[The child and life change events].
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Adaptation, Psychological↗
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Life change events, ballistocardiography and coronary death.
Thirty-six men and women who experienced a documented myocardial infarction, half of whom ultimately died from their disease and half of whom survived over a six-year period, provided longitudinal recent life changes and ballistocardiographic data. The 18 patients who died from their coronary disease indicated a significant buildup in life changes which peaked approximately one year prior to death; their serial ballistocardiograms indicated a significant buildup in average force of contraction which was seen to peak approximately six months prior to death. The 18 post-infarction patients who survived the six-year follow-up showed neither a buildup in life change nor a buildup in the ballistocardiographic index of cardiac contraction force. These findings of a life change peak preceding ballistocardiographic evidence of an "overworked" heart are discussed in terms of their possible medical and psychophysiological significances.
Adult↗
[Psychological factors and life change events in bipolar patients].
This article purpose is to discuss the major hypotheses concerning the relationship of personality to bipolar disorders. The data are reported and commented. Life events are introduced to confirm the influence of psychological factors in the course of these disorders, supposed to be endogenous. The status of bipolar disorder is discussed. The unitary model of major affective disorders could allow to answer the questions raised by the data.
Bipolar Disorder↗
[Induced abortion--a critical life change event].
In the present survey the psychic and physical mastering of abortion is considered to be a subject of the research of a "critical life-event". Special interest was devoted to the consequences of the process of mastering before and after abortion on the mental and physical condition of the examined human females (n = 39). The diagnosis showed that especially before abortion in a time of a serious state of inner conflict, interference concerning the physical condition and psyche of women arise, while actually after abortion the mood is more euphoric. The inconvenience increased in dependence on experience of social welfare and support. Three months after abortion specific complaints such as pains in the lower abdomen, bleeding and sudden urge to cry occur. The administration of contraception after abortion is becoming significantly safer.
Abortion, Induced↗
[Life change events preceding acute psychiatric diseases].
A sample of 112 psychiatric inpatients were examined in comparison to 70 somatic inpatients with respect to the question, how frequent psychiatric diseases were in correlation with stressful life-events. There were significant discrepancies concerning life-event stress between the diagnostic subgroups. The life-event stress was most important in the neurotic patients, also patients suffering from endogenous psychoses, especially schizophrenics, showed an increased life-event stress. Different methods (objective stress scores suggested by Paykel, self-rating scores concerning negative experiences, and a synthesis between these two methods) led to similar results. Experiences, rated positive by the patients, showed no correlation with psychiatric diseases.
Acute Disease↗
[Assessment of sociodynamic parameters and critical life change events in functional epigastric syndromes within the scope of an epidemiologic study].
In a rural district 187 patients with functional upper abdominal syndromes were examined in a neurological outpatient department by means of a clinical epidemiological questionnaire (46 parameters) and a modified life-event-inventory by Holmes and Rahe (56 items), expanded multidimensionally by subjective parameters of events. The epidemiological and stress-theoretical start of examination aimed at the result whether both methods in practice can help individually for a diagnostics fixed to therapy of psychosomatically sick persons. The representation of some results is limited to the sphere of work. One third of all patients mentioned conflicts in this field. Life-events belonging to the sphere of work with highly emotional filling by stress-experience were mentioned by the half of all patients. Both methods allow a more structured recording of the life-situation, of specific charges, of the individual kind of experience and a faster approach to the sphere of motivations, to problems of the development of such persons and their competencies to overcome these problems, as well as both methods allow an intelligibility of the genesis of this disease.
Adult↗
[Manic-depressive psychoses in adolescence. Influence of life change events. Study of family dynamics].
A sample of 38 adolescents hospitalized for a major depressive episode melancholic type or a manic episode during the course of a bipolar disorder (according to the DSM III-R Criteria) was examined with particular emphasis on precipating life events and family relationships. Psychosocial stressors in the year preceding onset of the affective disorder were found in a very high proportion of cases (about 80%). Stressors are most often severe. All of these stressors have to do with loss or threat of loss, particularly the most frequent one: the sentimental failure. Analyzing results of a familial dynamic questionnaire, we showed in the MDD sample the prevalence of two psychopathological index: maternal rejection, parental dysharmony.
Adolescent↗
[Critical life change events and adjustment in a group of elderly single women].
Women that were children or adolescents during World War II have rarely been studied in psychological and sociological research. Because of the death of over 3.5 million German men in that war, there remained many single (especially, never-married) women of corresponding age. In a research project at the University of Münster some psychological and social aspects of the life situation of never-married, employed women born between 1919 and 1933 in comparison to married women of the same age that had never been employed were studied by means of detailed interviews. Parts of the results concerning the retrospective experience of critical life events and coping strategies are described. The results indicate that the interviewees were confronted with difficult life events, but that they coped with them in a very active way. Differences between women of different martial statuses (e.g., for the never-married women a more frequent mentioning of events concerning the war, a higher involvement in personal health problems, a lower importance of their occupation than expected by the authors, and, for example, for the married women a higher family-centeredness) are discussed.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Perception of life change events by the elderly.
The perception of the amount of adjustment necessitated by the occurrence of common life events was assessed for 41 members of a senior citizens' club who ranged in age from 65 to 84. Significant agreement was found between the elderly subjects and the normative sample with regard to rank ordering of the life events. Markedly significant differences were found between the elderly and the normative sample in the magnitudes assigned to the life events, with the elderly group assigning the larger magnitude to most items.
Aged↗
Life-change events as related to self-reported academic and job performance.
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Achievement↗
Sex differences in the effects of stressful life events on changes in smoking status.
AIMS: Stressful life events known to be associated with substance use were examined to determine if there were sex-specific responses to stress resulting in changes in smoking status. PARTICIPANTS AND MEASUREMENTS: A community-based sample of ever smokers from the Americans' Changing Lives study (n = 1512, 45% female based on sample weights) was used to examine the interactive effects of sex and stressful life events on the likelihood of two outcomes; relapse among former smokers and failure to quit among current smokers. Logistic regression procedures were used to calculate odds ratios. Factors known to be associated with smoking status (e.g. depression, self-esteem, social support) were assessed as control variables. FINDINGS: In the sample of former smokers (n = 729) interpersonal loss events were associated with continued abstinence, whereas change of residence and adverse financial events were associated with increased occurrence of relapse. Women were more likely than men to relapse in response to a financial event. In the sample of current smokers (n = 783), financial events were associated with continued smoking, whereas health events were associated with increased likelihood of quitting. Women were more likely than men to continue smoking in the presence of an adverse financial event and less likely than men to quit in response to an adverse health event. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, stressful life events appear to have a greater deleterious effect on continued abstinence and the ability to quit smoking for women when compared to men. In particular, health and financial events are important risk factors for women and tobacco use.
Adult↗
Life events and changes in the course of depression in young adults.
BACKGROUND: Few community-based studies have examined the impact of life events, life conditions and life changes on the course of depression. This paper examines associations of life events on depressive symptom onset, improvement, and stability. METHODS: Direct interview data from the Early Developmental Stages of Psychopathology Study (EDSP), a 4-5 year prospective-longitudinal design based on a representative community sample of adolescents and young adults, aged 14-24 years at baseline, are used. Life events were measured using the Munich Event-Questionnaire (MEL) consisting of 83 explicit items from various social role areas and subscales for the assessment of life event clusters categorized according to dimensions such as positive and negative and controllable and uncontrollable. Depressive disorders were assessed with the DSM-IV version of the Munich Composite Diagnostic Interview (M-CIDI). Multiple logistic regression analyses examined the effects of 22 predictors on the course of depression (onset, improvement, stability). RESULTS: Younger age, low social class, negative and stressful life events linked to the family were associated with increased risk of new onset of depression. Anxiety was a significant independent predictor of new onset of depression. Absence of stressful school and family events was related to improvement in depression. The weighted total number of life events predicted stable depression. CONCLUSIONS: The association between life events and the course of depression appears to vary according to the outcome being examined, with different clusters of life events differentially predicting onset, improvement, and stability.
Adolescent↗
Major life events and changes in the behavioural functioning of children.
The relationship between major life events and changes, across a 2-yr period, in the level of parent-reported behavioural/emotional problems in 1397 children from a general population sample was investigated using a highly modified version of the Coddington Life Events Record and the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist. The life event questionnaire used in the present study proved to have a satisfactory reliability. The number of life events increased significantly with increasing age of the child, and a higher incidence of such events was found for families with lower socio-economic status. A significant relationship was found between the total score of negative life events across the 2-yr period and changes in the level of behavioural/emotional problems of the children.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
The meaning of life (events) predicts changes in attachment security.
Building on prior research, which has failed to find consistent effects of life events on change in self-reported adult attachment security over time, the present study tested the hypothesis that it is the meaning people attach to events, rather than the objective features of events, that is associated with changing levels of security. Participants engaged in an 8-week daily diary study, during which they completed daily self-report measures of attachment security, negative life events, perceptions of loss associated with events, and mood. Hierarchical linear modeling revealed that perceptions of greater interpersonal (but not achievement) loss associated with life events were significantly associated with greater insecurity on a day-to-day basis, even controlling for objective features of events and for mood. Trait levels of security did not moderate this association. Results are discussed with regard to social-cognitive models of attachment security and the utility of understanding the meaning of life events to understand how attachment models may be confirmed or disconfirmed.
Adult↗
The relationship of life events and stress to neurosis in China: comparison of 105 neurotic patients to 103 normal controls.
Modified versions of Holmes' Schedule of Recent Experience (SRE) and Social Readjustment Rating Scale (SRRS) are used to compare the stress rating of 43 life events of 105 neurotic patients to 103 normal controls and to compare the quantity of life event changes experienced by the two groups. Life events are divided into three categories on the basis of their frequency of occurrence and the intensity of stress they induce. Significantly higher stress ratings for the neurotic patients are found in 17 of 43 life event items studied. In the year prior to the onset of the neurotic illness, the patient group experienced more life event changes and had significantly higher levels of stress than the control group. The results are compared to Holmes' findings in Japan.
Adolescent↗
Resources, life events, and changes in psychological states: a prospective framework.
A framework is presented that examines resources, environmental changes, and time in relation to one another and to changes in psychological affect. Resources in the aggregate are assumed to have both main effects and interactive effects on changes in psychological states. With undesirable life events, the resource interaction is assumed to be a buffer function, with resources making their strongest contribution at moderate levels of undesirable events. With desirable events, the resource interaction is assumed to be a multiplicative booster function, the effect of resources increasing as the level of desirable events increases. Cumulative undesirable demand is a variable with broader context than life events and is assumed to directly increase negative changes in psychological states. Time is considered a passive moderator, reducing the impact of either desirable or undesirable changes on psychological states. Alternative paths leading to positive change, status quo, and negative change in psychological states are then described, including the "false hope" hypothesis, and relations among variables are specified.
Adaptation, Psychological↗
Early parental loss, recent life events, and changes in health among older adults.
The purpose of this study is to see whether older adults who lost a parent early in life are more vulnerable to the effects of recent stressful events than elderly people who were raised in an intact home. Data from a nationwide longitudinal survey of older adults provide support for this view. The findings indicate that the combined effects of early parental loss and recent stressful events are associated with a decline over time in global self-rated health, as well as the number of chronic and acute conditions. In contrast, significant effects failed to emerge with functional disability. This study contributes to the literature by suggesting that only certain kinds of recent events (i.e., stressors arising in highly valued roles) act in concert with early parental loss to compromise health in late life.
Age Factors↗
The multidimensional assessment of stressful life events.
This study examined the multidimensionality of life event changes as measured by the widely used Schedule of Recent Events. A factor analysis based on 353 alcohol and drug abuse patients identified six distinct clusters: a) personal and social activities; b) work changes; c) marital problems; d) residence changes; e) family issues; and f) school changes. Significant correlations were found between the six factors and the Cornell Medical Index, measures of psychopathology, demographic characteristics, and alcohol and/or drug-related problems. Advantages of considering the six homogeneous factor scales over the Schedule of Recent Events total score were evident in higher correlations with substantively relevant variables. The six factors provided empirical support for the multidimensional assessment of life event changes. Future research should emphasize the use of multiple scale instruments that provide more specific indices of life changes.
Adult↗