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PubMed1976

Effects of maternal nutrition on fetal growth and infant development.

The results of a food supplementation study conducted in four chronically malnourished rural villages in Guatemala were analyzed to determine possible effects on the study children's early mental and physical development. One of two food supplements, atole and fresco, were given to pregnant and lactating mothers and the infants born to them up to three years of age. The level of supplement received was noted and the subsequent course of the children's development observed. Food supplementation of pregnant mothers was found to correlate with higher weights of their babies at birth. No other major maternal variables--home diet, body height and/or weight, morbidity, obstetric characteristics, or socioeconomic status--could account for this association. At 36 months of age the children who had received a large amount of food supplementation showed a far lower prevalence of growth retardation than did those who received smaller quantities. Again, this correlation could not be attributed to any other major maternal variables. In regard to mental development, food supplementation was found to correlate with better performance in psychological tests beginning at six months of age. At 36 months the correlations were significant in five different tests. The results of this analysis have wide-ranging implications for public health. Given the recognized association between low birthweight and infant mortality, they point especially to the importance of maternal nutrition during pregnancy in programs aimed at reducing this serious problem.

Child, Preschool↗
PubMed1977

Toxicity to bilirubin in neonates: infant development during first year in relation to maximum neonatal serum bilirubin concentration.

Neurologic and developmental performance during the first year of life was correlated with maximum neonatal serum bilirubin levels for 27,000 infants in the Collaborative Perinatal Project. The infants were grouped by race and by five birth weight/gestational age categories to control for the effect of these factors on hyperbilirubinemia and developmental outcome. Low mean eight-month motor scores and delayed one-year motor development were associated with serum bilirubin levels in the range of 10 to 14 mg/dl and above. This relationship was strongest for low-birth-weight/short-gestational-period infants. A persistent association of developmental outcome with hyperbilirubinemia was found over and above the variation of maturity within the birth weight/gestational age categories.

Bilirubin↗
PubMed1975

Relationships between prenatal medical and nutritional measures, pregnancy outcome, and early infant development in an urban poverty setting. I. The role of nutritional intake.

Repeated nutritional assessments were made on 118 low-income women who registered at an urban hospital clinic prior to the twenty-eighth week of pregnancy and then on 122 comparable women who were provided with protein-mineral supplementation. Demographic and background information were obtained. Medical assessments were carried out throughout pregnancy, labor, delivery, and the postpartum period. The infants were assessed both medically and with Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scales. In spite of their low-income status, the subjects did not appear nutritionally deprived. Few significant relationships were obtained between maternal nutritional intake and measures of maternal or infant medical status or infant psychological status. A limited number of consistent relationships were obtained when the supplemented and nonsupplemented groups were compared. Although consistent infant medical and psychological benefits were not noted, mothers in the supplemented group developed fewer parameters of pre-eclampsia and had fewer complications during labor and delivery.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

Maternal expectations of their infants' development: some cultural differences.

A total of 124 mothers from three cultural groups living in the same British city were asked to give the ages at which they expected their one-month-old infants to achieve three motor milestones. Jamaican mothers expected their infants to sit and walk much earlier than their English and Indian counterparts. The Indian mothers gave later estimates for crawling than those of the other two groups. The actual ages at which the abilities were attained closely reflected the cultural differences in expectations between the Jamaican and English mothers. Jamaican mothers were particularly accurate in predicting sitting age. These results are discussed in relation to cultural theories of child development, together with their implications for child health in multicultural societies.

Child Development↗
PubMed1979

The validity of parental reporting of infant development.

A developmental questionnaire, encompassing the ages from 4 weeks to 36 months, has been devised that, when completed by parents, can be used to screen children as being developmentally normal, questionable, or abnormal. A total of 526 infants were screened by this questionnaire at 28 weeks of age and then examined at 40 weeks of age by a full Gesell Developmental and Neurologic Examination. Underscreening of those with major abnormalities was 2.6%, and of those with minor abnormalities, 10%. Overscreening was 6%. In view of the demonstrated high reliability and validity of the full Gesell Developmental and Neurologic Examination on which the questionnaire is based, the relatively small percentages of overscreening and underscreening make it the most accurate and useful screening questionnaire to date.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Processes of transport and absorption in the developing infant intestine.

An understanding of changes in the processes of absorption, detoxification, and intoxication in the intestine of infants, especially during the perinatal period, may aid in reaching an understanding of why the syndrome of infant botulism is restricted to the first six months of life. Some of the important metabolic changes associated with both the perinatal and the postnatal period of development are emphasized in these studies. A more complete understanding of the processes by which substances are absorbed into the intestine and then reexposed via the enterohepatic circulation may provide clues about why infant botulism occurs.

Adenosine Triphosphate↗
PubMed1975

Infants' development of object permanence: a refined methodology and new evidence of Piaget's hypothesized ordinality.

To investigate Piaget's theory of object concept development, a series of 6 tasks was administered in a combined longitudinal/cross-sectional design incorporating a number of methodological controls. The tasks spanned the entire sensorimotor period and included single versus sequential displacements combined with visible or invisible hidings. 36 infants from 5 to 32 months of age at initial testing were drawn equally from day-care and home settings. All infants received the 6 tasks during each of 3 testing sessions over a 6-month period. Clear evidence was obtained for task ordinality as proposed by Piaget, with ordinality coefficients ranging from .71 to .82 for the 3 testing sessions. Performance changes across the 3 sessions were also ordinal in 80% of the cases. Expected age, task, and session effects and accompanying interactions were also obtained.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1975

[Infant development and adipositas (author's transl)].

The present paper tries to answer the question, how far the degree of adipositas during adult age can be affected by influences from early childhood. Our special interest concerned the relation between the number of fat cells and adipositas. To answer this question we had to clarify some methodical problems. The difficulty was to find out in a statistical way the part of fat tissue in total body weight. Therefore we introduced the idea of variability of tissues supposing that the different tissues can be influenced in a different way by environmental factors. Bone tissue turned out to be the most steady in contrary to fat tissue as the most unstable one. We stated the hypothesis that the differences between two groupes of equal sized individuals are based upon differences of fat tissue. Our material have been the age classes born in 1938 till 1951. Their environmental conditions during infancy and the age of 19 have been investigated. The result was that the conditions of life of 19-year-old men can be regarded as similar, whereas those of infants showed significant differences. The age classes 1945-1948 proved to be nourished more badly than the years before (1938-1944) and after (1949-1951). With these results corresponds stature, whereas no similar effects could be revealed in body weight. The conclusion of our paper is that regarding to adipositas no connection between infancy and adult age could be proved.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1990

Pregnancy and delivery characteristics of women whose infants develop child cancer. A study based on registry information.

Data on all cancers among children born 1973-1984 were extracted from the Swedish Cancer Registry and linked to data in the Medical Birth Registry (1,268 cancer cases). For each case, two controls were selected, matched for maternal age, parity, county, and month of birth. A marginally increased risk of childhood malignancy was seen in the offspring of teenage mothers and at parity 1 and 4+. There was an excess among cases of the diagnosis physiological icterus. No statistically significant associations were found between childhood malignancy and infant sex, twinning, birthweight, non-chromosomal malformations, maternal smoking, or complications during pregnancy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1978

[Heart-lung machine for babies and infants. Development, experimental and clinical testing].

In order to offer the benefit of open heart surgery to the very early age of even new born babies small shaped extracorporeal circulation facilities has been devised and constructed encouraging now the surgeon to an early anatomical correction of congenital heart disease. This heart-lung-machine is equipped with a sophisticated saftey control guaranteeing either a constant flow or a pressure controlled perfusion. Prior to clinical use it has been tested in extensive experimental series including mock circulation and experiments on dogs. First clinical applications in open heart surgery have been successful.

Animals↗
PubMed1990

[Use of ultrasonography to estimate fetal weight in premature infants. Development of a new mathematical formula].

In 73 pregnant patients at a gestational age under 36 weeks, who gave birth within 72 hours from the last US examination, mathematical equations were elaborated. The equations were aimed at predicting fetal weight by measuring the main US biometric parameters; the results were compared to the actual birth weight. A statistical analysis was performed using the "backward elimination" method. The linear equation that has provided with the best estimation of fetal weight is the following: fetal weight = 12.9875 BPD +29.5642 AD +28.8023 FL -3496.1265. According to this equation, about 95.22% of the variability of the unknown quantity (i.e. birth weight) can be ascribed to its correlation to the variables: biparietal diameter (BPD), abdominal diameter (AD) and femur length (FL). Estimated fetal weight by US, as calculated on the basis of biparietal diameter, abdominal diameter and femur length measurements, showed, in our study, a standard error of 143 g (9.02%) (R = 0.95).

Body Weight↗