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PubMed1975

[On bacterial aftergrowth in drinking and industrial water. II. Apparative and processing influence upon the growth and the possibility of disinfection of ion exchange resin filter systems (author's transl)].

The comparative examination of numerous ion exchange resin filter systems for discontinuous water softening on the market revealed that apparative and processing characteristics are of great influence upon the aftergrowth of bacteria in the water of ion exchange resin systems. Within the examination it was taken into consideration that on the end-delivery-tube of the water pipe with regard to the colony count the conditions were more unfavourable during the long standstill over a weekend (table 1) than during the week (table2). The less favourable conditions have therefore been examined separately. The work has been divided in six test series. In the first one 5 ion exchange resin systems the types A-E are simultaneously tested with regard to the colony count in the water at the inflow to the apparatus and after the passage of it; regeneration twice a week with sodium chloride. The data ascertained in the course of several weeks (without first data on mondays) and the separated mondays data are examined according to logarithmic transformation with the assistance of variance analysis and the Newman Keuls-test for differences. The results show (tab. 4 and 5) that apparative parameters and such relevant to the technical process (tab. 3) have an influence upon the bacterial after growth of the water. The most favourable ion exchange resin filter is type E because it shows more favourable values than all other systems and the tapwater. In the second test serie the systems A-E have been regenerated with 1% Chloramin T containing sodium chloride. The results show again the type E as the statistically significant most favourable system in comparison with the others and the tapwater. In the third test serie it has been examined whether the long period of standstill of the brine in the resin bed which has probably been responsible for the good results of the type E would lead to values just as favourable if transferred to another type of apparatus. ...

Bacteria↗
PubMed1975

Biological ion exchanger resins. VII. Counter-ion activity coefficients in solutions of biological polyelectrolytes.

The single ion activity coefficients of K+ and Cl- counter-ions were determined in concentrated polyelectrolyte solutions. The polyelectrolytes investigated included DNA and several proteins. Results indicate that ion gradients of up to 40:1 do not lower the counter-ion activity coefficient below 0.5. Thus, published values of the intracellular activity coefficient of K+ are not incompatible with cellular models utilizing cytoplasmic ion exchange.

Binding Sites↗
PubMed1999

The use of histological techniques for the demonstration of ion exchange resins.

AIM: To establish the staining characteristics of certain ion exchange resins in histological material, with a view to enabling confident differential identification. METHODS: Various histological staining procedures were applied to selected pathological material and prepared agar blocks containing the cation exchange resin calcium polystyrene sulphonate and the anion exchange resin cholestyramine. RESULTS: Calcium polystyrene sulphonate uniquely stained strongly by a direct Schiff's reagent procedure without any preoxidation and by the Ziehl-Neelsen method. Cholestyramine was negative by the former method but stained strongly with a standard Congo red technique. CONCLUSIONS: These staining results are consistent with the known structure and properties of polystyrene sulphonate and cholestyramine resins. Polystyrene sulphonate resins have the virtually pathognomonic feature of direct Schiff positivity, while morphology, location, and strong non-birefringent Congo red positivity facilitate the identification of cholestyramine. It is possible that the intrinsic staining characteristics of cholestyramine may be lost once it has bound to its target.

Anion Exchange Resins↗
PubMed1990

Formulation parameters affecting the preparation and properties of microencapsulated ion-exchange resins containing theophylline.

A method of microencapsulating theophylline ion-exchange resins with ethylcellulose was developed to produce smooth and uniform coats which were predominantly mononucleated. This was achieved by controlling the amount of ethylcellulose and the particle size, and through the use of a protective colloid, polyisobutylene. The rate of release of theophylline was influenced by the ion-exchange resin crosslinking, the amount of ethylcellulose, and the smoothness of the coat. Mesh size and polyisobutylene did not appear to affect the rate in a regular manner. It was found that the release rate from coated resins with low crosslinking followed a logarithmic plot, indicating membrane-controlled release, whereas coated resins with high crosslinking fitted a t1/2 plot, suggesting particle diffusion control.

Capsules↗
PubMed1978

Binding of drugs to ion-exchange resins in simulated gastric fluid.

The binding of 13 frequently abused drugs to two ion-exchange resins was studied in simulated gastric fluid. The results were compared with those previously obtained with activated charcoal as the adsorbent. The ion-exchange resins adsorbed the drugs more slowly than activated charcoal, and the binding capacities of the resins were inferior. These ion-exchange resins are unlikely to be very useful in removing drugs from the stomach.

Adsorption↗
PubMed2001

Ion-exchange resins: carrying drug delivery forward.

Ion-exchange resins (IER), or ionic polymer networks, have received considerable attention from pharmaceutical scientists because of their versatile properties as drug-delivery vehicles. In the past few years, IER have been extensively studied in the development of novel drug-delivery systems (DDSs) and other biomedical applications. Some of the DDSs containing IER have been introduced into the market. In this review, the applications of IER in drug delivery research are discussed.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1975

Screening for drug abuse: use of NaCl to increase drug recovery from papers coated with ion-exchange resin.

Use of papers loaded with ion-exchange resins to adsorb drugs from urine specimens resulted in large losses during the procedure. The first step, removal of drugs from urine specimens, was 25-85% efficient. The second step, elution of drugs from paper for further processing, was approximately 40-70% complete. The efficiency of the first step was decreased and the efficiency of the second step was increased by addition of NaCl, except in the case of barbiturates. Presence of salt during elution increased the yield of dihydromorphine by 20%, of methadone by 16%, of amphetamine by 34%, and of chlorpromazine by 40%, but did not enhance the yield of pentobarbital. Overall recovery rates were: 51% for the opiates, 57% for methadone, 72% for a phenothiazine tranquillizer, but only 35% for amphetamine and 15% for a barbiturate.

Amphetamine↗