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PubMed1998

Compartmentalization of information processing in an aplysia feeding circuit interneuron through membrane properties and synaptic interactions.

We describe a pair of cerebral-to-buccal interneurons, CBI-5/6, which have outputs and inputs in two ganglia. The soma in the cerebral ganglion received synaptic inputs during buccal motor programs (BMPs) and after mechanical stimulation of the lips. During BMPs the soma received antidromic spikes generated in processes in the buccal ganglion. The soma was driven into a plateau potential by each of these inputs, during which it fired orthodromically at 0-5 Hz. The soma had outputs in the cerebral ganglion consisting of electrical coupling to the adjacent CBI-5/6 and to a cerebral-to-pedal neuron (CPN1). The buccal terminals of CBI-5/6 received inputs that generated rhythmic barrages (up to 25 Hz) of antidromic spikes during BMPs. The buccal terminals had chemical and electrical outputs to motor and premotor elements of feeding circuitry. This combination of synaptic interactions and endogenous properties mean that CBI-5/6 can process information in a number of ways. During the barrage of antidromic spikes, high-frequency firing will produce strong inputs to buccal followers and on their arrival at the soma will transfer excitation electrotonically to CPN1. Subthreshold input to the soma will be transferred electrotonically to cerebral followers but will not be relayed to postsynaptic buccal neurons. Plateau potentials after the antidromic spikes or local cerebral inputs will locally excite CPN1 via electrical coupling but will have little influence on buccal events because of the low orthodromic firing rate. Thus, CBI-5/6 may transmit information locally within the cerebral ganglion or more extensively in both buccal and cerebral ganglia simultaneously.

Action Potentials↗
PubMed1975

Information processing immunogenetic analysis. IV. Information amount and predictive power of different immunogenetic models.

Principles of information theory are imposed on immunogenetic information processing, whereby the 'information amount', simplicity, 'redundancy' and 'predicatability' of different encodings, models, theories or mappings can be objectively compared. As an example, the experimental observables emanating from the Rh system at its 10 reagent-8 haplotype level is shown to obtain an information amount of 140,120 and 78 bits when interpreted (encoded according to a simple-complex, complex-simple and complex-complex theory, model or program, respectively. The 'predictive' or 'accomodating' power of the simple-complex and complex-simple theories is shown to be 134, respectively 366 bits for a given set of experimental observables emanating from a S3 universe.

Computers↗
PubMed1999

Avoidant personality disorder and implicit schema-congruent information processing bias: a pilot study with a pragmatic inference task.

Cognitive theory of personality disorders hypothesizes that each personality disorder is characterized by typical maladaptive schemes and that these schemas direct the processing of information resulting in schema-congruent biases. With regard to the avoidant personality disorder, these hypotheses were put to an initial test in a pilot study, using a self-report questionnaire to asses DSM-III-R personality pathology, a belief questionnaire to assess avoidant schemas and a pragmatic inference task to assess schema-congruent implicit attributional bias. Participants were students (n = 57) who scored high or low on DSM-III-R avoidant personality pathology. As predicted from cognitive theory, DSM-III-R avoidant personality pathology was associated with avoidant beliefs (t(45.1) = 4.68, p < 0.001) and avoidant beliefs were associated with schema-congruent information processing bias (t(55) = 2.17, p = 0.02, one-tailed test). However, DSM-III-R avoidant personality pathology was not associated with schema-congruent information processing bias (t(55) = 0.17, p = 0.43, one-tailed test). In addition to avoidant beliefs, low self-esteem was also related to the information processing bias. Social phobia and general personality pathology, two other control variables, were not. The findings warrant further study using the pragmatic inference task in a clinical group.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Self-organized phase transitions in neural networks as a neural mechanism of information processing.

Transitions between dynamically stable activity patterns imposed on an associative neural network are shown to be induced by self-organized infinitesimal changes in synaptic connection strength and to be a kind of phase transition. A key event for the neural process of information processing in a population coding scheme is transition between the activity patterns encoding usual entities. We propose that the infinitesimal and short-term synaptic changes based on the Hebbian learning rule are the driving force for the transition. The phase transition between the following two dynamical stable states is studied in detail, the state where the firing pattern is changed temporally so as to itinerate among several patterns and the state where the firing pattern is fixed to one of several patterns. The phase transition from the pattern itinerant state to a pattern fixed state may be induced by the Hebbian learning process under a weak input relevant to the fixed pattern. The reverse transition may be induced by the Hebbian unlearning process without input. The former transition is considered as recognition of the input stimulus, while the latter is considered as clearing of the used input data to get ready for new input. To ensure that information processing based on the phase transition can be made by the infinitesimal and short-term synaptic changes, it is absolutely necessary that the network always stays near the critical state corresponding to the phase transition point.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

Information-processing bias in social phobia.

Social phobia is a persistent disorder that is unlikely to be maintained by avoidance alone. One reason for the enduring nature of social phobia may be the way individuals with the disorder process social information. It is important for those involved in social phobia to have an understanding of information-processing biases, because it has the potential to guide psychological interventions. In this review of social phobia, probability and cost estimates of social situations are examined, interpretive biases are evaluated and findings relating to memory and negative imagery are also reviewed. The clinical implications of social-phobia-related information-processing biases are discussed and possible avenues for future research are outlined.

Autobiographies as Topic↗
PubMed2003

The automatic and controlled information-processing dissociation: is it still relevant?

The purpose of this paper is to examine the "dual-process" information-processing model of Schneider and Shiffrin (Schneider, W., and Shiffrin, R. M., Psychol. Rev. 84: 1-66, 1977; see also Shiffrin, R. M., and Schneider, W., Psychol. Rev. 84: 127-190, 1977) in light of the research data that have accumulated since the model was introduced more than 20 years ago. First, a brief introduction of the basic model of automatic and controlled information processing will be given. Second, some alternatives to the basic model that were developed over the last two decades will be reviewed. Third, data from neuropsychology and cognitive neuroscience that have a bearing upon this framework will be considered. Finally, some comments on the current usefulness of the dual-process framework for neuropsychological research will be offered.

Alzheimer Disease↗
PubMed1991

[Changes in the rate and accuracy of information processing in the computer training of upper-grade pupils].

The basic activity of the student during the "computer training process" is the introduction and processing of information. In the dialogue regime of work, between student and computer, the velocity and accuracy of the information processing take important place. In this aspect, special attention is given to the changes in the indicated indices during the computer lesson, computer plays and the traditional training. Studies are carried out on 30 students from classes X and XI, educated in vocational school "V. Levski", the town of Pravets. For the purpose is used electron determinator with test programme, containing consecutively exposure to 50 visual stimulators in red, blue, green, yellow and white colours at 1,2 s/speed. The results as a whole show that the most favourable results concerning the computer plays, very likely could be explained with the diversion effect and the positive motivation adjustment to the activity performed. By means of dispersion analysis is established, that only the type of activity has an essential effect on the velocity and accuracy of the information processing.

Bulgaria↗
PubMed1985

The effect of methylphenidate on information processing.

Models of information processing currently popular in cognitive psychology divide the reaction process into a series of discrete separable stages. The distinction between one stage and another is verified by the additive factors method (AFM) as defined by Sternberg (1969). Task factors that do not interact with each other are inferred to affect different stages. The distinction between stimulus evaluation stages and response selection stages has been supported by brain event related potential (ERP) studies. The latency of the P300 component of the ERP is sensitive to changes in stimulus complexity but not to to changes in response complexity. The focus of this research is to determine the effects of stimulant drugs on stages of information processing using both reaction time (RT) and P300 latency within an AFM framework. Four doses of methylphenidate (MP) were used in a within-subjects design to examine the effects of MP on stimulus and response processing. We found that MP speeds RT, and that this effect does not interact with the effect of stimulus complexity on RT. MP dose interacts with response complexity, the dose for optimal speeding varying with the level of complexity. The latency of P300 is increased by stimulus complexity, and not by response complexity, nor is it affected by MP. These results show that the stimulant drug acts on processes involved in response selection, rather than in stimulus evaluation. Individual differences in drug response are dose dependent, but also point to an effect on response processing.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

The effects of selective inattention upon the electrodermal orienting reflex: a test of information-processing theory.

Information-processing theories of the orienting reflex (OR) predict that disruptions of attention which impede the registration of a stimulus in memory should retard habituation of the OR. Studies examining effects of selective inattention upon rate of habituation of skin conductance responses (SCRs) to concurrently presented stimuli have yielded inconsistent results. We employed a dichotic vigilance task calling for selective attention to either male-voice or female-voice words. Comparisons between previously attended versus nonattended stimuli were subsequently conducted for habituation of SCR, as well as for a direct measure of recognition memory. Although there were unequivocal differences in long-term memory between attended and non-attended material, there was no clear evidence for corresponding differences in either initial magnitude or rate of habituation of SCR. These data, which replicated results from an earlier study, failed to demonstrate an effect of memory on the OR as predicted by information-processing theories.

Attention↗
PubMed1989

Biological information processing: the use of information for the support of function.

In biological systems, the processing and use of information has evolved out of the need for survival in the face of an uncertain environment. As a consequence, the information-function relationship in these systems is shaped by their adaptability characteristics. In contrast, the information-function relationship in man-designed, goal-oriented organizational systems depends on the ability of the information processing system to support the achievement of the organization's goals. In this paper we use results from adaptability theory in the analysis of control-related aspects of the information-function relationship in man-designed organizational systems. In particular, we use a conceptual model of organizational control to characterize features of functional and control structures and their effect on the adaptability of these systems. The concept of implicit control and a design principle for adaptability-enhancing information systems are derived for this analysis.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed2004

Is speed of processing or working memory the primary information processing deficit in multiple sclerosis?

OBJECTIVE: To examine whether processing speed or working memory is the primary information processing deficit in persons with MS. DESIGN: Case-control study. SETTING: Hospital-based specialty clinic. PARTICIPANTS: 215 adults with clinically definite MS. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Mean demographically corrected T-scores, prevalence rates of impairment and relative risk of impaired Processing Speed and Working Memory Index Scores from the WAIS-WMS III. RESULTS: Deficits in Processing Speed were much more common than Working Memory in all comparisons. This was observed for both relapsing remitting (RRMS) and secondary progressive MS (SPMS) subjects, but accentuated in the latter group. CONCLUSIONS: Results strongly suggest that the primary information processing deficit in persons with MS is in speed of processing.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

An integrated model of emotion processes and cognition in social information processing.

Literature on the contributions of social cognitive and emotion processes to children's social competence is reviewed and interpreted in the context of an integrated model of emotion processes and cognition in social information processing. Neurophysiological and functional evidence for the centrality of emotion processes in personal-social decision making is reviewed. Crick and Dodge's model is presented as a cognitive model of social decision making, and a revised model is proposed into which emotion processes are integrated. Hypotheses derived from the proposed model are described.

Brain↗
PubMed1995

Aging, caffeine, and information processing: an event-related potential analysis.

Structural and energetic processes in information processing were studied in young and elderly subjects. A visually focussed selective search task was used, in which subjects had to select relevant information, followed by controlled memory search processes to locate a target item. Caffeine was used to manipulate the energetic state of the subjects. During task performance event-related potentials (ERPs) and reaction time (RT) were recorded. Subjects were 15 young and 15 elderly healthy, non-smoking, moderate caffeine consumers (250-600 mg/day). Before the experimental sessions they abstained from caffeine for > or = 12 h. In the experiment subjects received 250 mg caffeine or placebo dissolved in decaffeinated coffee. RT data seem to indicate that aging effects are at least partly due to a shift in the speed-accuracy trade-off. ERP results provide evidence for decreased levels of energy resources in the elderly. The identification of relevant information and stimulus evaluation processes were delayed in the elderly, suggesting an additional effect of aging on structural processes. Caffeine improved performance and increased the amplitude of the N1, N2b, and P3b, in both young and old subjects. These results suggest that caffeine makes more energy resources available for task performance. The effects of aging on P3b latency were counteracted by caffeine. Other caffeine effects did not differ significantly between young and elderly subjects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1998

Poor concentration and the ability to process information after glandular fever.

The symptom of poor concentration and the ability to process information were measured prospectively in 245 subjects three times in the 6 months after glandular fever or an ordinary upper respiratory tract infection. The effects of the different infections, having a fatigue state, a psychiatric disorder, sleep disturbance, and estimates of premorbid intelligence were also assessed. The most frequent complaint of poor concentration and the worst information processing occurred at the onset of the infection, but these problems decreased over time, and were not related to each other. Multiple regression modeling showed that higher socioeconomic class and vocabulary IQ were associated with information processing ability at all three interviews. In contrast, logistic regression modeling showed that the symptom of poor concentration was associated with the severity of general psychiatric morbidity (CIS score) followed by suffering from a fatigue state. These results suggest that the ability to process information after these particular infections is related to estimates of premorbid IQ, whereas poor concentration is related independently to both psychiatric morbidity and a fatigue state, but not the particular infection itself.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Information processing in multigame environments modeling the evolution of sex via punctuated equilibria.

Uncertain environments are properly described by probability distributions which, as usual, can be collapsed or conditioned into distributions with reduced uncertainty through the processing of environmental information. Organisms which force this collapse gain evolutionary advantage by being able to employ strategies in a known environment rather than in a merely probable one. The accrued benefit gained from processing information can be precisely quantified by comparing benefits returned using distributions prior to, and after collapse, and these often large and immediate benefits can amply justify the evolutionary cost of information processing systems. More importantly, the evolution of information processing systems must necessarily occur in a predictable evolutionary sequence from less complex to more complex. Practical applications include modeling the evolution of sex modeled here as a sequence from asexual reproduction, to single gene exchange, to gene packet exchange, to same species packet exchange, and finally to sexual reproduction, sexual selection, Red Queen contests and so on. Modeling this sequence requires extensions to game theory originally designed to model a single game, to allow the simultaneous operation of many games. This extension is called a multigame environment. The dynamical evolution of the development sequence shows punctuated equilibria.

Animals↗