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PubMed1977

[Epidemiological studies on salmonella in a particular area ("Walcheren Project"). III. The incidence of salmonella in man, insects, gulls as well as foods scrapings from butcher's blocks, effluents of sewage treatment plants and drains from butcher's shops (author's transl)].

In continuation of previous studies, various materials (meat and meat products, insects, gull droppings, scrapings from butcher's blocks, effluents of sewage treatment plants, drains from butcher's shops and faeces of patients) were examined again at the same time for the presence of Salmonella in a relatively small are (Walcheren) over a period of three months. As was also the case in previous studies, S. typhi murium (27.5 per cent), S. panama (22.2 per cent) and S. brandenburg (9.2 per cent) were the three serotypes most frequently isolated. The three most frequently isolated phage types of S. typhi murium were II 505 (62.1 per cent), II 502 (5.3 per cent) and I 650 (4.2 per cent). The serotypes and phage types were present in nearly all the materials studied which again emphasizes the fact that there are contamination cycles of Salmonella. These studies showed that the route of contamination divides in the butcher's shop. Salmonella ogranisms carried with the meat frome the slaughter-house find their way into the drains on the one hand, and, by meat and meat products, to consumers on the other. Moreover, the high degree of contamination of effluents is not in accordance with the small number of cases of salmonellosis.

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1977

[Assessment of bacterial counts in the meat-processing industry. I. A review of the literature (author's transl)].

Frequent examination of large numbers of samples of the surface of carcasses and apparatus is essential to gain a clear insight into the hygiene of the meat-processing line. To make this possible, efforts should be made te reduce the number of sampling sites of each carcass as well as the number of groups of bacteria to the studied, and to save time and material. Methods so far developed to the assessment of bacterial counts are reviewed in the present paper. It is concluded that the spray-pistol method, the Stomacher method, the drop method, the membrane filter method, microcolony counts and the spiral method are particularly eligible for closer examination. The methods referred to should be tested by the following criteria: (1) simplicity; (2) reliability and reproducibility and (3) saving of time and material.

Bacteriological Techniques↗
PubMed1977

[Cross-infection during scalding and plucking of broiler chickens (author's transl)].

In two poultry-processing plants, experiments were carried out to detect cross-infection during scalding and plucking of broiler chickens. These trials showed that cross-infection was only detectable when experimental infection with the indicator micro-organism Escherichia coli K12 was applied externally to the broiler chickens. When infection was applied internally, only a small degree of transmission was observed. Indicator micro-organisms applied externally to broiler chickens prior to scalding and plucking, were present on the cooled product in larger numbers than those applied internally in the intestines of broilers. The number of carcasses which were positive after cooling was found to have decreased in poultry-processing plant B compared with the situation after plucking, whereas this number was not affected to any appreciable extent in processing plant A.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

[Assessment of bacterial counts in the meat-processing industry. II. The plate-loop method and the droplet method (author's transl)].

Two methods used in making bacterial counts of meat and surfaces are discussed. When the plate-loop method is used, dilutions are prepared with calibrated loops in spotting tiles. These loops are also used to swab droplets of these dilutions on quadrants of previously dried agar plates. A formula is presented, which may be used in calculating bacterial counts. When the droplet method is adopted, an apparatus is used to prepare dilutions in tubes containing liquid agar. Drops of agar then are transferred into empty Petri dishes by this apparatus. After incubation, the colonies which have grown in these droplets are counted by a viewer included in the apparatus. Both the plate-loop method and the droplet method (if slightly modified) were found to satisfy the criteria simplicity, reliability and saving time and material. This only holds good when accurate counts are made and when bacterial counts are more than 2,500 bacteria per gram or per sq. cm. When these conditions are complied with, the two methods are suited for routine studies of large numbers of samples.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Cellularity of adipose tissue in meat animals.

Present information indicates that for meat animals adipocyte number is achieved most rapidly in the perirenal depot and least rapidly in the interfascicular of intramuscular depot. Adipocyte volume appears to be largest in the perirenal depot and smallest in the interfascicular and intermuscular depots. The best estimates available suggest that adipocyte hyperplasia is completed by 14 months of age in bovine animals and 5 months of age in porcine animals. However, because of certain technique limitations and the presence of many small adipocytes in very obese animals, these estimates must be considered very tentative. Studies in ovine and porcine animals indicate that early under-nutrition is not effective in reducing the number of subcutaneous and perirenal adipocytes later in life. However, the number of interfascicular adipocytes may be reduced. Several studies have demonstrated that the interfascicular adipocytes are very late developing and that adipocyte number is very important to the total quantity of intramuscular lipid.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1976

Brucellosis: the situation in Western Nigeria.

Over 55% of 7161 people examined in different parts of Western Nigeria have positive Brucella abortus-antibodies in their sera. Higher incidence of titres were found among dairy farmers and slaughtermen than in the general population. The rates of infection among the human and the cattle populations in two farms studied were very similar. There was evidence of high rate of cross-infections going on in one of these farms: more than 63% of the herd in this farm showed serological evidence of active brucellosis. The socio-economic implications of high incidence of bovine brucellosis in a rapidly developing country, like Nigeria, are outlined. The need for the establishment of public health laboratories to facilitate early diagnosis of active disease and the necessity for full collaboration between the medical and veterinary professions for the proper control (and eradication) of brucellosis in Nigeria are discussed.

Agricultural Workers' Diseases↗
PubMed1977

[Supervision in veterinary health (author's transl)].

The supervision programme of the Veterinary Chief Inspectorate of Public Health comprises nearly fifty projects, a number of which are discussed. This will give the authorities an opportunity to gain a more complete view of the state of the human food package, for which inspection of the individual animal in the slaughter-house does not so far offer any practical possibilities. Attention is drawn to the important place occupied by the veterinary nutritionist in the protection of human health.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗