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PubMed2002

Concurrent validity of the Wechsler abbreviated scale of intelligence and the Kaufman brief intelligence test among psychiatric inpatients.

This study examined the convergent and discriminant validity of the Wechsler Abbreviated Scale of Intelligence and the Kaufman Brief Intelligence Test for 85 psychiatric inpatients. The correlation between the WASI Full Scale and K-BIT Composite IQ scores was significant (r = .89, p < .001). Multitrait-multimethod analysis of the subtest scores showed that the K-BIT had higher internal consistency for its two subtests but, therefore, less differentiation of cognitive functioning than the brief Wechsler scale, as would be expected due to the larger number and diversity of the latter subtests. Correlations among the Wechsler scale subtests were lower than among those for the K-BIT, so the former may tap different cognitive functions and yield more clinically useful information than the latter. This brief Wechsler scale appears to be a valid screening measure of verbal, performance. and general intellectual ability for use with an inpatient psychiatric population when considerations of the setting or patient preclude administration of a longer measure of intellectual ability.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

[Artificial intelligence in medicine: project of a mobile platform in an intelligent environment for the care of disabled and elderly people].

A project based on the integration of new technologies and artificial intelligence to develop a device--e-tool--for disabled patients and elderly people is presented. A mobile platform in intelligent environments (skilled-care facilities and home-care), controlled and managed by a multi-level architecture, is proposed to support patients and caregivers to increase self-dependency in activities of daily living.

Aged↗
PubMed1985

Evoked potential correlates of intelligence: some problems with Hendrickson's string measure of evoked potential complexity and error theory of intelligence.

The string measure of evoked potential (EP) complexity is based on a new error theory of intelligence, which differs from the older speed-based formulations which focus on EP latency rather than complexity. In this note we first raise a methodological problem of arbitrariness with respect to one version of the string measure. We then provide a comparative empirical assessment of EP-IQ correlations with respect to a revised string measure (which does not suffer from the methodological problem), a latency measure, and another measure of EP complexity: average voltage. This assessment indicates that the string measure, in particular, yields quite disorderly results, and that, in general, the results favor the speed over the error formulation.

Evoked Potentials↗
PubMed1993

Visually impaired children and haptic intelligence test scores: intelligence test for visually impaired children (ITVIC).

This paper reports the results of verbal and haptic intelligence tests for the whole population of the visually impaired, braille-educated Dutch children and Dutch-speaking children in Belgium. The scores of children with and without usable vision generally confirmed expectations. Children with usable vision had higher spatial test scores. Those without usable vision did better on verbal memory tests and school-achievement tests for writing accuracy and technical reading. Children in regular or integrated education scored higher on verbal, reasoning and school-achievement tests. Evaluation of the effect of systematically varied task factors in four spatial tests indicated that, for two of the tests, having usable vision interacted with the task factors.

Achievement↗
PubMed1978

Evaluation of intelligence in youthful offenders: the Kahn Intelligence Tests.

It was hypothesized that there is a correlation between IQs on the Kahn Intelligence Tests and the WAIS. It was predicted that the correlation between the KIT IQs and the WAIS Performance IQs would be significantly higher than those between the KIT IQs and WAIS Verbal and Full Scale IQs. The KIT and WAIS were administered to 30 Negro and 20 white offenders ages 16-0 to 20-11. Pearson rs of .656, .649, and .714 were significant. Contrary to prediction, the r between the KIT IQs and the WAIS Performance was the lowest. Mean IQs were significantly different.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2005

Perceptual speed does not cause intelligence, and intelligence does not cause perceptual speed.

There is ongoing debate whether the efficiency of local cognitive processes leads to global cognitive ability or whether global ability feeds the efficiency of basic processes. A prominent example is the well-replicated association between inspection time (IT), a measure of perceptual discrimination speed, and intelligence (IQ), where it is not known whether increased speed is a cause or consequence of high IQ. We investigated the direction of causation between IT and IQ in 2012 genetically related subjects from Australia and The Netherlands. Models in which the reliable variance of each observed variable was specified as a latent trait showed IT correlations of -0.44 and -0.33 with respective Performance and Verbal IQ; heritabilities were 57% (IT), 83% (PIQ) and 77% (VIQ). Directional causation models provided poor fits to the data, with covariation best explained by pleiotropic genes (influencing variation in both IT and IQ). This finding of a common genetic factor provides a better target for identifying genes involved in cognition than genes which are unique to specific traits.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1991

The relationship between intelligence and memory following minor or mild closed head injury: greater impairment in memory than intelligence.

This study investigated the performance of patients with minor or mild closed head injury and age/education-matched normal controls on the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised (WAIS-R) and the Wechsler Memory Scale-Revised (WMS-R). The results demonstrated that the control group had significantly higher scores than the patients with closed head injury on all WAIS-R and WMS-R index scores. Further analysis revealed that the patients with closed head injury showed a greater impairment in delayed memory when directly compared to intellectual performance that was not seen in the control group. These results are discussed in relation to findings in patients with more severe closed head injury, the construction of the WAIS-R and the WMS-R, and the performance patterns of the two groups.

Adult↗
PubMed1990

[Intelligence structure of hyperkinetic children: comparative study of 2,229 profiles of the Hamburg Wechsler Intelligence Test for Children].

A retrospective evaluation of the HAWIK (Hamburg-Wechsler Intelligence Test for Children) test profiles of 2229 children with hyperkinetic syndrome and/or minimal brain dysfunction (MBD) was used in a group comparison in order to contribute to the question whether the hyperkinetic syndrome can be regarded as an autonomous syndrome apart from MBD or not. A total collective of 3 groups were compared: a) hyperkinetic children without MBD, b) hyperkinetic children who were found to suffer from MBD, c) children admitted with the diagnosis of MBD with no symptoms of hyperactivity. The mean values and graphics showed differences in the test profiles of groups a) and c). As for the boys, there were clear differences between hyperkinetic boys with MBD, and boys with MBD without hyperactivity; the mean values were significantly lower in this group. The test results confirm the supposition that hyperkinesis does not increase the disabilities ("Leistungsschwäche") caused by MBD but to a certain extent rather affords a certain means of compensation- at least in the test situation. We can also assume that the incidence of minimal brain dysfunction differs in boys and girls.

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity↗
PubMed1986

[Intelligence training of handicapped patients. An experimental evaluation study of constructive training for the promotion of general intelligence in learning disabled students in a school for patients with speech disorders].

Starting out from a curricular analysis of Klauer's "G-V"-tree structure (1984), a training scheme for developing central intellectual performance is set out and evaluated. The training consists of operations to determine sameness (G = Gleichheit) or differentness (V = Verschiedenheit) of features or relationships. As suggested by the theory of the G-V algorithm, and after only four training units of 45 minutes each, significant gains in general intelligence were found in the two training groups of slow learning students from a special school for the speech disordered, gains that the two control groups did not demonstrate. Meichenbaum's cognitive modelling with subsequent verbal self-instruction served to facilitate task solution procedures. The findings are discussed within the theoretical framework of the G-V system, emphasizing in particular its relevance for modifying and enhancing information processing functions in learning disabled students.

Child↗
PubMed2026

Artificial intelligence agents and agentic artificial intelligence applied to precision medicine.

Precision medicine seeks to individualise care by integrating multimodal biomedical data, yet most deployed clinical artificial intelligence (AI) remains assistive, providing predictions without managing workflows or adapting autonomously. Agentic AI, built on large language models (LLMs), has emerged as a paradigm characterised by autonomy, goal-directed reasoning, memory, planning and tool use. This review synthesises evidence on agentic AI and LLMs applied to precision medicine, encompassing drug discovery, genomics, oncology, rare disease diagnostics and clinical pharmacology. This review also examines architectural components, recent validation milestones and emerging challenges, including hallucination, sociodemographic bias and evolving regulatory frameworks across the FDA, the EU AI Act and the WHO.

agentic AI↗
PubMed2001

The use of artificial intelligence in the design of an intelligent cognitive orthosis for people with dementia.

Dementia often reduces a person's ability to perform activities of daily living because he or she becomes confused and cannot remember the sequence of steps to perform. The current solution is to have a caregiver continually supervise and assist the person using verbal reminders or cues. This loss of privacy and increased dependency may cause the affected person to become embarrassed and agitated. We propose that this situation might be improved by using a computerized device that monitors progress and provides the reminders needed. The COACH is a first prototype of such a device. It uses artificial intelligence to observe a user, learn from his or her actions, and issue prerecorded cues of varying detail. The device was developed using a personal computer and a video camera that unobtrusively tracked the user. Preliminary testing with subjects who simulated confused behavior as they washed their hands showed that the device was performing its functions with an efficacy of approximately 95%. More extensive clinical testing and evaluation has begun, and the results will be reported in future publications.

Activities of Daily Living↗