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PubMed1978

The role of kin-structured migration in genetic microdifferentiation.

Most current models of human population structure view migration solely as a deterministic force reducing the variance in gene frequencies among the local colonies of a subdivided population. By an empirical example and through simulation experiments, it is shown that migration structured along kinship lines (by analogy to the lineal or 'kinship' effect) does not always reduce the variances of gene frequencies arising through intergenerational random genetic drift. Thus populations experiencing high rates of migration may not be genetically homogenous.

Ethnicity↗

PubMed2025

Parent-Child Communication after Parental Exposure to Potentially Traumatic Events: A Systematic Review.

Intergenerational traumatization poses a risk for the well-being of children whose parents have been exposed to potentially traumatic events (PTEs). Previous research has implied that parent-child communication may significantly contribute to the transmission of trauma across generations, but findings remain limited and inconclusive, particularly regarding the mechanisms and factors that could underlie this process. Therefore, the present paper performed a mixed methods systematic literature review to methodically map how PTE-exposed parents communicate with their children-both in general and about parental PTEs-and how such communication may contribute to trauma transmission. Five electronic databases were accessed to conduct keyword-led searches, yielding a final inclusion of 31 peer-reviewed, empirical studies that investigated parent-child communication among PTE-exposed parents and/or their nonexposed children. Parental PTE exposure was found to have a negative impact on general parent-child communication, often due to the presence of parental anger, irritability, and withdrawal. Conversations about parental PTEs showed substantial diversity in their frequency, content and style, with strategies of partial/modulated disclosure appearing most common. How parents approached PTE communication frequently stemmed from a desire to keep their children safe and unburdened by their previous experiences. Finally, both general communication and PTE communication were implied to contribute to trauma transmission, revealing a significant impact of parent-child communication on child functioning, identity, and well-being. Based on these key findings, the authors discuss meaningful implications for future research (i.e., prospective directions, addressing methodological concerns) and formulate suggestions for clinicians and policymakers surrounding the treatment of PTE-exposed parents and their offspring.

Humans↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Early influences on the secular change in adult height between the parents and children of the 1958 birth cohort.

The present account is of data available from the 1958 British national birth cohort and its follow-up to the age of 23 years. It shows an increase in adult height between the cohort members and their parents, amounting to an average 1.2 +/- 0.11 (SEM) cm between the daughters and their mothers and 3.0 +/- 0.12 cm between the sons and their fathers. Factors in early life which contributed jointly to a significant increase in adult height included, as well as sex and parental height, birthweight and maternal pre-pregnant weight, while increasing gestational age had a negative effect. Overall these factors accounted for 71% of the variance of the cohort members' height. Measuring the intergenerational difference between individual pairs of sons and father and daughters and mothers allows to some extent for social and genetic influences. This showed that the size of the difference was increased by increasing intrauterine growth rate, and falling paternal social class. These findings demonstrate again the lifelong influence on offspring of circumstances pertaining at their birth and explain why it may take more than one generation to overcome the effects of childhood disadvantage.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2026

Effects of Family-Based Intervention for Childhood Obesity on Parental and Offspring Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Childhood obesity is a global public health issue with strong familial and intergenerational transmission. However, existing syntheses often overlook the active role of parents and fail to assess outcomes beyond the child. This systematic review and meta-analysis specifically investigate the effects of family-based interventions, which position parents as active co-agents of change, on health outcomes for both children with obesity and their parents. METHODS: A systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted. Six databases were searched for randomized controlled trials (RCTs) targeting children with obesity and at least one family member. Primary outcomes were children's BMI z-score and parental BMI; secondary outcomes included other adiposity measures and dietary behaviors. Outcomes for both children and parents were synthesized. Subgroup analyses were conducted based on intervention characteristics. Risk of bias was assessed using RoB 2, and evidence certainty was evaluated using GRADE. RESULTS: Twenty RCTs with 1740 participants were included in the meta-analysis. The interventions demonstrated a significant reduction in children's BMI z-score. Additional benefits were observed for long-term BMI z-score and percentage of total body fat. The most effective interventions commonly integrate health education, behavioral strategies, and motivational support. Subgroup analyses indicated that interventions positioning parents as active co-participants, rather than mere supporters, yielded larger effects. However, no significant effects were found on parental BMI. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that family-based interventions can confer significant benefits for children with obesity. Their success hinges on strategically framing parents as active co-agents and integrating motivational strategies.

Humans↗

PubMed2026

Genetically predicted childhood traits and parental health and risk of pediatric psychiatric disorders: A 2-sample Mendelian randomization study.

The etiology of pediatric psychiatric disorders is complex, involving intergenerational influences and a child's own developmental health. We aimed to investigate the potential effects of genetically predicted childhood traits (childhood obesity, absence epilepsy, intelligence) and parental health traits (longevity, Alzheimer disease, severe depression) on the risk of several childhood and adolescent psychiatric disorders. We employed a 2-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) design using summary statistics from large-scale genome-wide association studies. Data for parental health exposures were primarily from the UK Biobank. Data for childhood trait exposures were from various consortia. Data for outcomes - conduct disorder, mixed conduct and emotional disorders, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and broader behavioral/emotional and social disorders - were sourced from FinnGen and the Psychiatric Genomics Consortium, among others. We used the inverse-variance weighted method for the primary analysis, with MR-Egger, weighted median, and weighted mode as additional analyses. To test the robustness of the results, we conducted sensitivity analyses using MR-Egger regression, Cochran Q test for heterogeneity, the MR-pleiotropy residual sum and outlier test, and a leave-one-out analysis. Genetic liability for childhood obesity was associated with an increased risk of ASD (odds ratio = 1.06, P = .016) and ADHD (odds ratio = 1.09, P = .026), even though these associations did not withstand multiple testing correction. No other robust, statistically significant causal associations were identified. Sensitivity analyses showed limited evidence of bias from horizontal pleiotropy for the main findings. Our findings provide MR evidence supporting potential links from genetic liability for childhood obesity to increased risks of ASD and ADHD. These results highlight the importance of considering a child's early-life health trajectory in the etiology of pediatric psychiatric disorders.

Humans↗

PubMed1989

Path analysis under generalized marital resemblance: evaluation of the assumptions underlying the mixed homogamy model by the Monte Carlo method.

Path analysis of nuclear family data has been widely applied to resolve genetic and environmental sources of familial resemblance. Here we report the results of a systematic evaluation of the effects of departures from five modeling assumptions often made when analyzing nuclear family data; i) the observed environmental index is unaffected by the genotype, ii) the basis of marital resemblance is correctly specified in the model, iii) there are no intergenerational differences in either the genetic or cultural heritability, iv) there is no genetic dominance, and v) there is no genotype by family environment interaction. "Deterministic simulations" identified various situations where model misspecification could lead to substantial bias in the estimation of the heritabilities. For these situations, "stochastic simulations" were performed to determine whether the "goodness-of-fit" test used in path analysis would correctly reject the misspecified model. In samples of 500 nuclear families, each comprising two parents and two children, the goodness-of-fit test was found to be sensitive to misspecifications of the source of marital resemblance and the existence of intergenerational differences in heritabilities, although reduced power would make the test less sensitive in smaller samples. The test was largely insensitive to misspecifications of possible genetic effects on the environmental index, and to the existence of multiplicative interaction between the genotype and familial environment. When genetic effects on the index are ignored, the genetic heritability (h2) is underestimated, the cultural heritability (c2) is overestimated, but h2+c2 remains unchanged. Neglecting the interaction was found to result in an overestimate of h2.

Consanguinity↗

PubMed1989

A test of the Easterlin fertility model using income for two generations and a comparison with the Becker model.

An important dimension of Easterlin's seminal work on fertility is the hypothesis of intergenerational taste formation, or the relative income hypothesis. Previous estimates have not had data on income in two generations, so the estimated own-income effects may have had a downward bias. This article uses data with income from two generations to estimate the Easterlin model directly. Own income is still not positively significant. A simple single-equation test is developed to distinguish this model from a Becker intergenerational serially correlated endowments model that he claims is observationally equivalent. The test results favor the Becker formulation.

Female↗

PubMed1979

Mental illness in blacks: an overview, and treatment approaches.

Provisions for inner city mental health services must recognize the association between poverty, discrimination, and related social and physical conditions and disproportionately high rates of severe mental disorder-a transcultural phenomenon.Program emphasis should therefore be on the prevention, early recognition, prompt and effective treatment and rehabilitative care of psychosis. The total spectrum of psychiatric services is required for this, and thus an opportunity is afforded for necessary training and research.Poverty has negative impact on general health and cognitive development as well as on self-esteem, self-care, and the ability to utilize medical and health services. This contributes to a vicious, intergenerational poverty cycle.Primary prevention of mental illness, where possible, depends at present on socioeconomic change. Secondary prevention, ie, timely, appropriate treatment, is effective, but requires patient access to and acceptance of all indicated modalities of care.

Black or African American↗

PubMed1976

Diploidy for a structural gene specifying a major protein of the outer cell envelope membrane from Escherichia coli K-12.

Homogenotes, heterogenotes, and intergeneric hybrids have been studied that are diploid for the structural gene of a major outer cell envelope membrane protein (protein II) from Escherichia coli. This protein can act as a phage receptor. In wild-type homogenotes, diploidy for the gene did not cause a gene dosage effect. It could be shown with two heterogenotes that both the chromosomal mutant and the episomal wild-type genes are expressed, and in each case more of the mutant than the wild-type protein species was found in the cell envelope. In on case of 21 phage-resistant mutants missing protein II was a trans effect observed of the mutant gene on the expression of the episomal wild type gene. Transfer of E. coli episomes carrying the protein II structural gene into Salmonella typhimurium and Proteus mirabilis resulted in intergeneric hybrids that became sensitive to the relevant phage and harbored the E. coli protein II in their cell envelopes. The results may be taken as suggestive evidence for a simple feedback mechanism for the regulation of synthesis of protein II, and they show that there are no highly specific requirements on protein primary structure for incorporation into an outer cell envelope membrane.

Bacterial Proteins↗

PubMed1987

An improved method for protoplast formation and its application in the fusion of Rhodotorula rubra with Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

Protoplasts from various strains of red-pigmented yeasts were generated at high frequency using improved procedures. The use of sulphur-containing amino acids and 2-deoxyglucose in growth media led to impaired cell wall synthesis and rendered cells very susceptible to treatment with mercapto-ethanol and various lytic enzymes. Use of individual lytic enzymes separately resulted in relatively low frequencies of protoplasts from most of the red yeasts examined, whilst use of beta-glucuronidase, Novozyme and Zymolyase in series markedly increased stable protoplast formation. The latter effects were shown to be strain specific. The ability to generate large numbers of red yeast protoplasts prompted the attempt to examine intergeneric fusion between auxotrophs of a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Rhodotorula rubra. Putative hybrids were selected as variously-pigmented prototrophic colonies growing on minimal medium and stabilised by subculturing on the latter medium. Unusual cream, orange and yellow hybrid colonies were generated, composed of cells of varying morphologies (chains, multibudded). The majority of stable hybrids contained one nucleus, although several heterokaryons were also observed. Some hybrids possessed the phenotypes of both parents: fusant wcat41 grew as rapidly as the S. cerevisiae parent but also contained an inducible phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) which appeared to be more active than that of the Rhodotorula parent.

Culture Media↗

PubMed1989

Time preference for health in cost-effectiveness analysis.

In program evaluation, should a predicted health status gain of 1 quality-adjusted life year (QALY) occurring 10 years from now be valued the same as a 1-QALY increase realizable 5 years from now? Or 1 year from now? If not, how should these future gains (or losses) be evaluated from a present-time perspective? Such questions arise frequently in cost-effectiveness analyses of disease prevention-health promotion programs. This report argues there are actually two distinct interpretations of time preference jointly relevant in many multiperiod program evaluations. 1) In ongoing programs where both present and future population cohorts are, in effect, vying for resources, decision makers must establish a relative social weighting of cohorts by specifying (now) the dollar worth of any unit QALY gain achievable in each. This is a problem of intergenerational equity in the resource allocation process. 2) Individuals, in any cohort, may possess a time preference for the sequence of events comprising their own multiperiod health outcomes. Current models, typically discounting future health gains to present value at some constant rate (r), can well accommodate the first interpretation but not (simultaneously) the second. In response, this report introduces a two-step evaluation procedure featuring the "scenario strategy," a holistic multiattribute preference approach to evaluating multiperiod health outcomes. It allows one to isolate statistically time preference effects at the individual or group level and to incorporate them naturally into the overall evaluation of multiperiod outcomes. A survey-based example and an appendix illustrate the main points.

Attitude to Health↗

PubMed1988

Intergeneric rosettes: sequestered surface recognition among human periodontal bacteria.

The human oral bacteria, Streptococcus sanguis and Bacteroides loescheii, when mixed in equal numbers in vitro, formed large settling coaggregates. As the relative number of each cell type was changed, coaggregates became smaller until at cell-type ratios of 10 to 1, rosettes formed. Rosettes consisting of a streptococcal cell in the center surrounded by bacteroides cells exhibited surface recognition properties of only the bacteroides, which coaggregated with many other cell types such as Actinomyces naeslundii, and formed large settling multigeneric aggregates. The ecological significance of these results derives from the following: (i) the direct demonstration that intergeneric coaggregates can protect the central cell from or prevent its access to other cells in the environment, and (ii) the potential for these effects to occur during bacterial succession of various cell types observed in progressively more severe stages of human periodontal disease.

Bacterial Adhesion↗

PubMed1987

Grandparents as interactive and social support agents for families with young infants.

The role of grandparents in infancy was examined in a comparative analysis of grandparent-infant grandchild and parent-infant interaction patterns. A second focus of the study was an exploration of the extent to which grandparents function as social support agents for their adult children and infant grandchildren. Grandparents (30 grandmothers and 21 grandfathers) and parents (30 mothers and 30 fathers) of seven-month-old infants were observed in individual five-minute dyadic play sessions with the infant in the parents' homes, yielding twenty minutes of agent-infant interaction. The observations were scored using both time-sampling and global coding schemes. Information on grandparental support to the young parents and infants, relative to other social support sources, were also obtained from grandparents and parents. Results indicated that both grandmothers and grandfathers are active interactive and support agents, with a pattern of similarities and differences in interactive style across generation and gender. Although there was a high degree of overlap in parent and grandparent interaction styles, parents were rated as more competent. Gender consistencies were found between female agents (mothers and grandmothers) and male agents (fathers and grandfathers). High levels of intergenerational contact were reported, with both parents and grandparents highly satisfied with the contact. The results of this study support an expanded view of the effects of various agents in young children's social environment.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Issues in the study of the quality of the elderly mother-adult daughter relationship.

The quality of intergenerational relationships seems to be a relevant factor in assessing both the family's capacity to continue to provide care for elderly family members and the effectiveness with which it performs caregiving functions. The purpose of this paper is first, to raise several questions with regard to the quality of family ties to which we believe research should address itself. These include the implications of recent sociodemographic trends for quality, and the effects which variations in quality may have for various dimensions of the caregiving process. The literature and research on qualitative aspects of family relationships seems to suffer from basic conceptual and methodological limitations. Thus, this paper also aims at presenting a multidimensional conceptualization of quality which we believe is essential for identifying those specific aspects of relationships most significant in their impact on caregiving.

Adult↗

PubMed1992

Assortative mating and grandparental transmission facilitate the persistence of a sign language.

Conditions for the persistence (i.e., protection from loss) of a sign language are investigated assuming monogenic recessive inheritance of deafness, assortative mating for deafness or hearing, and cultural transmission of the sign language to deaf individuals from their deaf parents and deaf maternal grandparents. A new method is introduced to deal with the problem of grandparental transmission in which the basic variables are the frequencies of triplets comprising a mother, a father, and their daughter of permissible phenogenotypes. Usual stability analysis is then done on the system of linear recursions in the frequencies of these triplets, derived on the assumption that signers (users of the sign language) are rare. It is shown that assortative mating is the most important factor contributing to persistence, but that grandparental transmission can also have a significant effect when assortment is as strong as observed in England and the United States.

Deafness↗

PubMed2026

Maternal adverse childhood experiences and prenatal stress: Intergenerational transmission and offspring mental health in the ECHO Cohort.

BACKGROUND: The rising global prevalence of pediatric mental health problems requires the identification of preventable factors underlying their development. This study assessed whether maternal adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and pregnancy stress were intergenerationally associated with offspring mental health. METHODS: This study used data from 34 sites in the nationwide Environmental Influences on Child Health Outcomes Cohort. Eligible parent-child dyads (child age: 1.5-18 years) provided data on at least one measure of maternal stress and at least one measure of child mental health. Study aims were evaluated using regression analyses, including interaction tests to determine potential effect modifiers. RESULTS: Participants were organized into three subsamples with data on (1) maternal ACEs (N = 2,906), (2) perceived prenatal stress (N = 4,441), and (3) both stress exposures (N = 834). After adjusting for confounders, maternal ACEs and prenatal stress were significantly associated with child mental health problems (B = 2.53 [95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.09, 2.96], p < 0.0001 and B = 2.36 [95% CI: 2.03, 2.68], p < 0.0001, respectively). Among participants with data on both stress exposures, maternal ACEs (B = 1.72, 95% CI: [0.96, 2.48], p < 0.0001) and prenatal stress (B = 2.05, 95% CI: [1.29, 2.80], p < 0.0001) were independently associated with child mental health problems. Neither maternal ACEs nor child sex modified the association between prenatal stress and child mental health problems. CONCLUSIONS: Maternal exposure to ACEs and pregnancy stress were associated with the development of child mental health problems. These findings highlight the need for policies and interventions that mitigate exposure to adversity and protect pregnant individuals and their children from the intergenerational transmission of mental health problems.

Humans↗

PubMed1990

Heterogeneity in the familial aggregation of fasting serum uric acid level in five North American populations: the Lipid Research Clinics Family Study.

This study represents the first formal examination for heterogeneity in the familial aggregation of fasting serum uric acid (UA) levels. Data from 5 clinics (Cincinnati, Stanford, Iowa, Minnesota, and Oklahoma) participating in the Lipid Research Clinics (LRC) family study, which included a total of 685 nuclear families (N = 2,146), were analyzed. Heterogeneity among the clinics in familial resemblance was detected. However, this heterogeneity could not be attributed to differences in distributional properties (such as means and variances) or to path model parameters representing latent genetic or cultural (environmental) components associated with UA levels. Intergenerational differences in genetic heritabilities were found, with higher offspring (h2 = 43%) than parent (h2z2 = 16%) estimates, but no generational differences were detected for cultural heritability (c2 = 0.09). Equal maternal and paternal cultural transmission was found, and effects due to extra sibling environments and to marital resemblance were both significant. These results show no clear indication as to the source of the heterogeneity observed for familial resemblance of UA levels in randomly selected data. This question should be further investigated, especially in clinical samples such as dyslipoproteinemic families.

Adult↗

PubMed1987

Acuity of selective mechanisms operating on ABO, Rh, and MN blood groups.

Selection in ABO, Rh, and MN blood groups was studied in 216 matings and their children in an endogamous population. Incompatibility status with respect to these three systems was considered simultaneously. There is no effect of incompatibility on number of pregnancies. Analysis of variance between groups confirms that prenatal loss is associated with incompatibility, and it is greater when the matings are incompatible for any two systems. There is no significant intergenerational change in ABO and Rh polymorphisms. Segregation analysis for the ABO system suggests that there is no significant difference in the proportion of A, B, and O children, based on the compatibility of the parents, while analysis for Rh-D system showed a segregation distortion which is not related to the known antigenic specificities (mother-child incompatibility).

ABO Blood-Group System↗