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PubMed1992

CSF in 85 patients with AIDS and CNS cryptococcosis.

In an eight years time period (July 1984-June 1992) CSF samples of 40718 patients were studied, and 610 were from patients with AIDS clinically diagnosed and immunologically confirmed through HIV antibodies detection. Among opportunistic infections detected in them 85 were CNS cryptococcosis. For the purpose of this study the CSF of these 85 patients are the AIDS group of CNS cryptococcosis. For comparison, CSF data from 50 patients with CNS cryptococcosis but without AIDS were taken (non-AIDS group); in this group, 22 patients were immunosuppressed after renal transplant. In AIDS group, the more frequent CSF findings were: yeast presence at direct exam (Fuchs-Rosenthal cell counting chamber), growing of the yeast in cultures, and gamma globulins increase. In non-AIDS group were more frequent: hypercytosis, neutrophil cells presence, and total protein increase. Differences between the two groups are discussed taking into account CNS/CSF immune changes induced by HIV infection. It is concluded that in CNS cryptococcosis of patients with AIDS the CSF evidenced more extensive signs of the fungal opportunistic infection than signs of inflammatory response to the infection. The latter were more prominent among patients of the non-AIDS group of CNS cryptococcosis.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗
PubMed1990

Effects of preventing periparturient hypocalcemia in cows by parathyroid hormone administration on hematology, conglutinin, immunoglobulin, and shedding of Staphylococcus aureus in milk.

The effects of hypocalcemia at parturition on concentrations of serum immunoglobulin and conglutinin, number of bacteria shed into milk, and leukograms of dairy cows were investigated from -4 wk prepartum to 4 wk postpartum. Ten healthy multiparous Holstein cows were fed a high calcium diet to induce hypocalcemia at parturition. Five cows received intramuscular parathyroid hormone to prevent hypocalcemia at parturition. All cows experienced a leukopenia (attributable to an absolute and relative neutropenia) during the 1st wk after calving, decreased serum conglutinin activity during the first 3 wk postpartum, and decreased concentration of serum IgG1 during the 3 wk before calving. At parturition, a large increase in organisms was found in foremilk (1000 to 10,000 times more than prepartum values). Neither the hematological changes nor the decreased immunoglobulin concentration was influenced by hypocalcemia or the development of milk fever. This implies that the degree of hypocalcemia observed did not have a large or irreversible influence on bacterial infection, hematological, or humoral immunity changes in periparturient cows.

Animals↗
PubMed1979

A study of cellular and humoral immune responses in owl monkeys (Aotus trivirgatus) following vaccination against Plasmodium falciparum.

VACCINATION OF ANIMALS AGAINST MALARIA PARASITES IS THOUGHT TO INDUCE TWO BASIC IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSES: (i) specific recognition of parasite antigens by the host, and (ii) a generalized immune enhancement due to the presence of adjuvant. Immunological techniques were used in this study to monitor cellular and humoral immune changes in owl monkeys prior to and following immunization with a vaccine consisting of merozoite-enriched schizonts of Plasmodium falciparum and one of three adjuvants: N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (muramyl dipeptide), Freund's complete adjuvant, or 6-O-stearoyl-N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine. The results showed that most of the immunized animals responded specifically to malarial antigens as demonstrated by the fact that peripheral blood lymphocytes underwent blast transformation in vitro in the presence of parasite antigens and that substantial antibody titres were produced as detected by indirect immunofluorescence. By use of the in vitro inhibition test, it was found that sera from immunized owl monkeys collected after challenge greatly inhibited merozoite reinvasion. Generalized nonspecific immune responses observed in owl monkeys following vaccination included an increase in the number of white blood cells and the proportion of T and B cells in the peripheral blood. Responses to mitogen stimulation with phytohaemagglutinin, concanavalin A, and pokeweed mitogen, however, did not appear to be appreciably affected by immunization.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Immunological effects of a single evening subcutaneous injection of low-dose interleukin-2 in association with the pineal hormone melatonin in advanced cancer patients.

Recent experiments have shown that a great variety of neurohormones can interact with IL-2 in the modulation of host antitumor immune response. On the basis of these data, a study was started to evaluate the effect of the pineal hormone melatonin (MLT) on IL-2-induced immune changes in cancer. The study included 30 advanced cancer patients. They were randomized to be treated with IL-2 at a dose of 3 million IU subcutaneously twice/daily (8.00 a.m. and 8.00 p.m.) for 6 days/week for 4 weeks, with IL-2 once/daily in the evening, with IL-2 once/daily plus MLT at 10 or at 50 mg/day. MLT was given orally at 8.00 p.m. Both IL-2 given twice daily and IL-2 given once daily and IL-2 given once daily in association with MTL induced a significant increase in mean number of lymphocytes, T lymphocytes, NK cells, CD25-positive cells and eosinophils, whereas the single administration of IL-2 alone was unable to determine a significant rise in the mean number of immune cells. Soluble IL-2 receptor and neopterin increase was significantly higher during IL-2 given twice/daily than during IL-2 plus MLT, while no difference was seen in TNF rise. This study would suggest that a single daily injection of low-dose IL-2 is able to efficiently activate the lymphocyte proliferation in cancer patients when it is given in association with the pineal hormone MLT.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Anthropo-ecological aspects of occupational health and various biochemical approaches to the problem of its evaluation in workers in high risk occupations].

This paper presents the concept of occupational health of man, interpreted as the process of maintenance and development of regulatory properties of the body and his physical, psychic and social well-being, which provide high reliability of his professional activities, professional longevity and maximal lifetime. The paper discusses the main areas of biochemical investigations to evaluate occupational health of the flying personnel, which include identification of correlates between biochemical or immune changes and pathological or premorbid states, that reduce tolerance to environmental effects, as well as study of functional specificities related to the reserves and mechanisms of implementation of adaptive capabilities of the human body. It gives detailed biochemical data derived from pilots with neurotic problems and biochemical indicators of stress tolerance measured during exposure to +Gz acceleration, angular acceleration, hyperthermia, hypoxia, and exercise.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Delayed lymphoid lung infiltration induced by cyclophosphamide in rats.

The pulmonary toxicity of antineoplastic drugs may be either direct or mediated by hypersensitivity. The aim of this study was to determine whether the mechanism by which cyclophosphamide (CY) damages the lung is direct and immediate or is the result of delayed immune toxicity. Pulmonary and immune changes following intraperitoneal injection of either CY (50 mg/kg) or NaCl (0.9%) in rats were assessed repeatedly over a period of 31 days by semi-quantitative histological studies, by measuring the pulmonary water/body weight ratio, dry lung weight/body weight ratio, heart weight and by assessing the transfer of [125I]-albumin in lung tissue. Lung damage was delayed and greatest at 11 (D11) and 14 (D14) days after CY injection. The pulmonary lesions were: (i) an infiltration of lymphocytes, plasma cells and histiocytes surrounding blood vessels and small airways, (ii) an alveolitis composed of macrophages, lymphocytes, a few neutrophils and a lymphoid infiltration of alveolar septa. Pulmonary water/body weight and dry lung weight/body weight ratios also increased and peaked at D11-D14 in CY-treated rats. No significant increase in [125I]-albumin in lung tissue or in heart weight was observed. It can be concluded that the mechanism by which CY induces a lymphoid lung infiltration is not direct and immediate but is the result of a delayed immune toxicity.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Changes in the number of neuromediator receptors on murine lymphocytes in ontogeny].

It has being shown by radiological methods of evaluation of the binding sites with adrenergic, cholinergic and neuropeptide agents that during mice ontogenesis the number of binding sites to these agents is progressively declined. The cAMP accumulation by lymphoid cells after contact with adrenaline is declined also. The regularities shown may reflect processes of the immune change during the age.

Aging↗
PubMed1991

Changes in lymphocyte subpopulations as a result of cardiopulmonary bypass. The effect of blood transfusion.

Cardiopulmonary bypass is associated with postoperative humoral and cellular immune changes. Postoperative decrease in T helper (CD4), T suppressor (CD8), and B lymphocyte counts; decrease or reversal of the CD4/CD8 ratio; and poor in vitro response to mitogens have also been observed. Similar changes in lymphocyte number and function have also been noted in patients receiving transfusions. To determine whether observed changes after cardiopulmonary bypass are related to the bypass itself or to associated blood transfusions, we conducted a study of lymphocyte subsets in transfused and nontransfused patients. A flow cytometric analysis of seven lymphocyte subpopulations was conducted in 18 patients undergoing bypass, eight of whom did not receive a transfusion. The transfused group comprised recipients of both homologous (n = 8) and autologous (n = 2) blood. Total lymphocytes and lymphocytes with markers for CD3 (pan-T cells), CD4, and CD8 decreased significantly postoperatively independent of transfusion. B lymphocytes decreased postoperatively in both the autologous transfusion and no transfusion groups. However, this trend was not seen in patients receiving homologous blood, and three of these patients had evidence of T cell activation, suggestive of an immune response to homologous transfusion. Bypass produces significant changes in selected lymphocyte subsets. Furthermore, simultaneous homologous blood transfusion may specifically elicit an immune response in some patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[The role of thymus gland in the regulation of the activity of peripheral T-lymphocytes in the process of spontaneous blastogenesis in mice].

The total count, spontaneous proliferation and proliferative response of thymic and spleen T-cells in mixed lymphocyte culture and Con A-induced suppressor activity do not reveal significant disorders in 10-14-month A/Sn and C3H/He mice with spontaneous mammary tumors (weight under 2-3 g). However, these indices are quite different in varying age (2, 6, 12 month) A/Sn mice and C57Bl/6 mice with low rates of spontaneous tumors. The analysis of thymus-dependent immunity changes observed with age shows that relatively intensive migration of nonmature thymocytes, T-suppressor precursors is noted in mice with high cancer incidence. This phenomenon is considered to be one of major mechanisms regulating immune response in spontaneous-carcinogenesis.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

Immunology of Lyme disease.

B. burgdorferi is an organism capable of modifying the immune response of its human hosts in a number of specific and nonspecific ways. An understanding of immune changes can help with diagnostic and therapeutic decisions in Lyme disease.

Antibodies, Bacterial↗
PubMed1990

[Unusual association of malakoplakia and renal polycystosis. A case report].

We report a case of malakoplakia coexisting with renal polycystosis, a rare association that had been histologically demonstrated in a patient who developed end-stage renal failure. This condition is reviewed highlighting its localization and coexisting conditions, and the different hypotheses relative to its pathogenesis are discussed. A better understanding of the metabolic and immunologic aspects have provided further insight relative to treatment. Furthermore, there appears to be an increasing tendency towards nosologic and clinical unification of different syndromes with changes in bacterial phagocytosis coexisting or secondary to immune changes.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

The serum polymeric IgA antibody response to typhoid vaccination; its relationship to the intestinal IgA response.

The relationship between the IgA antibody response in serum (total and polymeric IgA) and intestinal secretions was examined in volunteers subjected to oral and parenteral typhoid vaccination. After oral vaccination (three doses of 10(11) live Ty21a vaccine given at 48-hr intervals), serum pIgA antibody to typhoid lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was detected in seven of the 14 subjects (46.4 +/- 59 U/100 microliters, mean +/- SD). However, all 14 showed a significant intestinal IgA response (993 +/- 2516 and 9349 +/- 6754 U/mg pre- and post-vaccine; t = 5.25, P = 0.0002). The level of pIgA antibody declined rapidly, whereas intestinal IgA antibody levels remained elevated. Serum pIgA antibody was also found after parenteral immunization (two doses of 5 X 10(8) heat-killed bacteria given 14 days apart to six subjects), but an intestinal IgA antibody response was detected in these individuals only after a subsequent course of the oral vaccine given 1 month after initial parenteral immunization. Changes in serum pIgA antibody followed those of total serum IgA antibody rather than those of intestinal antibody. The results indicate that a serum pIgA response can be induced by an antigenic stimulus delivered either orally or parenterally, whereas an intestinal IgA response is induced only by a local antigen stimulus. The regulation of serum pIgA and intestinal IgA appear to be independent.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

[Changes in indicators of nonspecific humoral immunity in carriers of N. meningitidis].

The aim of the work was to assess the immunity response of the macroorganism to "sound" meningococcal carriership in relation to its length. Furthermore the author wanted to assess the state of immunity changes during the inter-epidemic period. Although the differences in the immunity response in different groups are not significant, they exist and correlate with data reported in the literature. The most important finding is that during the period of the maximum drop of IgG and IgM antibodies there is an increase of the IgA class of immunoglobulins and the C3 component of complement. This correlates with the maximum number of carriers in the investigated group. Despite existing described changes of non-specific humoral immunity, the author considers specific, in particular collective immunity which determines the epidemic process of meningococcal infections, decisive for the development of meningococcal carriership.

Carrier State↗
PubMed1989

[Autologous transfusion of UV-irradiated blood in the treatment of occlusive arterial diseases of the lower extremities].

Complex examination of 72 patients with obliterating atherosclerosis and 10 patients with obliterating endarteritis was performed. All the patients were given autotransfusion of UV-irradiated blood as conservative treatment, preoperative preparation and postoperative management. The course of AUVIB was followed by a decrease of the lactic acid level, increase of functional properties of hemoglobin, activation of humoral immunity, change of the blood hemostatic potential to the side of hypocoagulation. The AUVIB treatment was most effective in patients at initial stages and those with peripheral forms of the disease.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMed1989

[Possibility of using immunologic indicators in evaluating the effect of pesticides on the body].

The modern problem of pesticide-related pathogenic body effect has been studied from different points of view. However, some medical aspects of pesticide-induced diseases, primarily their effect on the immune status, remain insufficiently explored. The study is designed to analyze pesticide effect on basic indicators of humoral and cellular immune factors and also to develop a new principle for assessing their exposure according to the degree of immune changes in those exposed to pesticides. Proceeding from the study results it is possible to conclude that under long-term exposure to pesticide microdoses the human body undergoes complex changes: there develops autoimmunization accompanied by the manifestation of antitissue autoantibodies, reduction of serum complement activity, relative content of T-lymphocytes and elevation of the level of B-lymphocytes. Toxicant-related body sensitization and decline in immuno-resistance can serve as the main cause for the deterioration of health status of the residents of the rural areas characterized by higher chemical exposure.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

[Malaria plasmodia in the mouse. Parasitization of mature and immature erythrocytes by Plasmodium berghei, Plasmodium yoelii and Plasmodium chabaudi (author's transl)].

Plasmodium berghei parasites (strain K173) in mice with developing immunity changed to a variant type with increased resistance against antibodies and enhanced invasion of mature erythrocytes; on passages in normal mice this variant type retransformed to the normal type (Kretschmar 1964). On detailed study, parasites of the variant type showed a markedly decreased predilection for polychromatophilic erythrocytes, leading to slowed multiplication during prepatency, increased invasion of mature erythrocytes and rapidly fatal course of the infection. Avoidance of parasitized immature erythrocytes remained unaltered in the variant type. In presence of antibodies many parasites invaded mature erythrocytes even in blood with high concentrations of immature erythrocytes. --Plasmodium yoelii (strain 17X) showed very high predilection for polychromatophilic erythrocytes, only slight lowering of immature erythrocyte concentration and low parasitization of mature erythrocytes. Parasites with altered preference for polychromatophilic erythrocytes were not observed in animals with parasitemia relapsing after spontaneous disappearance of the primary parasitemia or after injection of antiserum. It is suggested that in a variant of Plasmodium yoelii with high invasion of mature erythrocytes (Yoeli et al. 1975), the decisive virulence factor might be a lowered predilection for polychromatophilic erythrocytes. Avoidance of parasitized immature erythrocytes is less marked in Plasmodium yoelii than in Plasmodium berghei. In presence of antibodies more parasites invade mature erythrocytes. --Plasmodium chabaudi showed an appreciable preference for invasion of immature erythrocytes. Moreover, significantly more multiply parasitized mature and immature erythrocytes were found than would have been produced by random invasion of erythrocytes.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Alteration of the natural humoral immunity in experimental diphtheritic infection induced by different doses of the agent].

The authors carried out a complex study of natural humoral immunity factors in rabbits experimentally infected with various doses of diphtheria bacillus (500, 200, 100, 50 and 1 million, 10 000 and 1000 microorganisms). Natural protection factors--the complement, properdin, and lysozyme proved to undergo similar dynamic changes with each infection dose. The extent and direction of the changes depended on the infection dose. No significant natural immunity changes were caused by a low dose. A dose of 10 000 microbes caused stimulation of properdin and lysozyme activity. Dose of 1, 5, and 50 million suppressed the activity of all the components, the most pronounced with the later dose. Changes occurring with the doses of 200 and 100 million microbes were phasic in character.

Animals↗