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PubMed2006

Polycythemia vera: new clinicopathologic perspectives.

CONTEXT: Polycythemia vera (PV) is a clonal myeloproliferative disease characterized by an erythroid dominant trilineage proliferation of hematopoietic precursor cells. Classified as a chronic myeloproliferative disease, PV represents a histopathologic spectrum of 2 recognized stages, the polycythemic and postpolycythemic phase. The clinical manifestations of hemorrhage, thrombosis, and increased red cell mass are directly related to primary bone marrow dysfunction. Prognosis is strongly associated with thrombosis risk and disease progression; thus, treatment is directed toward minimizing coagulopathic complications and preventing leukemic transformation. Recently, a specific point mutation in the Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) gene was described in a majority of PV patients. The potential diagnostic and/or prognostic value of JAK2V617F is discussed. OBJECTIVE: To review important developments from the recent and historical literature. Modern diagnostic criteria and emerging molecular findings are emphasized. DATA SOURCES: A comprehensive review was performed of the relevant literature indexed in PubMed (National Library of Medicine) and referenced medical texts. CONCLUSIONS: Modified clinical, histologic, and laboratory criteria have clarified the diagnosis of PV. Also, continuing studies on the recently discovered JAK2V617F gene mutation may significantly improve our understanding of PV pathogenesis and facilitate its medical management.

Biomarkers↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Polydactyly of the foot in adults: literature review and unusual case presentation with diagnostic and treatment recommendations.

The authors present an unusual case of polydactyly of the foot in an otherwise healthy adult male. The modern literature describing polydactyly of the foot is reviewed, as well as a review and critique of various classification schemes for foot polydactyly deformities. The authors applied the classification criteria of Blauth and Olason to an atypical case and to other varied, yet typical, presentations of polydactyly of the foot in adults. Nonsurgical and surgical treatment options are reviewed, and a rational treatment plan is proposed based upon use of the classification scheme. They then apply the management plan for symptomatic polydactyly of the foot to the unusual case, and make recommendations for surgical management of this deformity.

Adult↗

PubMed1997

Cellular electrophoretic mobility data: a first approach to a database.

Cellular electrophoretic mobility values of 288 types of eucaryotic cells were collected from literature published worldwide by a series of authors during the past forty years and arranged in a list. This list contains well-known recent electrophoretic results and also data that cannot be found anymore with modern literature retrieval systems. It will be a valuable help for scientists trying to purify cell populations. In addition, it confirms the observation that most eucaryotic cells have very similar electrophoretic mobilities, ranging from 40% above to 50% below the electrophoretic mobility of human erythrocytes, and thus reinforces the suggestion that electrophoretic mobilities of eucaryotic cells are subjected to strong biological controls.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Neurobiological approach to brain functional asymmetry in depression].

The modern literature data were observed, which dedicated to the study of neurobiological mechanisms of depressive states of different origin. The results of the investigations of structurally functional features of depression in healthy volunteers in experiments and in patients with the neurological diseases were viewed. The data cited confirm the modern concepts of R. Davidson concerning to the role of brain functional asymmetry in depression: i.e., the associations between depression and a decrease of the functional activation of the left prefrontal lobe, and also the involving of amygdale in the processes of the forming of negative emotions and depression. The literature data observed and findings of our investigations allow us to conclude that depressive states are characterized not only by the decrease of the functional activity of the left hemisphere, especially, its prefrontal area, but also reciprocal increase of the physiological activity of the prefrontal area of the right hemisphere combined with right-hemispheric functional insufficiency, especially, of its posterior (parieto-temporal) areas.

Amygdala↗

PubMed2001

[The historiography of Arabic medicine and the challenges of the XXI century].

This is a critical review of the work and methods of past and present Western historians of Arabic medicine. It points out traditional errors, prejudices and limitations, and proposes to modernize the way we approach this field of research. Up to now, many Western scholars have deemed that Arabic medicine could be understood by knowing the important theoretical treatises (even in unreliable translations) and by reading the frequently outdated secondary literature. Modern research must turn to the texts that reflect the actual medical practices, focus on social aspects of medicine or reflect the actual medical practices, focus on social aspects of medicine or the interaction of learned and folkloric medicine, and must even try to find out the truth about the questionable statements we read in our textbooks. The field urgently needs interdisciplinary and international cooperation and wider diffusion of the recent bibliography.

Arab World↗

PubMed2004

Infectious necrosis with dehiscence of the uterine repair complicating cesarean delivery: a review.

UNLABELLED: The authors summarize current knowledge about infectious uterine incisional necrosis/dehiscence, an uncommon but serious complication of cesarean delivery. A MEDLINE search of the literature from 1966 to the present did not identify any previous review of this entity. From case reports, small case series, and textbook descriptions, the evidence regarding the definition of the disorder, its prevalence, etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prognosis, and management is presented. The paucity of reports in the modern literature indicate the need for further studies to more precisely characterize this entity for cross-study comparisons and aggregation to provide clearer management guidelines, especially as it regards diagnosis, and the safety of conservative surgery in well-selected cases. TARGET AUDIENCE: Obstetricians & Gynecologists, Family Physicians. LEARNING OBJECTIVES: After completion of this article, the reader should be able to define the condition infectious uterine incisional necrosis, and to outline potential management options.

Cesarean Section↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Corticosteroid injection for treatment of de Quervain's tenosynovitis: a pooled quantitative literature evaluation.

BACKGROUND: There have been many approaches described to treat de Quervain's tenosynovitis, but no definite consensus emerges in the literature. We conducted a pooled quantitative literature evaluation to review the therapeutic studies in the English language to determine the various reported cure rates. METHODS: All citations in the MEDLINE and Ovid databases that addressed de Quervain's tenosynovitis were independently reviewed. Appropriate studies from the bibliographies of these articles were then obtained. Of the 35 articles on de Quervain's temosynovitis that were found in the modern literature, only seven allowed for comparison among potentially effective treatments. Studies were included if they evaluated or compared treatment options among patients and had defined criteria for diagnosis and successful treatment. These seven studies were descriptive, not comparative. In other words, each study reported the proportion of successful outcomes with different treatments, without a comparison to a specified control group. Four hundred fifty-nine wrists were subjected to one of several therapeutic modalities. RESULTS: There was an 83% cure rate with injection alone. This rate was much higher than any other therapeutic modality (61% for injection and splint, 14% for splint alone, 0% for rest or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs). CONCLUSION: It seems that injection alone is the best therapeutic approach to de Quervain's tenosynovitis.

Adrenal Cortex Hormones↗

PubMed1995

Psychopathology of catatonic speech disorders and the dilemma of catatonia: a selective review.

OBJECTIVE: Over the past decade there has been an upsurge of interest in the prevalence, nosological position, treatment response and pathophysiology of catatonia. However, the psychopathology of catatonia has received only scant attention. Once the hallmark of catatonia, speech disorders--particularly logorrhoea, verbigeration and echolalia--seem to have been neglected in modern literature. The aims of the present paper are to outline the conceptual history of catatonic speech disorders and to follow their development in contemporary clinical research. METHOD: The English-language psychiatric literature for the last 60 years on logorrhoea, verbigeration and echolalia was searched through Medline and cross-referencing. Kahlbaum, Wernicke, Jaspers, Kraepelin, Bleuler, Kleist and Leonhard's oft cited classical texts supplemented the search. RESULTS: In contrast to classical psychopathological sources, very few recent papers were found on catatonic speech disorders. Current clinical research failed to incorporate the observations of traditional descriptive psychopathology. CONCLUSIONS: Modern catatonia research operates with simplified versions of psychopathological terms devised and refined by generations of classical writers.

Catatonia↗

PubMed1988

Lycanthropy: alive and well in the twentieth century.

Lycanthropy, the belief that one has been transformed into an animal (or behaviour suggestive of such a belief), has been described by physicians and clerics since antiquity, but has received scant attention in the modern literature. Some have even thought the syndrome extinct. However, in a review of patients admitted to our centre since 1974, we identified twelve cases of lycanthropy, ranging in duration from one day to 13 years. The syndrome was generally associated with severe psychosis, but not with any specific psychiatric diagnosis or neurological findings, or with any particular outcome. As a rare but colourful presentation of psychosis, lycanthropy appears to have survived into modern times.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1978

[Nemaline myopathy (clinico-morphologic study)].

For the first time in Soviet literature a description of 2 cases is given; both sibs demonstrate a muscular weakness, hypotension, moderately expressed hypotrophy of the body muscles, extremities and face. There were also specific bone anomalies. An electron-microscopic study detected typical "nemaline structures" in the muscular fibres. The disease in both sibs was identical even in details. The authors discuss the possible mechanisms of motor disorders. Besides personal material the paper contains the main facts of modern literature in relation to the clinical picture and pathogenesis of nemaline myopathy.

Asthenia↗

PubMed1978

[The removable partial prosthesis--review of the literature].

Early and late checkups on partial dentures demonstrate clearly, that insufficient cleaning of the remaining dentition and of the prostheses along with an unsatisfactory design are one of the main causes of failures in partial denture therapy. They invariably lead to tissue damages. Hence it has become one of the paramount goals to educate and motivate the patient for adequate mouth and denture hygiene. Also, proper occlusion and the avoidance of parafunction upon the remaining teeth and their supporting tissues must be observed strictly. Therefore, it is important to prepare the remaining dentition carefully and to organize the patients to be recalled for checkups at given intervals. In modern literature on the subject the psychological aspects of difficulties in denture adaptation are more frequently discussed.

Dental Caries↗

PubMed1987

Neurosyphilis: a changing diagnostic problem?

In the recent literature about neurosyphilis, several publications have mentioned more atypical presentations of neurosyphilis. Inadequate penicillin therapy and improved serological methods are supposed to be responsible for these findings. In contrast with this proposition the present retrospective study of two groups of neurosyphilitic patients (518 patients during the period 1930-1940 and 121 during 1970-1984) reveals no marked differences in clinical data of these groups. Besides the fall in incidence of syphilis and neurosyphilis and the shift in the male/female ratio, conforming to modern literature, there is an increase in the cases of asymptomatic neurosyphilis, due to development of the immunological techniques to detect the diagnosis 'neurosyphilis' earlier.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Reviving the superorganism.

Individuals become functionally organized to survive and reproduce in their environments by the process of natural selection. The question of whether larger units such as groups and communities can possess similar properties of functional organization, and therefore be regarded as "superorganisms", has a long history in biological thought. Modern evolutionary biology has rejected the concept of superorganisms, explaining virtually all adaptations at the individual or gene level. We criticize the modern literature on three counts. First, individual selection in its strong form is founded on a logical contradiction, in which genes-in-individuals are treated differently than individuals-in-groups or species-in-communities. Imposing consistency clearly shows that groups and communities can be organisms in the same sense that individuals are. Furthermore, superorganisms are more than just a theoretical possibility and actually exist in nature. Second, the view that genes are the "ultimate" unit of selection is irrelevant to the question of functional organization. Third, modern evolutionary biology includes numerous conceptual frameworks for analyzing evolution in structured populations. These frameworks should be regarded as different ways of analyzing a common process which, to be correct, must converge on the same conclusions. Unfortunately, evolutionists frequently regard them as competing theories that invoke different mechanisms, such that if one is "right" the others must be "wrong". The problem of multiple frameworks is aggravated by the fact that major terms, such as "units of selection", are defined differently within each framework, yet many evolutionists who use one framework to argue against another assume shared meanings. We suggest that focusing on the concept of organism will help dispell this fog of semantic confusion, allowing all frameworks to converge on the same conclusions regarding units of functional organization.

Animals↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Medico-historical study of "Kilasa" (vitiligo/leucoderma) a common skin disorder.

The earliest known reference to Kilăsa was in 2200 B.C. in the period of Aushooryan. In 1550 B.C. information regarding Vitiligo was noted in the Ebers Papyrus. Atharvavĕda also carries the description of the disease Kilăsa along with several herbal prescriptions. Buddhist literature (Pĭtikăs) especially Vinaya Pĭtika carries the description of Kilăsa. Old Testament also carries the description of white spots i.e. in the Leviticus chapter 13. In ayurvĕda the word Kuşţa was used for all types of skin diseases. Both Kilăsa and Switra are mentioned together in ayurvĕda because of similarity in their aetiology. Kilăsa is also called as Băhya (external) Kuşţa. It is classified into three types based on three Dŏşăs. Prognosis of the disease was also described in ayurvĕda. This disease can be compared with Vitiligo/leucoderma in modern medicine. The Roman Physician Celsus first coined the term Vitiligo in the 2nd Century A.D. This article carries medico-historical references of Kilăsa from ancient to modern literature.

History, Ancient↗

PubMed1985

Lipoid pneumonia secondary to baby oil aspiration: a case report and review of the literature.

Baby oil is a common household product that is frequently used when there are infants or toddlers in the house. However, it is often overlooked as a potential source of danger to these youngsters. In 1983, 36,700 cases of ingestion were reported to the poisoning surveillance and epidemiology branch of the Food and Drug Administration. Topical preparations used in the care of infants accounted for 480 of the cases. Ten percent of these required hospitalization. In 36 cases, the product ingested was baby oil. This figure does not include baby lotions and other skin products with a mineral oil base. Aspiration of mineral oil, the main component of baby oil, has been described as a cause of lipoid pneumonia and oleomas. However, there is very little information in the modern literature concerning acute lipoid pneumonitis in children. We herein present a patient with lipoid pneumonia caused by aspirated baby oil, who followed a severe clinical course. The paucity of information regarding this subject points to the need for increased public and physician awareness of the problem and for their direct participation in the prevention of this potentially fatal condition.

Female↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Moses Maimonides: rabbi or medicine.

The great medieval Jewish philosopher Moses Maimonides was also a practicing physician who contributed a number of important works to medical literature. Modern students of these treatises have made extravagant claims about Maimonides' scientific outlook and have attributed to him important discoveries and innovations. Viewed in its historical and religious content, Maimonides' medical work appears more explanatory than exploratory, though still of considerable interest to students of both the philosophy of science and the history of medicine.

History, Medieval↗

PubMed2000

The ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To review the up-to-date literature concerning the pathogenesis of, risk factors for, prevention of, and therapy for the ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, and to provide suggestions for management of this syndrome. DESIGN: Literature review combined with on-site clinical experiences at the authors' institution of practice. PATIENT(S): Women who have risk factors for or manifest the ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome. INTERVENTION(S): Intravenous fluid management, thrombosis prevention techniques, paracentesis techniques, and critical care management protocols. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Staging system of the ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, criteria for outpatient versus hospitalization management, and indications for varying levels of interventional management. RESULT(S): The ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, unique to the field of assisted reproductive technology, remains a largely elusive and unpredictable iatrogenic physiologic complication in the course of pharmacologic ovarian stimulation. Reliable information on risk factors, possible physiologic mechanisms, prevention techniques, and management is fortunately progressing, and overall advances are being made in this field. The present review is an attempt to summarize the modern literature regarding this syndrome and to use this current knowledge to provide a basis for acceptable management regimens. CONCLUSION(S): Ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome is a serious complication of assisted reproductive technology, with potential for critical morbidity and death. Physicians who prescribe medications known to be associated with this syndrome should be familiar with identifiable risk factors, means of prevention, and a system for staging and treating the disease and have a current knowledge base for putative models of pathogenesis.

Ambulatory Care↗

PubMed2003

[Radiotherapy in stage I testicular seminoma: retrospective study and review of literature].

INTRODUCTION: Seminoma accounts for about 40% of germ cell tumours of the testicle. In this retrospective analysis, we review literature concerning management of stage I seminoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between March 1987 and April 2001, 65 patients with stage I pure testicular seminoma received adjuvant radiotherapy with a 25 MV linear accelerator. RESULTS: Median age was 33 years. Testicular tumour has been found on the right testis in 39 patients and on the left one in 24 patients. Patients have been treated using an anterior-posterior parallel pair and have received 20-25 Gy in 10-14 fractions. The target volume consisted of paraaortic, and paraaortic + homolateral iliac lymph nodes in 17 and 46 patients, respectively. Acute toxicity was mainly digestive, 38% of patients presenting nausea and vomiting. Median follow-up time was 37 months. All patients are alive in complete remission. DISCUSSION: Because of good radio-sensitivity of seminoma, radiotherapy is regarded as standard adjuvant treatment (5 years relapse rate: 3-5%). Acute toxicity is dominated by moderate gastro-intestinal side effects. Secondary neoplasia represents one of the worst possible long-term complications of therapy. Waiting for ongoing randomised trials, the modern literature for seminoma reflects a trend toward lower radiation doses (20-25 Gy) and smaller treatment volumes (paraaortic field). Adjuvant chemotherapy with two courses of carboplatin, might be equivalent to radiotherapy but must be investigated in randomised trials. A surveillance policy is one of the other management options less recommended.

Adult↗