PubMed Health⌕ Search

SEARCH · PubMed Health

Results for “Interoception”

Explore indexed PubMed citations for clinical trials, systematic reviews and public health research. Read source abstracts and follow each citation to its original PubMed record.

Quote a phrase for an exact phrase match. Source license links do not imply unrestricted reuse.

At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1993

Cholecystokinin, but not bombesin, has interoceptive sensory consequences like 1-h food deprivation.

A comparison of the interoceptive sensory consequences of cholecystokinin, bombesin, and 1-h food deprivation was conducted in rats. In two experiments, rats were first trained to use stimuli arising from different degrees of food deprivation (1 and 24 h or 1 and 4 h) as discriminative signals for shock, and were then tested for generalized control of discriminative responding (i.e., conditioned freezing) by cues arising from injection of 4 micrograms/kg (Experiment 1 only) and 8 micrograms/kg cholecystokinin (Experiment 1A only), 12 micrograms/kg bombesin (BBS), and isotonic saline, respectively. The effects of these peptides on food intake were also assessed. In both experiments, BBS and cholecystokinin (CCK) each suppressed feeding relative to saline; however, generalization of discriminative responding was obtained only following CCK. Generalization depended on prior learning about food deprivation cues--CCK had little effect on freezing in rats that showed weak discrimination performance (i.e., rats trained with 1- and 4-h deprivation cues). The results indicated that CCK but not BBS produces interoceptive cues like those occurring under 1-h food deprivation.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Discriminative cues produced by NPY do not generalize to the interoceptive cues produced by food deprivation.

Exogenous administration of neuropeptide Y (NPY) into the third ventricle causes a rapid and robust feeding response in sated rats. The current experiment was designed to assess whether the interoceptive cues produced by exogenous NPY administration generalize to those produced by another orexigenic treatment: 24-h food deprivation. Rats were placed in a chamber after receiving either NPY or saline infused into the third ventricle for a total of six sessions (three after NPY and three after saline). Half of the rats were given a brief foot shock after NPY and not after saline, while the other half received the opposite contingency. The pattern of behavioral immobility for the two groups differed with the rats "freezing" significantly more to the treatment (NPY or saline) paired with shock. Then rats were tested for generalization by placing them in the chamber either after 0- or 24-h food deprivation with no NPY or saline administration or any foot shock. Behavioral immobility during the generalization test of rats that had been trained with shock following saline was greater than that for rats that had been trained with shock following NPY, independent of whether testing occurred when the rats were 0- or 24-h food deprived. This outcome indicates that interoceptive stimuli produced by NPY are no more similar to internal cues produced by 24-h food deprivation than to the stimulus consequences of ad lib feeding. These and other recent findings suggest that food deprivation activates processes or mechanisms different from those that underlie the orexigenic effects of NPY.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

A comparison of interoceptive and exteroceptive discrimination in the pigeon.

In pigeons performing a conditional discrimination under a second-order, color-tracking procedure, stimulus control of responding was established using a blinking versus a nonblinking light as exteroceptive stimuli (light-discrimination group). Another group performing under the same second-order schedule of reinforcement was trained to discriminate the interoceptive stimuli produced by an IM injection of 1.5 mg/kg phencyclidine (PCP) versus saline (drug-discrimination group). In the drug-discrimination group, administration of PCP or pentobarbital resulted in dose-dependent increases in PCP-appropriate responding, while, in general, d-amphetamine did not result in appreciable drug-appropriate responding. In the light-discrimination group, all three drugs over the same dose ranges resulted in decreased discriminative control over responding. In both groups, doses of PCP and pentobarbital which resulted in intermediate (30 to 70%) levels of stimulus-appropriate responding were associated with responding at a single key position rather than tracking a key color. In contrast, intermediate responding after d-amphetamine administration was not associated with position responding in either group. These results emphasize the similarity between discriminative control maintained by interoceptive drug stimuli and exteroceptive visual stimuli.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

'Interoception' of heart rate, blood pressure, and myocardial metabolism during ergometric work load in healthy young subjects.

In a laboratory experiment intensities of 25, 50, and 75% of the individual range of a cardiovascular parameter (heart rate, blood pressure, and Robinson-index as an index of myocardial metabolism) were demonstrated during bicycle ergometer testing with healthy young subjects. In a subsequent phase they had to reproduce the same value of the parameter in question by regulating the physical work load of the ergometer. Reproduction accuracy was taken as an interoceptive index. We concluded from our data that subjects reproduced heart rate with high internal consistency but with a systematic bias. There is no linear consistency in blood pressure reproduction, and a moderate one in the reproduction of the index of myocardial metabolism. The physiological processes, upon which the interoception and reproduction is based, remain a question of further research.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Interoception of respiratory resistance in asthmatic patients.

The interoception of respiratory obstruction was investigated in three different experimental or quasi-experimental studies. In two experiments of the first study, the psychophysics of the perception of externally added flow resistive loads were examined by using a signal detection approach. Asthmatic patients displayed a decreased sensitivity in the discrimination of such loads. The second study assessed the individual consistency of dyspnea ratings at different levels of bronchoconstriction provoked by allergic agents. A great variation in subjects' ability to discriminate consistently between various levels of airway resistance was observed. This ability was found to be relevant for coping with asthma. In the third study the visceral perception hypothesis of J. Brener was examined. This theory states that biofeedback training of voluntary control of respiratory resistance is accompanied by an improvement in perception of airway obstruction. No specific effect on load perception resulted from this training. The results of these three studies are of specific relevance to symptom perception in asthmatic patients. Further experimental studies should be directed towards the interoception of real bronchoconstriction instead of the perception of added loads which only partially models the clinical situation.

Adult↗
PubMed2005

The interoceptive cue properties of ghrelin generalize to cues produced by food deprivation.

A number of recent studies implicate the gut-brain peptide ghrelin as a putative "hunger signal". Most of these studies, however, rely on either consummatory behavior (in humans or nonhuman animals) or self-report (in humans) to draw conclusions regarding the orexigenic properties of this peptide. The present study employs the deprivation intensity discrimination paradigm to assess the interoceptive sensory properties of ghrelin in rats. In this paradigm, one group of rats was placed in a training context and presented with sucrose pellets when 24 h food deprived, but not when 1 h food deprived (24+ group). A second group was trained using the opposite sucrose-deprivation level contingency (1+ group). Learning in this paradigm was demonstrated by animals approaching the food delivery location more frequently under their rewarded compared to their non-rewarded deprivation condition (prior to actual pellet delivery). After asymptotic performance of this discrimination was achieved, these animals (1 h food deprived) were administered ghrelin or saline, either i.p. (3 or 6 nmol) or i3vt (0.1 or 1 nmol), placed in the training context, and appetitive responses were measured. Testing was conducted in extinction, eliminating confounding effects of food consumption. Results of these tests showed that 6 nmol i.p. ghrelin and 0.1 and 1 nmol i3vt ghrelin all generalized to a state of 24 h food deprivation, indicating that exogenous ghrelin has sensory properties in common with the stimuli produced by 24 h food deprivation. These results support the notion that endogenous ghrelin contributes to an interoceptive hunger cue, and that this may be a mechanism by which ghrelin influences food intake and appetitive behavior.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Selective association in conditioned stress-induced analgesia: functional differences in interoceptive and exteroceptive sensory pathways.

Rats were used to determine whether stress-induced analgesia (SIA) can be produced by conditioning with interoceptive stimuli (LiCl) as with exteroceptive stimuli (footshock). SIA was measured using a tail-flick test. As expected, unavoidable footshock as well as conditioning with footshock produced SIA. In contrast, conditioning with LiCl failed to cause SIA. The findings support the notion of functional differences in neural substrates for conditioning by exteroceptive and interoceptive cue.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Anxiety sensitivity and response to hyperventilation challenge: physiologic arousal, interoceptive acuity, and subjective distress.

Twenty-four female undergraduates, 12 high on anxiety sensitivity and 12 low on anxiety sensitivity, were subjected to a hyperventilation challenge task. Physiologic and subjective measures of arousal and distress were obtained before, during, and after the hyperventilation challenge. Alternating between the eight 15-second intervals of hyperventilation, participants engaged in a heartbeat-tracking task for eight 10-second intervals to assess interoceptive acuity. Although the hyperventilation challenge produced phase main effects for physiologic arousal, and group and time main effects for subjective distress, there were no significant interaction effects. Results revealed no significant interoceptive acuity differences across the low and high anxiety sensitivity groups. However, subjective ratings of physiological sensations during hyperventilation were significantly greater for the high anxiety sensitivity group. Hierarchical multiple regression analyses revealed that anxiety sensitivity accounted for additional variance beyond trait anxiety in explaining subjective ratings of arousal and distress in this nonclinical sample in response to a hyperventilation challenge.

Adult↗
PubMed2004

Interoceptive sensitivity and self-reports of emotional experience.

People differ in the extent to which they emphasize feelings of activation or deactivation in their verbal reports of experienced emotion, termed arousal focus (AF). Two multimethod studies indicate that AF is linked to heightened interoceptive sensitivity (as measured by performance on a heartbeat detection task). People who were more sensitive to their heartbeats emphasized feelings of activation and deactivation when reporting their experiences of emotion over time more than did those who were less sensitive. This relationship was not accounted for by several other variables, including simple language effects. Implications for the role of interoception in experienced emotion and the validity of self-reported emotion are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

The nature and function of interoceptive signals to feed: toward integration of physiological and learning perspectives.

The idea that different states of energy need give rise to distinct interoceptive sensations has been basic to many accounts of the physiological and the learned controls of feeding. Yet, a number of difficulties have complicated attempts to provide direct evidence for this view. The present article describes a research strategy that confirms that food deprivation states produce salient interoceptive stimuli in rats. The implications of this research for the physiological origins of energy state signals, the brain structures involved with processing energy state information, and the manner in which signals of energy need influence feeding were considered. The possibility that food deprivation cues influence feeding by modulating the activation of associations involving external events and their postingestive aftereffects was discussed with reference to earlier associative accounts of the function of hunger signals.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Interoceptive Pavlovian conditioning with nicotine as the conditional stimulus varies as a function of the number of conditioning trials and unpaired sucrose deliveries.

In rats, the pharmacological (interoceptive) effects of nicotine can serve as a signal (conditional stimulus) in a Pavlovian (classical) conditioning task. In this task, nicotine administration (0.4 mg base/kg, subcutaneous) is typically paired with intermittent access to a liquid sucrose unconditional stimulus; sucrose is withheld on saline sessions. An increase in sucrose receptacle entries (goal tracking) on nicotine sessions indicates conditioning. Given our limited understanding of the functional relationships controlling conditioned responding to a nicotine conditional stimulus, the present research examined nicotine's sensitivity to several manipulations shown to affect the conditioned responding in more widely studied Pavlovian conditioning tasks that use exteroceptive conditional stimuli: number of nicotine conditional stimulus-sucrose unconditional stimulus pairings per session (0, 3, 9, 18, or 36) and the impact of sucrose deliveries in saline sessions. Differential goal tracking developed in fewer sessions and asymptotic conditioned responding magnitude was greater with more nicotine-sucrose pairings. Further, goal tracking was more resistant to extinction (unconditional stimulus withheld) with more conditional-unconditional stimulus pairings during the acquisition phase. The discrimination was not acquired when sucrose presentations (9 or 18) also occurred during saline sessions. Furthermore, expression of the discrimination was disrupted when sucrose was presented in saline sessions; this disruption resulted from goal tracking in saline sessions. These results are consistent with the notion that nicotine-evoked goal tracking results from interoceptive conditioning processes.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Interoceptive exposure versus breathing retraining within cognitive-behavioural therapy for panic disorder with agoraphobia.

This study compared two components of a cognitive-behavioural treatment for panic disorder. Thirty-eight individuals with panic disorder and agoraphobia were randomly assigned to (a) cognitive restructuring, interoceptive exposure (i.e. repeated exposure to feared bodily sensations) and in vivo exposure to agoraphobic situations; or (b) cognitive restructuring, breathing retraining and in vivo exposure to agoraphobic situations. Assessments were conducted at pre-treatment, post-treatment and six months later. The treatments were equally effective on many measures. However, treatment that included interoceptive exposure was more effective at post-treatment in terms of panic frequency, overall severity and functioning, and more effective at six-month follow-up in terms of panic frequency, phobic fears and general anxiety and functioning. Follow-up results were limited due to attrition.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1979

Emergence of interoceptive and exteroceptive control of behavior in rats.

The role of exteroceptive and interoceptive aversive stimuli in rats 2 to 14 days old was investigated according to an odor aversion paradigm. Amyl acetate odor was paired with eigher peripheral shock, intraperitoneal shock, or lithium chloride poisoning. Intraperitoneal shock was an effective unconditioned stimulus at all ages and produced odor aversions comparable to lithium chloride poisoning; peripheral shock, however, was effective only in rats 10 days of age or older. Interoceptive control of aversively motivated behaviors thus seems to develop before exteroceptive control, and the failure of previous studies to find reliable learning and retention of shock-motivated behaviors before 8 to 10 days of age may be attributable to the site to which shock was applied rather than to insensitivity to shock per se.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1996

Symptom reporting and interoceptive attention in panic patients.

The present study investigated whether bodily sensations reported by panic-disorder patients can be due to interoceptive attention. The attention of two groups, one of 16 panic patients and one of 17 normal control subjects was manipulated towards and away from bodily sensations. After each manipulation they had to report the sensations experienced. As expected, panic patients did report more sensations than controls in a baseline condition but against the hypothesis that a ceiling effect would occur in the panic group, both panic patients and controls reported more sensations after being instructed to attend to them. However, when their attention was diverted, panic patients showed a decrease in sensations greater than control subjects showed. The findings suggest that interoceptive attention may partly account for the sensations reported by panic patients.

Adult↗
PubMed1988

Late EEG after-effects following short-lasting ventilatory interoceptive influences (hyperventilation and breath holding) in man.

The application of two kinds of ventilatory interoceptive influences with opposite effects on the acid-base balance (hyperventilation and breath holding) results in appearance of late nonspecific after-effects in human EEG, which do not disappear until the 30th min after the stimulation. They consist in local and spatial synchronizing processes in the alpha and beta EEG spectrum, being most pronounced in the beta-2 range (23-36 Hz). These changes are considered as a sign of a development of readjustment in the functional state of the central nervous system in the direction of its improvement. The triggering of this readjustment is largely determined by the considerable changes in the internal medium, leading to intensified interoceptive signalization (mechanical, chemical and proprioceptive), as well as to the development of a brief cerebral hypoxy, followed by improved brain blood flow.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[The effect of unconscious interoceptive afferentation on the spatial organization of the electrical activity in the human cerebral cortex].

The model of human perception and cortical regulation of unconscious interoceptive signals from the internal organs (heart, lungs, liver, intestines) was created by acupuncture of the corresponding channels. The features of the spatial organization of cortical electrical activity were analysed. A positive effect (for example, a decline of initially high heart rate) was accompanied by a fall in the general level of spatial synchronization, a decrease in the linear and non-linear correlations between potentials led from the anterior areas of the right hemisphere and the left posterior areas, and a growth of coherence in the range of 21.5-23 Hz. Absence of the acupuncture effect (or its negative influence) correlated with less expressed (or of another character) changes in the spatial organization of electrical activity. The conclusion is drawn that reorganization of cortical activity is necessary for perception and regulation of unconscious interoceptive information. Functional significance of this reorganization consists in the restriction of processing of exteroceptive information.

Acupuncture Points↗
PubMed1975

Dopaminergic mediation of the interoceptive cue produced by d-amphetamine in rats.

After rats were trained to differentiate between the effects of d-amphetamine and saline in a state-dependent task, pretreatment with the tyrosine hydroxylase inhibitor, alpha-methyl-p-tyrosine, significantly decreased amphetamine discrimination. Pretreatment with the dopamine-beta-hydroxylase inhibitor, disulfiram, or with the tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor, p-chloro-phenylalanine, was observed to have no effect on the rats' ability to discriminate d-amphetamine. Administration of haloperidol, a selective dopamine receptor blocker, completely abolished the amphetamine discrimination, whereas alpha- and beta-adrenergic receptor blockade had no effect. Apomorphine, a dopamine receptor stimulant, produced amphetamine-like responses and this was, likewise, abolished by pretreatment with haloperidol. These data suggest that dopaminergic systems mediate the interoceptive cue produced by d-amphetamine in rats, and these results are discussed in relation to possible dopamine mediation of amphetamine psychosis and paranoid schizophrenia.

Animals↗