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At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1986

Visual control of reaching movements without vision of the limb. II. Evidence of fast unconscious processes correcting the trajectory of the hand to the final position of a double-step stimulus.

In this study, a visual target was localized by both limb and eye. The experimental procedure provided an opportunity to analyze the limb movement trajectories to the target whose location was displaced during saccades. Absence of visual information about position of the moving limb did not interfere with correction of the trajectory of pointing movements. These corrections reflect the new information about target position that becomes available at the end of the first saccade. Mean localization errors to stationary and to displaced targets were not significantly different. This result suggests that subjects were able to compare visual (retinal + eye position) information about the position of the target with information about the position of their moving limb derived from kinesthesis and/or efference copies of the motor commands. An analysis of velocity profiles indicates that the observed corrections of hand movement to target displacement could not be identified by an inflexion point in the trajectory. None of the subjects reported seeing the target change location. In other words, the motor command was adjustable despite the failure of changes in visual locus to reach consciousness.

Adult↗
PubMed1982

Visual, kinaesthetic and cross-modal judgements of length by normal and clumsy children.

The ability of normal and clumsy children to match the length of lines within and between the modalities of vision and kinesthesis was studied. The clumsy children showed perceptual impairments, as indicated by their poor performance on the visual, kinaesthetic and cross-modal judgements of length and also by their low scores on spatial subtests of the WISC. Variations in motor skill correlated with performance on the visual perceptual measures, but not with performance on the kinaesthetic or cross-modal tasks. The idea that clumsiness may be caused by an impairment of visual perception is discussed, together with some alternative interpretations of this pattern of results.

Agnosia↗
PubMed1999

Somesthesis.

In this review we focus on the perceptual and psychophysical aspects of somesthesis, although some information on neurophysiological aspects will be included as well; we look primarily at studies that have appeared since 1988. In the section on touch, we cover peripheral sensory mechanisms and several topics related to spatial and temporal pattern perception, specifically measures of spatial sensitivity, texture perception with particular emphasis on perceived roughness, complex spatial-temporal patterns, and the use of touch as a possible channel of communication. Other topics under this section include the effects of attention on processing tactile stimuli, cortical mechanisms, and the effects of aging on sensitivity. We also deal with thermal sensitivity and some aspects of haptics and kinesthesis. In the section on pain, we review work on the gate-control theory, sensory fibers, and higher neural organization. In addition, studies on central neurochemical effects and psychophysics of pain are examined.

Attention↗
PubMed1992

On controlling inert gas narcosis.

Ten subjects breathed experimental mixtures of 20% and 35% nitrous oxide (N2O) balanced with oxygen and then aligned a pointer with a target using vision, kinesthesis, or combinations of these senses. In a prior session the subjects had been trained on the task with feedback while breathing N2O. The results showed that N2O did not influence variable error (VE), constant error, (CE), or absolute CE, but perceptual conditions influenced VE and absolute CE. These results suggest that the demonstration by Legge (1965) of changes in the variability and accuracy of matching on this task under N2O are indicative of changes in response bias and/or attention rather than perceptual sensitivity. It is argued that narcosis slows rather than distorts information processing. Slowing is accompanied by strategic changes that may be maladaptive. This suggests that, contrary to conventional wisdom, the safety and efficiency of divers exposed to narcosis could be improved with training.

Adult↗
PubMed1993

Attention and visual dominance in motor learning.

Two experiments examined the role of attention in visual dominance during motor learning. On the movement task 10 acquisition trials were given; each included a movement presentation and a blindfolded reproduction. After completion of acquisition trials and a 5-min. interval, subjects were given 5 retention trials with reproduction attempts only. In Exp. 1, subjects receiving only kinesthetic information during movement presentation reproduced criterion movement length more accurately than subjects receiving visual and kinesthetic information. Other subjects, presented both visual and kinesthetic stimuli for the movement, were given instructions to ignore vision and focus on kinesthesis. These subjects exhibited no effects of visual dominance in reproductions. In Exp. 2, subjects were presented visual and kinesthetic stimuli during half of the movement presentations and only kinesthetic stimuli during the other half. They did not exhibit the effects of visual dominance in reproductions. Such effects in motor learning may be modified by manipulation of attention or an alternating presentation of specific sensory stimuli.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Age differences in the relationship between visual movement imagery and performance on kinesthetic acuity tests.

The Vividness of Movement Imagery Questionnaire was administered to 280 fourteen-year-olds and 186 ten-year-olds, who were then tested on measures of kinesthetic acuity. The relationship between visual movement imagery and kinesthetic acuity scores was significant in the older group: Those with high levels of visual movement imagery performed significantly better on measures of kinesthetic acuity than did those with low imagery. No such effect was found in the younger group. The results indicate that for adolescents, the confounding effect of visual imagery affects the researcher's ability to interpret kinesthetic acuity scores. The relationship between imagery and kinesthesis appears to develop over the period between 10 and 14 years, although such an interpretation may be premature because the measurement of visual movement imagery in the younger age group is problematic.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

Phantom phenomena in mastectomized patients and their relation to chronic and acute pre-mastectomy pain.

Chronic and acute pre-mastectomy pain as well as prevalence and characteristics of phantom phenomena following mastectomy were investigated by interview in a sample of 39 women who had undergone unilateral breast amputation. Twenty of 39 participants reported phantom sensations in the breast. Nine of the participants with phantom sensations experienced phantom pain and 11 non-painful phantom sensations. Although some features of phantom breast phenomena appear to be similar to characteristics of phantom phenomena in limb amputees, phantom breast phenomena seem to differ in a variety of ways such as time of onset or localization. This difference may be explained by the absence of kinesthesis and the small representation of the human breast. Seven of the 39 participants experienced chronic and six acute breast pain prior to the amputation. The amount of chronic pre-mastectomy breast pain weighted by the amount of involved tissue was significantly higher among participants with non-painful phantom sensations, compared to women with painful phantoms and those without phantom phenomena.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Perceptual-motor contributions to static and dynamic balance control in children.

The authors addressed balance control in children from the perspective of skill development and examined the relationship between specific perceptual and motor skills and static and dynamic balance performance. Fifty 11- to 13-year-old children performed a series of 1-legged balance tasks while standing on a force platform. Postural control was reflected in the maximum displacement of the center of mass in anterior-posterior and mediolateral directions. Simple visual, discrimination, and choice reaction times; sustained attention; visuomotor coordination; kinesthesis; and depth perception were also assessed in a series of perceptual and motor tests. The correlation analysis revealed that balancing under static conditions was strongly associated with the ability to perceive and process visual information, which is important for feedback-based control of balance. On the other hand, when greater task demands were imposed on the system under dynamic balancing conditions, the ability to respond to the destabilizing hip abductions-adductions in order to maintain equilibrium was associated with motor response speed, suggesting the use of a descending, feedforward control strategy. Therefore, like adults, 11- to 13-year-old children have the ability to select varying balance strategies (feedback, feedforward, or both), depending on the constraints of a particular task.

Child↗
PubMed1983

Information in optical flows induced by curved paths of observation.

For a moving observer it is essential to foresee the locomotor course with respect to structures in the environment. Optical flows that are available to a moving observer contain powerful information for visual kinesthesis. In general, optical flows consist of separable translational and rotational components. The information examined here is contained completely in the translational component and its time derivatives. Curved paths of observation are specified by different orientations of the translational components of optical velocity and acceleration fields. Obstacles and their temporal separation from a curvilinearly moving observer are specified in the optical flow, as is the angle of collision.

Humans↗
PubMed1997

Experience with perceptual and motor skills in rhythmic gymnastics.

Based on the notion of measuring motor performance, an experiment with three groups of 20 elite rhythmic gymnasts (N = 60), 9 to 10 yr., 11 to 12 yr., and 13 to 15 years of age (national level), with children of the same size and age was conducted, to identify the important abilities for the achievement of excellence in this sport. Motor abilities (whole-body coordination, dynamic balance, static balance, sense of kinesthesis, whole-body movement time, and eye-hand coordination) as well as perceptual abilities (whole-body reaction time, anticipation of coincidence, and depth perception) were compared. Analysis showed that scores on measures of whole-body coordination, dynamic balance, and static balance were higher for elite groups of athletes than for corresponding control groups. Moreover, elite athletes in the oldest group scored higher than those in the youngest group on anticipation of coincidence, on eye-hand coordination, and on static balance. These findings indicate the presence of systematic differences between elite athletes and nonathletes on motor abilities related to experience in this sport.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

Role of perceptual and motor abilities in instep-kicking performance of young soccer players.

The present study made a dynamic analysis of the ground reaction forces developed on the supporting foot during instep kicking to investigate the relation between specific perceptual and motor abilities and the performance of this skill. 45 young soccer players (11-13 years of age) participated in a series of laboratory tests assessing simple, choice, and discrimination reaction time, sustained attention, depth perception, and sense of kinesthesis. Kicking performance measured by the amount of impulse (calculated as the integral of force) developed on the supporting foot during kicking. There was a significant correlation of the kicking impulse with choice reaction time (r = -.54) and attention reaction time (r = -.41). Stepwise regression analysis indicated that choice reaction time accounted for 29% of the variation in the anterior/posterior kicking impulse and 16.4% of the variation in the medio/lateral kicking impulse. The significant relation between kicking impulse and measures concerning speed of information processing suggests that processes associated with fast response selection may play an important role in instep-kicking performance. These findings can provide useful information for designing of training schemes and testing protocols.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1989

HRNB factors with simultaneous-successive marker variables.

The Halstead-Reitan neuropsychological Battery (HRNB) was factor-analyzed along with a simultaneous and successive processing index form, the WISC-R. Using 970 learning disabled children, a four factor solution was found to represent the underlying structure best. The factors included: (1) Simple Motor, (2) Tactile-Kinesthesis with simultaneous processing demands, (3) Memory/Attention with interpretable loading on the successive processing index, and (4) Noverbal Visual-Spatial Memory with simultaneous processing demands.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Intervention approaches and children with developmental coordination disorder.

Children with Developmental Coordination Disorder (DCD) have a marked impairment in the performance of functional motor skills required to succeed at school. Longitudinal studies show that without intervention children with DCD often do not improve with development and the poor motor behaviour appears to have a detrimental effect on other aspects of functioning such as school achievement, behaviour and self esteem. Outside of clinical situations, there are only a small number of controlled empirical investigations, and from this small number two types of approaches emerge. The first concentrates on processes underlying motor skills and purports to improve areas such as kinesthesis or sensory motor processes. The second concentrates on teaching functional tasks aiming to specifically intervene in the deficient areas. Evaluations of these approaches show that they both work, producing significant improvements over control groups but show no differences between other approaches. It is hypothesized that more general learning principles are producing the effect, such as accurate assessment and tailoring activities to meet the needs of any individual child. Further, it is suggested that work with non-specialists in the motor area, such as teachers and parents, is a way forward with all but the most severely affected children.

Child↗
PubMed1992

Cognitive strategies of university athletes.

Thirty-six college basketball players and skiers, both men and women, were interviewed about their use of cognitive processes to prepare themselves for competition. The interviews examined cognitive techniques for enhancing motor skills and developing competitive strategies. During the interviews the subjects engaged in some of their cognitive preparation strategies and then described the details of these experiences. All athletes reported that the use of cognitive strategies enhanced their performance. Their imagery was rich, detailed, and multisensory. An average of three sensory modalities were present in the imagery. Vision, kinesthesis, and touch were the most common sensory experiences reported, but audition, taste, and smell were also experienced by some athletes. Strong affective states, especially confidence and satisfaction, accompanied the imagery. Individual differences in the imagery used by the athletes were also found and may be related to individual differences in the athletes' cognitive styles.

Basketball↗
PubMed1964

EFFECTS OF CUTANEOUS AND MUSCLE SENSORY NERVE VOLLEYS IN AWAKE CATS: A STUDY IN PERCEPTION.

The hypothesis that discharges from afferent nerves from muscle stretch receptors do not participate in kinesthesis has been substantiated by test of discrimination thresholds. In awake, unrestrained cats, nerve stimulation activating group I and most group II sensory fibers (from muscle spindles and Golgi tendon organs) in pure muscular nerves failed to evoke sensory discrimination. Cutaneous nerve stimulation in the same animals produced sensory discrimination even below intensities required to elicit detectable nerve thresholds.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Mechanical transduction in biological systems.

Mechanical transduction, the transformation of cellular deformation into an electrochemical response, is essential to the survival of both cells and higher organisms. In the specialized sensory organs, mechanotransducers are responsible for the sensations of hearing, touch and vibration, local gravity, kinesthesis, and probably osmoreception. In the viscera, mechanoreception provides sensory feedback on organ volume and pressure. At the cellular level, mechanoreceptors are known to provide feedback for avoidance reactions in free-swimming protozoans and for the gravitational and tactile reactions of plants. Mechanotransducers are probably essential in regulating cell volume and cell division. The known properties of mechanotransducers can be accounted for by ion channels whose gating is controlled by membrane strain.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

[Use of citicoline in the study of chronic cerebrovascular diseases].

Some of the disturbances encountered in patients with chronic cerebral vasculopathies may be attributable to associated or concomitant pathologies such as arterial hypertension. In many of the papers published on citicoline it is less than clear whether the improvement in the symptoms is the result of the treatment of the hypertension or the substance used. In conclusion, the importance of correct treatment of hypertension in order to cure certain standard chronic cerebral vasculopathies is emphasised and the value of citicoline in improving kinesthesis, mnemonic and perceptive-motor efficiency is confirmed.

Adrenergic beta-Antagonists↗