Strong meaning-response bias in schizophrenia.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Acute Disease↗
SEARCH · PubMed Health
Results for “Intelligent agents”
Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.
Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.
Quality of life and the patient's response to treatment.
Quality of life resides mainly in an individual's satisfaction with his role at work, at home, and in his community. Illness and treatment affect quality of life to the extent that they damage an individual's ability to perform these roles to his own satisfaction. Clinicians will increasingly have to take account of quality of life in assessing the effect of an illness and of their treatment for it. This is particularly so in chronic diseases for which there is no "cure" and in asymptomatic conditions, such as hypertension.
Antihypertensive Agents↗
Intermittent subcutaneous apomorphine injection treatment for parkinsonian motor oscillations.
Eight patients with severe Parkinsonian motor oscillations have been treated with the dopamine receptor agonist apomorphine by intermittent subcutaneous self-injection as an adjunct to oral anti-Parkinsonian medication. The dopamine receptor antagonist domperidone was also given by mouth to prevent nausea. Six patients remain on chronic treatment (mean period 6.5 months) with improved control of motor function in each case. Four have had major enhancement of their quality of life. Benefits of this treatment stem from the training of patients to use intelligent behaviour to administer a promptly acting and effective pharmacological agent, thereby exercising a degree of direct control over previously unpredictable variations in motor performance.
Administration, Oral↗
Neuropsychological performance in medicated and unmedicated patients with Tourette's disorder.
OBJECTIVE: To date, there have been no formal investigations of neuropsychological performance in patients with Tourette's disorder who are taking psychotropic medications. The authors conducted this study to provide such information. METHOD: They examined the neuropsychological performance of 96 patients 6-18 years old who met DSM-III-R criteria for Tourette's disorder; 51 of these patients were taking neuroleptic medications and 45 were not. The groups were well matched with regard to age, sex, education, and duration of symptoms. Each group was given a complete neuropsychological test battery as well as instruments rating symptoms of Tourette's disorder, obsessive-compulsive characteristics, and other behavioral disturbances. RESULTS: The patients taking medications did not differ from those not taking medications on any of the neuropsychological, intellectual, or educational measures. In addition, the groups did not differ with regard to level of Tourette's disorder symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this investigation suggest that patients with Tourette's disorder who do not experience intolerable side effects from neuroleptic medications are able to perform on educational, intellectual, and neuropsychological tests at a level comparable to that of unmedicated patients. These results have positive implications for patients with Tourette's disorder who respond to neuroleptic medications.
Adolescent↗
[Detecting psychopathological symptoms in psychopharmacological studies on the course of disease (author's transl)].
Rating scales and self-rating scales are still indispensable for the estimation of psychopathological symptoms and their variations in the course of treatment with psychopharmacologic agents. So significant progress can be recognized in measurment of intelligence, degree of severity of functional psychoses, states of cerebral defects and of endogenous depressions. The promising results of this experience encourage intensifying the development of such test instruments concerning non-psychotic psychic disturbances as well as schizophrenic psychoses.
Anxiety↗
Measured intelligence in offspring of oral and nonoral contraceptive users.
A study has been made of measures of intelligence of 210 children (5 to 8 years of age) born to mothers who used oral and nonoral contraceptives pregestationally. Ninety-six of these children were born to mothers who used oral contraceptives, and one hundred and fourteen were born to mothers who used vaginal contraceptive methods. The intelligence of the children was measured in the form of the full-scale I.Q. score by the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children (WISC) adapted and normalized for Puerto Rico by the Puerto Rico Department of Education. A three-factor analysis of variance was performed on the data collected for comparison of the two groups. It was observed that there was no significant difference between the average I.Q. scores of children born to mothers using oral contraceptives and those born to the mothers using nonoral contraceptives. The average I.Q. in children of the oral contraceptive group was 85.04 and that in children of the nonoral contraceptive group was 85.54. Distributions for both groups were also found to be similar. No significant differences between means were observed for sex, age, and interacitons with the exception of the age and sex interaction, where, again, no specific, meaningful trend could be established. The average I.Q. in the sample fell very close to the center of the "normal" range of the WISC, Puerto Rican adaptation. The results of the study do not offer any evidence as to the effect of the use of oral contraceptives on the intelligence measure (by the WISC) of the offspring born to mothers using them pregestationally. The children under study, on an average, are of "normal" intelligence as measured by the Puerto Rican intelligence standards.
Adult↗
Impaired performance and sedation after a single dose of lorazepam.
In a double-blind cross-over study using normal student volunteers, the effects of 1 and 2.5 mg lorazepam on self-rated mood and bodily symptoms, as well as performance in a number of tests were assessed. Both doses significantly increased self ratings of physical and mental sedation, the effects being more marked 4 h after drug administration than after 1 h. Lorazepam impaired simple reaction time, verbal learning, number cancellation, symbol copying and performance in the digit-symbol substitution test. The impairments were greater with the 2.5 mg dose and were more marked 4 h after drug administration than after 1 h.
Adult↗
Vasoactive Agent Therapy in Septic Shock: From Monotherapy Battles to Tailored Hemodynamic Optimization.
Hemodynamic stabilization and preservation of organ perfusion are central elements in the management of septic shock. This is achieved by fluid resuscitation and by administration of vasoactive agents to secure a time window for definitive cause-directed therapy. Guided by the Surviving Sepsis Campaign, the optimization of vasoactive agent strategies, namely protective hemodynamic management, has become a central focus. Tracing key research over the past 25 years reveals a paradigm shift in vasopressor therapy, from empiricism to goal-directed strategy. This evolution has deepened our understanding of the benefit-risk profile of vasoactive agents and fostered a new conceptual framework regarding organ perfusion and protection. Under this framework, management strategies have advanced from the mere pursuit of hemodynamic parameters to care bundles that integrate the monitoring of organ perfusion, microcirculation, and oxygen metabolism. These advances have optimized agent selection, established safe dosing ranges, and ultimately promoted the widespread adoption of combined and multimodal therapy concepts. This review delineates this transformative journey, synthesizing evidence on the reappraisal of traditional agents and exploring "de-catecholaminization" strategies, thereby aiming to broaden the therapeutic landscape. The integration of artificial intelligence and genomic medicine is expected to further advance personalized management strategies for septic shock.
Humans↗
[The future of estrogen substitution in the menopause. Psychological and sociological aspects (author's transl)].
The future of estrogen substitution (ES) in the menopause was examined in 425 patients in our clinic from the psychological and sociological aspects. Of the women questioned, one fourth would not consider estrogen substitution from the menopause onwards another fourth would only accept this for one year, one quarter for up to six years and the remaining quarter for longer than six years. The reasons for this decision were sought. The positive attitude towards estrogen substitution was seen to depend on age, education level, intelligence, knowledge of sexual hormones, experience with the pill, history of abortion, parity and personality factors.
Abortion, Spontaneous↗
A clinical study on intellectual impairment in parkinsonian patients during long-term treatment.
The severity of intellectual impairment of 89 patients with Parkinson's disease was evaluated with the Osaka Intelligence Scale for the Aged (OISA). Based on their intelligence levels, the patients were divided into three groups: normal, slight dementia and dementia. EEGs, psychiatric complications such as hallucination, degree of motor disability, history of medication, relationship between changes in intelligence and total amount of administered drugs were also examined. There was no significant correlation between the length of duration of the illness and the degree of intellectual impairment. Two characteristic subgroups were found among our subjects: a group of patients who rapidly became demented after the onset of Parkinsonism, and a group of patients whose intelligence was preserved for a longer period. The mean age of the onset of the disease in the former group was older than that of the latter. Patients of the former group exhibited psychiatric complications and EEG abnormalities more frequently. The severity of motor disability and medications administered at the time of the OISA examination did not differ between the two groups. Deterioration of the intelligence of the patients with Parkinson's disease did not correlate with the total amount of the administered antiparkinsonian drugs.
Adult↗
Adverse effects of angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors. An update.
The angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors are a group of effective drugs with a unique mechanism of action. These drugs have proven to be useful for hypertension and congestive heart failure. Early clinical trials of captopril used doses that are now known to be inappropriately high, and dose-related adverse effects were observed frequently. The recognition that lower doses are effective has reduced the incidence of adverse reactions and resulted in improved patient tolerance. When patients are properly selected and correctable risk factors are removed, serious side effects are uncommon. Unfortunately, the early reputation of nephrotoxicity persists, as does the belief that significant blood dyscrasias, endocrine effects and rash are serious risks for the average patient. After wide use of captopril, enalapril and lisinopril, and investigational trials of nearly a dozen newer agents, a sufficiency of clinical observation, experimental evidence and accurate postmarketing recording of events is accumulating to allow insight into the major toxicities with regard to more intelligent patient selection, more rational dosing and proper identification of risk factors. The most common adverse reactions are cough and skin rash. It appears that the agents are generally not cross-reactive with regard to skin rash, although it is not clear whether this effect is drug-specific or class-specific with regard to cough. Statistically but not clinically significant lowering of haemoglobin and hematocrit is common; these effects are inconsequential in most patients. Neutropenia, once thought to be prevalent, now appears to be so only in patients with autoimmune or collagen-vascular disease; the majority of patients outside these groups are at low risk. Hyperkalaemia is a frequent occurrence. This should not be surprising in view of the effect of the ACE inhibitors on plasma aldosterone. When dietary potassium intake is regulated and sources of altered potassium excretion are identified, hyperkalaemia is seldom a serious problem. Identification of sodium and water deficits allows correction before the drugs are started, and the frequency of hypotension and hyperkalaemia caused by the drugs is quite low if these factors are properly managed. An unexpected finding emerging in recent years is the dry cough associated with ACE inhibitor therapy. Its mechanism is not definitely known. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may control this symptom in some patients. The frequent observation of proteinuria in patients taking ACE inhibitors has gained notice and sometimes caused undue alarm. It is difficult to separate disease effects in diabetes and hypertension from true drug effects.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
Adult↗
The use of antibiotics in biliary tract disease.
Antibotics are often used in the treatment of patients with biliary tract disease. Certain drugs are relatively contraindicated if there is preexisting liver dysfunction. Not all antibiotis achieve a high level in bile, and knowledge of their individual excretion rate is important for intelligent use.
Ampicillin↗
Histochemistry of putative transmitter substances in the insect brain.
Explore the source record for details and available documents.
Amino Acids↗
An unusual cluster of tardive dyskinesia in schizophrenia: association with cognitive dysfunction and negative symptoms.
Factors associated with the emergence or nonemergence of involuntary movements (tardive dyskinesia) during long-term neuroleptic treatment were investigated in an atypical, isolated population of 31 schizophrenic inpatients with an unusually high prevalence of this syndrome. Patients with involuntary movements could not be distinguished from those without such movements by general characteristics or conventional indices of neuroleptic or anticholinergic treatment. However, they were more likely to show either marked cognitive dysfunction or muteness. These findings support the proposal that, at least in schizophrenia, subtle organic changes may contribute to vulnerability to the emergence of involuntary movements.
Adult↗
Development of microcomputer-based mental acuity tests.
Recent disasters have focused attention on performance problems due to the use of alcohol and controlled substances in the workplace. Environmental stressors such as thermal extremes, mixed gases, noise, motion, and vibration also have adverse effects on human performance and operator efficiency. However, the lack of a standardized, sensitive, human performance assessment battery has probably delayed the systematic study of the deleterious effects of various toxic chemicals and drugs at home and in the workplace. The collective goal of the research reported here is the development of a menu of tests embedded in a coherent package of hardware and software that may be useful in repeated-measures studies of a broad range of agents that can degrade human performance. A menu of 40 tests from the Automated Performance Test System (APTS) is described, and the series of interlocking studies supporting its development is reviewed. The APTS tests, which run on several versions of laptop portables and desktop personal computers, have been shown to be stable, reliable, and factorially rich, and to have predictive validities with holistic measures of intelligence and simulator performances. In addition, sensitivity studies have been conducted in which performance changes due to stressors, agents, and treatments were demonstrated. We believe that tests like those described here have prospective use as an adjunct to urine testing for the screening for performance loss of individuals who are granted access to workplaces and stations that impact public safety.
Alcoholic Intoxication↗
NSAIDs: maternal and fetal considerations.
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) gained popularity in the late 1970s. Inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis with indomethacin has been reported to be effective for prevention of labor and for treatment for symptomatic polyhydramnios. Concern about its possible constrictive effect on the fetal ductus arteriosus has limited its use in pregnancy. Maternal indomethacin therapy has also been associated with reduction in urine production in the fetus and with oligohydramnios. Obstetricians have discouraged pregnant women from taking analgesic doses of aspirin, mainly because of the availability of paracetamol (acetaminophen), which causes less gastric irritation, but also because of fear of maternal and fetal hemorrhage and of possible premature closure of the ductus. These fears largely derive from studies on patients taking large doses and from extrapolation from other NSAIDs. The likelihood that treatment with 60-75 mg/day of aspirin markedly reduces the incidence of preeclampsia and fetal intrauterine growth retardation makes it important to reexamine its use. This review describes the pharmacology and pharmacokinetics of aspirin with particular reference to pregnancy and considers teratogenesis, prolongation of pregnancy and labor, maternal bleeding, fetal and neonatal bleeding, possible effects on the ductus arteriosus and pulmonary circulation, and possible nonspecific effects on intelligence and breast feeding and acute toxicity in the neonate.
Abnormalities, Drug-Induced↗
Depo Provera: a profile of current users.
This retrospective study reviewed the current users of Depo-Medroxy-Progesterone-Acetate (Depo-Provera) from April to June, 1987, within the Family Planning Association of Victoria's Richmond Clinic. The profile that emerged from the study showed the clients were of average intelligence, well informed, had tried other methods of contraception, had a high number of unplanned pregnancies and chose to use Depo-Provera as other methods of contraception were unsuitable.
Adolescent↗