerative disease, inflammatory disease, and cancer. These fascinating instances of host-pathogen interaction open new prospects for the prevention of disease through immunization.

Disease↗
PubMed2005

Infectious disease emergencies: role of the infectious disease specialist.

The importance of infections for public health has become obvious during the last decades. Examples are emerging infections such as HIV/AIDS and severe acute respiratory syndrome, deliberate release of microorganisms, such as the anthrax episode in the USA, the increasing problems with organisms resistant to antimicrobial treatment, such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and the threat of a new influenza pandemic with a case fatality rate similar to that in the 1918 outbreak. An effective response to infectious disease emergencies requires careful planning and establishment of resources in advance. The medical specialties involved are clinical microbiology, clinical infectious diseases and epidemiology. Clinical microbiology should include bacteriology, virology, and parasitology; the technical developments during the last 15 years have clearly erased most of the methodological differences between these branches of microbiology. New techniques such as new generations of Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), rapid methods for nucleic acid sequence analyses and microarrays have enabled more rapid identification of organisms and provide powerful tools in the epidemiological analysis of an outbreak. The infectious disease specialists are necessary for rapid and adequate clinical diagnoses, optimal use of antimicrobial agents and provision of facilities for containment of patients who may spread the infections. The need for isolation units became acute when many countries prepared themselves for a possible severe acute respiratory syndrome outbreak in Europe. With few exceptions, Europe still lacks epidemiological field forces, and it has been embarrassing to be obliged to call upon the Centers for Disease Control for European outbreaks. Hopefully, this will be corrected with the creation of the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC).

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed1992

Infectious disease manpower in the United States--1986. 1. Description of infectious disease physicians. Manpower and Training Committee, Infectious Diseases Society of America.

A survey designed to assess the number, type, and current practice patterns of all infectious disease (ID) physicians active in the United States in 1986 was carried out in early 1987. Of 4328 mailed questionnaires, 48.3% were returned. One-third of respondents were in private practice, one-third in academics, and the rest in industry or government. Women accounted for 12.4% of the total; they were younger and as a group spent a greater proportion of total effort in ID. Sixty-five percent of all respondents had greater than or equal to 2 years training in ID. Overall, private practitioners worked longer hours than academicians but spent slightly less effort devoted solely to ID. The proportion of total effort devoted to ID has increased among physicians newly entering practice. Seventy-five percent of all respondents held a teaching appointment. Older ID physicians worked less than 50 h/week and tended to have more administrative than patient care responsibilities. In 1986, there were the equivalent of 1792 full-time ID physicians in the United States or 1:134,000 population.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1991

[A study on the incidences of streptococcal infectious diseases in the regional surveillance informations of infectious diseases in Japan (2nd report)].

The incidences of streptococcal infectious diseases in the regional surveillance informations of infectious diseases of 47 prefectures were compared with each other by the ratios of number of patients with streptococcal infectious diseases, exanthema subitum and varicella to the populations of surveyed age groups, respectively. It was estimated that although there were almost no regional differences in the ratios of exanthema subitum and varicella, the ratios of streptococcal infectious diseases were high in Hokkaido, Akita, Yamanashi, Shiga and Ehime Prefectures, respectively, and was low in Okinawa Prefecture. The corrected incidences of number of patients with streptococcal infectious diseases, calculated on the basis of the ratios of exanthema subitum and/or varicella, were also high in the regions of Hokkaido, Akita, Iwate, Nagano, Yamanashi, Gifu, Shiga, Okayama and Ehime Prefectures, respectively, and were low in the regions along the Pacific from the southern Tohoku (northern Japan) through a part of the Shikoku Island and the Sea of Japan from the Hokuriku (central Japan) through the Kyushu Island, and the regions of Nara and Okinawa Prefectures, respectively. The climate in the regions with high corrected incidence belonged to the Tohoku-Hokkaido, the Central Highlands and the Seto Inland Sea types, respectively. On the other hand, the regions with low corrected incidence belonged to the Tokai-Kanto, the Nankai (southern sea of Japan), the Hokuriku-Sanin, the Kyushu and the Okinawa climate types, respectively.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
PubMed2000

Population mobility and infectious diseases: the diminishing impact of classical infectious diseases and new approaches for the 21st century.

In an increasingly globalized world, rapid population mobility and migration is reducing the differences in infectious disease epidemiology between regions of the world. The movement and relocation of populations between locations where the prevalence and incidence of infections are markedly different poses current and future challenges to those involved in clinical infectious diseases and public health program management. Historically, international attention has focused on the screening and treatment of acute infections of epidemic potential, but, as immigration significantly changes the demography of many nations, chronic infections will require increased attention. In countries with large mobile populations, the population-based burden of infections with long latency periods or significant noninfectious sequelae will make up an increasing amount of the infectious disease caseload and will require more-modern approaches than the traditional screening of arrivals. The globalization of chronic infectious disease epidemiology will require corresponding development of integrated programs to anticipate and manage these diseases in response to an increasingly mobile patient population.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed1998

Psychiatric diseases presenting as infectious diseases.

Although many psychiatric diseases have somatic manifestations, some focus on fears or delusions of infection. When a patient with a psychiatric basis for an apparent infection presents to an infectious disease physician, the physician may find the problem confusing, amusing, and ultimately frustrating until the psychiatric basis for disease is recognized. Some of these psychiatric disorders can be treated and controlled with medication and psychotherapy, although patients may resist psychiatric referral. This article reviews examples of psychiatric disorders in patients who present to the infectious disease physician, including factitious infection, malingering, obsessive compulsive disorder, phobias, veneroneuroses, somatization disorders, and delusional infection. The role that physicians play in amplifying these disorders is reviewed. Strategies for referral to psychiatric services are also discussed. Patients with a psychiatric disease are seen in infectious disease practices more commonly than physicians realize.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Emerging viral diseases and infectious disease risks.

New pathogens and antimicrobial-resistant forms of older pathogens continue to emerge, some with the potential for rapid, global spread and high morbidity and mortality. Pathogens can emerge either through introduction into a new population or when the interaction with the vector changes; emergence is also influenced by microbiological adaptation and change, global travel patterns, domestic and wild animal contact and other variants in human ecology and behaviour. Quick, decisive action to detect and control novel pathogens, and thereby contain outbreaks and prevent further transmission, is frequently hampered by incomplete or inadequate data about a new or re-emerging pathogen. Three examples of pathogens that are current causes for human health concern are avian influenza, West Nile virus (WNV) and the severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus. Pathogens directly or indirectly transmitted by aerosolized droplets, such as avian influenza and SARS, pose considerable containment challenges. Rapid screening tests for other newly described pathogens such as WNV require time for development and may be <100% reliable. The importance of vigilance in the detection and control of newly recognized infectious threats cannot be overstressed. The presence of infectious agents in the blood supply could again have a significant impact on the safe use of both blood and blood-derived products in the care of patients with haemophilia, as did the human immunodeficiency virus in the 1980s. Emerging pathogens will continue to be a reality requiring the collaborative efforts of public health and individual healthcare providers worldwide to contain outbreaks and prevent transmission.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

The emerging infections network: a new venture for the Infectious Diseases Society of America. Executive Committee of the Infectious Diseases Society of America Emerging Infections Network.

The Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA), in cooperation with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, has launched an Emerging Infections Network (EIN). This network of infectious diseases consultants was conceived as a sentinel system to monitor new or resurgent infectious diseases in a way that would complement other public health surveillance efforts. A pilot study with 169 participants recruited from 32 of the IDSA's state and regional societies confirmed the feasibility and potential value of this network. More than 300 infectious diseases consultants are currently participating in the IDSA EIN. Future plans include aggressive probing for clinical experiences that indicate or suggest the presence of emerging infections, initiation of prospective studies for selected infectious diseases, and other activities designed both to benefit consultants in infectious diseases and to make use of their services.

Communicable Disease Control↗
PubMed2005

Site-specific peptide vaccines for immunotherapy and immunization against chronic diseases, cancer, infectious diseases, and for veterinary applications.

United Biomedical, Inc. (UBI) has developed a set of core technologies for the discovery and production of synthetic peptide-based immunotherapeutics and vaccines. These core technologies have led to products that stimulate functional site-directed antibody responses for therapeutic effects. UBI active immunotherapies can be used to modulate physiological processes effective for the control of cell entry by HIV virions, for control of prostate cancer and allergy, and for immunocastration in livestock leading to boar taint elimination and growth promotion in swine. The UBI technologies are also useful to stimulate site-directed antibodies against pathogenic agents such as foot-and-mouth disease virus. UBITh Immunotherapeutic peptides were developed as antigens to direct antibody responses against targeted epitopes on self-proteins and viral pathogens that are responsible for biological functions and pathogenicity. A collection of promiscuous UBITh T helper cell epitopes was used to impart these functionally antigenic peptides with immunogenicity. The T cell helper epitopes were covalently linked to the functional antigenic target sites by peptide synthesis, creating well-defined synthetic immunogens. Finally, vaccine formulations were selected appropriate for the delivery of peptide immunogens. Controlled production processes and the means to characterize the final product provide a framework for the GMP-compliant manufacture of UBITh immunotherapeutics and vaccines.

AIDS Vaccines↗