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PubMed1982

A double blind trial with oxamniquine in chronic schistosomiasis mansoni.

Ninety-one children with chronic schistosomiasis mansoni were selected for this double blind trial. 48 (Group 1) were treated with a single oral dose of oxamniquine (20mg/kg body-weight) and 43 (Group 2) received the placebo. Clinical, laboratory and radiological examinations were performed before and after treatment. Dark urine and vomiting were observed only in the oxamniquine group. Pulmonary condensations with or without air bronchogram were observed in the chest X-ray of 15% of Group 1 patients, between days 3 and 5 after treatment. In the urinalysis made on the first day after treatment, a false positive reaction was reported for urobilinogen and bilirubin in up to 50% of the patients treated with oxamniquine. In Group 1, 69.6% of the patients were cured. No patient was cured in Group 2. There was a 4.4% incidence of infection in the control group. There was a 77.9% egg excretion reduction in the 14 Group 1 patients not cured by oxamniquine. The authors conclude that oral oxamniquine in the prescribed dosage, has low toxicity and good therapeutic efficacy in children with chronic schistosomiasis mansoni.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1986

Efficacy of toltrazuril against intestinal and hepatic coccidiosis in rabbits.

The anticoccidial effect of toltrazuril (Bay Vi 9142) against Eimeria flavescens, E. intestinalis, E. magna, E. perforans and E. stiedai was tested in experimentally-infected rabbits. Continuous administration of 10-15 p.p.m. of the drug in the drinking water was highly effective in reducing oocyst output of all five species and in preventing clinical signs and macroscopic lesions. Sporulation of excreted oocysts was not affected. After 5 weeks of medication, no negative influence was noted on zootechnic performance of growing healthy rabbits. Medication of rabbits with 25 p.p.m. only during schizogony or gamogony (2 days of treatment, repeated after 5 days) quickly reduced clinical signs and oocyst output. When administered during late schizogony or gamogony, toltrazuril allowed development of immunity against reinfection with homologous species.

Animals↗
PubMed1985

Diagnostic imaging in parasitic infections.

Imaging may play a major role in diagnosis when the clinical condition suggests a parasite, it may often be useful in confirming a diagnosis and assessing the results of treatment, and it may provide the first indication of parasitic infection when the symptomatology is vague. This article presents guidelines for reviewing diagnostic images for pediatricians looking for the diagnosis or the differential diagnosis of their patient's ill health when parasitic infection is suspected.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

[Parasite-induced hypereosinophilia].

Blood hypereosinophilia (eosinophilia count of more than 500 per microliter, i.e., 0.5.10(9)/L) is a laboratory finding that requires a careful workup. Review of the patient's medical history and clinical examination can usually rule out non-parasitic causes. Parasitic infections must be sought by examination of stool, urine, and blood examinations and by serological tests. These examinations, with special techniques for cosmopolitan and tropical parasites and for digestive or tissular parasites, must be repeated. Improvement of blood eosinophilia and of the serum antibody titers is one criterion of treatment effectiveness.

Antiparasitic Agents↗
PubMed1996

Ascariasis.

Ascariasis is a helminthic infection of global distribution with more than 1.4 billion persons infected throughout the world. The majority of infections occur in the developing countries of Asia and Latin America. Of 4 million people infected in the United States, a large percentage are immigrants from developing countries. Ascaris-related clinical disease is restricted to subjects with heavy worm load, and an estimated 1.2 to 2 million such cases, with 20,000 deaths, occur in endemic areas per year. More often, recurring moderate infections cause stunting of linear growth, cause reduced cognitive function, and contribute to existing malnutrition in children in endemic areas. Ascaris infection is acquired by the ingestion of the embryonated eggs. The larvae, while passing through the pulmonary migration phase for maturation, cause ascaris pneumonia. Intestinal ascaris is usually detected as an incidental finding. Ascaris-induced intestinal obstruction is a frequent complication in children with heavy worm loads. It can be complicated by intussusception, perforation, and gangrene of the bowel. Acute appendicitis and appendicular perforation can occur as a result of worms entering the appendix. HPA is a frequent cause of biliary and pancreatic disease in endemic areas. It occurs in adult women and can cause biliary colic, acute cholecystitis, acute cholangitis, acute pancreatitis, and hepatic abscess. RPC causing hepatic duct calculi is possibly an aftermath of recurrent biliary invasion in such areas. Ultrasonography can detect worms in the biliary tract and pancreas and is a useful noninvasive technique for diagnosis and follow-up of such patients. ERCP can help diagnose biliary and pancreatic ascariasis, including ascaris in the duodenum. Also, ERCP can be used to extract worms from the biliary and pancreatic ducts when indicated. Pyrantel pomoate, mebendazole, albendazole, and levamisole are effective drugs and can be used for mass therapy to control ascariasis in endemic areas.

Adult↗
PubMed1983

Immune responses during human schistosomiasis mansoni. IX. T-lymphocyte subset analysis by monoclonal antibodies in hepatosplenic disease.

T lymphocyte immunoregulatory subsets (T4+ and T8+ cells) have been analysed in eight cases of hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni, and compared to parallel analyses of seven intestinal Schistosoma mansoni-infected patients and four uninfected control subjects. The mean T4+:T8+ ratio in hepatosplenic cases was markedly less than observed in other groups (0.94 vs 1.86 vs 2.22, respectively). Proliferative responses stimulated by a soluble adult worm extract correlated directly with the observed T4:T8 ratios. Normal levels of E rosette-positive and surface immunoglobulin-bearing lymphoid cells were observed in intestinal patients, while hepatosplenic patients demonstrated normal B lymphocyte proportions but highly erratic E rosette-positive percentages. Curiously, in hepatosplenic patients the percentage of E rosette-positive cells often did not correlate with the proportion of T3+ cells.

Antibodies, Monoclonal↗
PubMed1984

A survey of parasitic lesions in wild-caught, laboratory-maintained primates: (rhesus, cynomolgus, and baboon).

The lesions associated with parasitic infestation in 1156 wild-caught, laboratory-maintained nonhuman primates (Macaca fascicularis, Macaca mulatta, and Papio spp) are described. The two most common parasites seen were lung mites (Pneumonyssus spp) and nodular worms (Oesophagostomum spp). In addition, in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis) only, Nochtia nochti was a frequent pathogen. The etiology of mineralized fibrotic nodules in the mesentery of cynomolgus monkeys was thought to be infection with Paragonimus westermani, the oriental lung fluke.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Antibody response to Salmonella typhi in human schistosomiasis mansoni.

Antibody response to Salmonella typhi O and H antigens was evaluated in 24 individuals with either hepatointestinal or hepatosplenic schistosomiasis mansoni before and after typhoid vaccination, and compared with that of non-infected controls. Before vaccination, Schistosoma-infected patients showed a higher frequency of positive antibody to O antigen and the same frequency to H antigen when compared with that of healthy individuals. However, those with hepatosplenic schistosomiasis showed higher titres of antibody to H antigen than those with hepatointestinal disease or healthy individuals. Infected subjects, particularly those with hepatointestinal disease, showed a decreased response after typhoid vaccine. This diminished ability to mount an immune response towards typhoid antigens during schistosomiasis may interfere with the clearance of the bacteria from blood stream and, therefore, play a role in the prolonged survival of salmonella as observed in some patients with chronic salmonellosis associated with schistosomiasis.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

A quantitative post mortem analysis of urinary schistosomiasis in Egypt. II. Evolution and epidemiology.

Further analysis of the data obtained from 190 unselected autopsies at the University of Cairo (Faculty of Medicine) hospitals reinforces our conclusion that a high prevalence of urinary schistosomiasis leads to infection intensity causing severe uropathy and mortality, both directly and by way of complications and sequelae. Based on histological study, two stages of urinary schistosomiasis must be considered in epidemiological work: "active disease", characterized by significant egg excretion; and "inactive disease", in which eggs are excreted rarely. The proportion between active and inactive cases is progressively reversed with advancing age, while mean tissue egg burdens rise, plateau, and ultimately decrease, most sharply beyond 50 years of age. A model of the progression of active disease has been derived from the relations of individual organ egg burdens to overall infection intensity, showing that both the onset and the termination of oviposition probably begin in the urinary bladder and spread centrifugally. Therefore, extravesical activity may persist longer than bladder activity. Severe uropathy and mortality occur at all stages of the disease and depend principally, but not exclusively, on egg burden, i.e., on infection intensity. Correlations of infection intensity with degree of uropathy show that severe disease is quantitatively separable from incidental disease by its tissue egg burdens and lesions. However, the factors determining death from urinary schistosomiasis are only partly understood. They include bilateral upper obstructive uropathy and, probably, focal egg concentrations leading to rapid obstruction, such as aberrantly high egg burdens in the left ureter relative to those in the bladder. Analysis of epidemiologically homogeneous population groups reveals close mutual relationships between the total frequency of infection (active plus inactive), the intensity of infection, and the frequency of severe uropathy. A statistical model predicts that any rise in frequency beyond a 30% threshold will result in a linear increase in the frequency of severe disease, whereas below that threshold the bulk of infections will be incidental. These insights, applicable only to pathological material, must be complemented by efforts to establish clinical and laboratory criteria defining the severity and stages of urinary schistosomiasis in living patients, and to examine their population dynamics, so that effects of therapeutic and preventive measures may be evalulated more precisely.

Acute Disease↗