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PubMed1977

Etiopathogenetic studies in a patient with Whipple's disease.

A patient is presented with Whipple's disease. Before treatment, Haemophilus influenzae type e, sensitive to tetracycline was cultured from multiple small intestinal biopsies. This isolated micro-organism was structurally similar to the one observed in the tissue. All further culture experiments during and after treatment proved negative except for one biopsy from which a tetracycline-resistant H. influenzae type-e mutant was isolated. The immunological disturbances, mainly characterized by cutaneous anergy, in absence of major humoral or in vitro lymphocytic impairment, regressed during treatment together with clinical remission of the disease. These findings are considered in favour of the secondary nature of the immunological abnormalities.

Aged↗

PubMed1979

Clinical applications of the enzyme labeled antibody method. Immunoperoxidase methods in diagnostic histopathology.

Histological criteria for the definition of disease entities have largely been established with light microscopy of conventionally stained and routinely processed tissue sections. More or less specific histochemical staining procedures and more recently enzyme-histochemical and quantitative histo- and cytochemical techniques in some cases provided additional criteria. In the last decade, however, the introduction of immunofluorescence and more recently the different immunoperoxidase methods have significantly influenced the scope of contemporary histopathology. Especially, the possibility to use immunoperoxidase methods on routinely processed tissue specimens has offered new dimensions in diagnostic pathology. These methods proved of particular importance for: 1) The development of new criteria for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment (e.g. immunological classification of lymphoma; plasmacell typing in intestinal inflammatory conditions; human chorionic gonadotropin and alpha-fetoprotein in germ cell tumors of the testis). 2) The possibility of etiological diagnosis (e.g. the recognition of hepatitis B viral antigens in liver biopsy specimens; histological typing of causative micro-organisms in inflammatory conditions). 3) The recognition of disease entities that were hitherto unrecognized (e.g. hyperplasia of parafolicular C-cells in the thyroid in multiple endocrine neoplasia syndromes; gastric G-cell hyperplasia as a variant of Zollinger-Ellisons syndrome). 4) Functional analysis of tissue components (e.g. hormone content of pituitary and pancreatic adenomas; cytoplasmic differentiation produces in "undifferentiated" tumors). It can be expected that immunoenzymehistochemistry will soon play a major role in routine diagnostic histopathology.

Antigen-Antibody Reactions↗

PubMed1978

[Examination of market carps for residues of antimicrobial agents].

The residues of inhibitory substances in the muscle, hepatopancreas, bile, and pyloric caeca of 30 carps from ponds south of Brno were examined by the microbiological diffusion method. The following testing micro-organisms were used: B. cereus var. mycoides (ATCC 11778), B. subtilis (ATCC 6633), Sarcina lutea (ATCC 9341), and Micrococcus flavus (ATCC 10240). Residues of inhibitory substances were not found in any of the muscle samples tested. The rest of the tested tissues showed, in some cases, small inhibition zones which seem to be due to the presence of natural antimicrobially active substances in the bile and gastro-intestinal tract of the fish rather than to the persistence of the residues of drugs given to the fish during their life.

Animals↗

PubMed1978

[Absorption of double labeled (glycerol 3H-linoleic acid 14C) native bile by phosphatidylcholines].

Double-labeled bile ([U. 3H glycerol] [1. 14C linoleic acid])--in which about 70% of labeling 14C and 80% of labeling 3H of total lipids were borne by phosphatidylcholines (PC), (isotopic ratio of these PC was equal to 1)--was introduced into the duodenum of test Rats, some of them with a bile fistula. As low amounts of the hydrolysis products of biliary PC were found in the intestinal lumen, a higher hydrolysis must occur further (brush border, enterocyte ?) because, in the mucosa, the highest labeling 14C was present as triglycerides and PC have an isotopic ratio 3H/14C higher than 1. As in the lumen the isotopic ratio 3H/14C of PC was higher than 1 and increased with the time elapsed, this finding suggests that mucosal PC were added to biliary PC (secretion or desquamation ?) unless these modifications were due to luminal micro-organisms. As test Rat bile was poorly labeled a very weak enterohepatic circulation of biliary diunsaturated PC may exist.

Absorption↗

PubMed1978

Management of empyema thoracis: report of a 3-year study.

Experience with cases of empyema thoracis in Nigerian adults is reported. Twenty-seven patients with empyema diagnosed on aspiration of the chest were studied. The clinical features, the radiolographic appearance and the results of laboratory studies carried out on the patients were analysed. Micro-organisms were cultured from the pleural fluid in 41% of cases. In this study, the commonest cause of empyema was pneumonia, occurring in 48% of cases, closely followed by tuberculosis with 40%. No death was recorded among cases of empyema due to pyogenic and tuberculous organisms. This is due to increased awareness of the cause and the methods of treatment applied. The author is of the opinion that cases of tuberculous empyema are being misdiagnosed and, consequently, they are not given appropriate chemotherapy, and this might have contributed to the high mortality rate previously reported.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1979

[Effectiveness of environmental disinfection with formalin aerosol].

The effectiveness was tested of preventive disinfection of pig-fattening houses with formalin, applied as aerosol with the Swingfog SN 100 apparatus. The effectiveness of this treatment was evaluated according to the proportion of smears containing lactoso-positive micro-organisms, expressed as a percentage of the total number of smears, and according to the reduction of contamination with E. coli and St. aureus on wooden or aluminium carriers. The effectiveness was found to be good and the treatment is recommended as suitable for the preventive disinfection of stables. However, the following procedure should be strictly observed: Before disinfection the stables must be thoroughly mechanically cleansed, dried, and well closed to be air-tight. The air temperature in these premises should not be lower than 12 degrees C. Formalin (with a minimum content of 40% of formaldehyde) should be applied at a rate of at least 10 ml per 1 m3 of space and the agent should be diluted with water at 1 : 1 ratio prior to use. The aerosol should be produced by the Swingfog SN 100 generator, adjusted to apply about 40 1 of the solution per hour. The maximum space treated from one place should be limited to 500 m3. The exposure time should be at least 16 hours.

Aerosols↗

PubMed1976

[Determination of the toxicity of industrial waste by means of a bacterial test (author's transl)].

The decision on whether industrial waste should be deposited on general or special dumps depends upon the toxicity of the waste and thus upon the risk of ground-water pollution and the killing off of micro-organisms responsible for breaking down waste products. Since chemical analyses that are to provide information on toxicity are frequently very costly, an attempt was made to determine the toxicity of solid or semi-solid waste with the aid of a bacterial test. As in the perforated-plate test, here, too, the formation and size of inhibition zones were used to determine the toxicity after diffusion of substances contained in industrial waste. About 30 different types of industrial waste were examined with this method. For almost all substances a positive correlation of the (known) constituents of waste to the formation of inhibition zones was found to exist. The influence exercised by solubility and diffusibility and other problems are dealt with.

Hydrogen-Ion Concentration↗

PubMed1979

Assessment of the cost/effectiveness of chemotherapy for skin and urinary tract infections using in vitro sensitivity testing.

Results of skin and urine cultures performed by a Wellington laboratory over a selected period, were used to estimate the prevalence of common organisms and their in vitro sensitivity to chemotherapeutic agents, to determine the most efficacious and economical, anti-infective therapy. For streptococcal or mixed gram positive infections penicillin is the antibiotic of choice. For mild to moderate staphylococcal infections, erythromycin is indicated. A single dose of cotrimoxazole is economical for uncomplicated urinary tract infections, however urine culture seems warranted. Reservations are expressed regarding the assessment of in vitro sensitivity to cotrimoxazole and possible development of resistance to this agent. Ampicillin/amoxycillin is indicated for organisms resistant to sulphonamides. The need to supply doctors with information on changing sensitivity patterns of micro-organisms in the community is emphasised.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1979

Irgasan-induced pigmentation in Serratia marcescens and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Two irgasan-resistant micro-organisms (P. aeruginosa and S. marcescens) were used to study the effects of various antibiotic and chemotherapeutic agents on pigment production. These agents included streptomycin, thallium acetate, polymyxin B, hexachlorophene, irgasan, prodigiosin and DMSO (dimethyl sulphoxide). Only irgasan, compared to other drugs and membrane-active agents showed the unique property of inducing pigmentation in both P. aeruginosa and S. marcescens, i.e. prodigiosin in S. marcescens and pyocyanin in P. aeruginosa.

Dose-Response Relationship, Drug↗

PubMed1979

[Suitability of chemical neutralizers applied for disinfection control on commercial animal husbandry objects].

A study on the effect of various neutralizers of the most widely spread means of disinfection applied in animal rearing was made. For that purpose twin lecytine was tested for quadruple ammonium compounds: twin--for phenolic compounds, natrium thiosulfate--for iodoformium and chlor-containing compounds, as well as natrium sulfite--for formalin. As test micro-organisms were used Staph. aureus Sg 511, E. coli 078, and Ps. aeruginosa. The investigations were performed after the suspension method with dilutions in geometrical progressions. It was established that for the disinfection by quadruple ammonium compounds 3% twin-80 plus 0.3% lecytine is suitable as neutralizer. In disinfection with phenolic compounds the 1% twin-80 solution gives good results. As neutralizer of formalin disinfection 2% natrium sulfite solution can be successfully used. For iodoformium disinfection or disinfection with chlor-containing compounds good neutralizing effect can be achieved by 1% solution of natrium thiosulfate.

Animal Husbandry↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Effect of growth medium composition of glucoamylase and glycosyltransferase activity of Endomyces fibuliger].

Production of glucoamylase and glycosyltransferase by Endomyces fibuliger was found to depend on sources of carbon and nitrogen nutrition. Starch at a concentration above 0.5% in the medium stimulated biosynthesis of glycosyltransferase but inhibited production of glucoamylase by End. fibuliger 20-9. The rate of growth of the micro-organism increased by a factor of 3.3 with an increase of starch concentration from 0.5 to 6%. Synthesis of glycosyltransferase was repressed by glucose, lactose, sucrose and maltose. Synthesis of glucoamylase was repressed by lactose, sorbose and galactose. Synthesis of glycosyltransferase was stimulated by xylose, sorbose and galactose. Production of glucoamylase was stimulated by xylose and arabinose. Growth of the culture and synthesis of glucoamylase and maltase in the cultural broth were stimulated by an increase in the concentration of maize extract. Biosynthesis of glucoamylase and glycosyltransferase was stimulated by NH4H2PO4.

Ascomycota↗

PubMed1975

[Survey of the sensitivity of the strains Neisseria gonorrhoeae to antibioticas in the CSSR during 1957-1973 (authors transl)].

Although the preponderant majority of gonococcal strains is belonging to the most susceptible micro-organisms in respect of the action of antibiotics, certain variations of sensitivity which might be of importance not only for the genetics of microbes, but also for biochemistry and, above all, for therapy may occur also among them, perhaps as a consequence of along-time pressure by antibiotics. In a preceding study (J. Hyg. Epidem. Microb. Immunol. (Prague) 12,296, 1968), the authors analyzed the situation in Czechoslovakia from 1957 to 1967 by means of 911 strains of N. gonorrhoeae isolated from male patients suffering from gonorrhoea. It was also pointed out that there was a certain tendency towards reduced efficacy of penicillin G and a presence of streptomycin-resistant strains. In later years, the studies were extended to include also strains isolated from female patients and sensitivity to some more modern antibiotics was tested. In the present report, a survey is given of the state of antibiotics resistance among gonococci in Czechoslovakia in a chronological order of 17 years which is intended to serve as a basic information for those who are dealing with this subject.

Ampicillin↗

PubMed1977

Leukocyte phagocytic function and dysfunction.

Although some species of bacteria are killed in vitro by humoral factors in cell-free serum, the in vivo experience with leukopenic patients illustrates the critical role played by phagocytic leukocytes in host resistance to infection. Effective ingestion and killing of micro-organisms requires the sequential and integrated function of the elements of the phagocytic system. Each step in the phagocytic process is also a potential crack in the armor of host defense, and an increasing number of clinically significant disorders of phagocytic function are being recognized and described (5). The phagocytic leukocytes are equipped with a variety of intracellular microbicidal mechanisms which provide a degree of overkill capacity and allow these cells to meet the challenges posed by the many and varied microbial transfressors. Undoubtedly, other phagocytic disorders will be discovered and other important aspects of the intraleukocyte killing mechanisms will be elucidated. For instance, little is known about the function of leukocytes within the relatively hypoxic environment of injured tissue where so many bacterial infections begin. As our understanding of phagocytic function develops, new ways may be found to augment host resistance by preservation or stimulation of the phagocytes.

Animals↗

PubMed1976

[Synovial fluid. Review of international literature from 1972 to 1975 (author's transl)].

The tremendous increase in the number of articles from the world scientific literature dealing with the synovial fluid in recent years, reflects the growing interest of research on that subject. The current review summarizes the scientific works published during the period of 1972 to 1975. This review deals with fundamental as well as applied research or clinical reports adding some diagnostic hints in the knowledge of diseases involving joints. The content of the review is divided in two major chapters. 1) The Physico-Chemical Properties of the Synovial Fluid (viscosity, pH,...); 2) The Composition of the Synovial Fluid (proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, prostaglandins, cells, crystals, micro-organisms).

Antibodies, Antinuclear↗

PubMedDate not supplied

[Problem of "biological compatibility" of crew members during prolonged space flight and possible directions for its solution].

The concept of biological compatibility of men can be defined as a phenomenon which includes an effect (that might be favorable or unfavorable) of one individuum on the other via trace amounts of chemicals released into their environment and micro-organisms. The paper presents the main results of studies of biological compatibility of crewmembers of space vehicles and outlines possible directions of research to be carried out in this area.

Bacteria↗

PubMed1976

Mycoplasma in tissue culture: overview of detection methods.

Mycoplasma contamination of tissue cultures is too costly, scientifically damaging and inappropriate, and perhaps, even medically hazardous to be ignored. Prevention by continuous surveillance demands adequate mycoplasma testing procedures. Despite a proliferation of indirect methods, the present consensus indicates that careful and extensive microbiological testing is still the cornerstone of any mycoplasma detection program. The finding of 'non-cultivable' or possible tissue-adapted micro-organisms plus the variability in microbiological expertise of many laboratories, makes the selection of at least one additional method imperative. At the present, though no one test will prove 100% satisfactory and selection should partly depend on available expertise, the method based on the ratio of the specific activities of incorporated radio-labelled uridine to uracil into RNA appears to be an acceptable choice due to its simplicity and general validity.

Bacteriological Techniques↗

PubMed1977

Microbial secondary metabolites with potential use in cancer treatment. (Plasmid involvement in biosynthesis and compounds.

Antibiotics and small molecular enzyme inhibitors produced by micro-organisms are microbial secondary metabolites which have no obvious function in the growth of microorganisms. Involvement of plasmids in their biosyntheses has been studied and the structure of the microbial world where various compounds with widely varying structures have been found has been shown to be due to the presence of a great variety of plasmids. On the basis of this structure of microbial world, the author has found the microbial products which have various activities useful in treatment of cancer or in suppression of carcinogenesis. In this paper, the author reviewed his following studies: the plasmid involvement in biosyntheses of bioactive microbial secondary metabolites; the mechanism of therapeutic effect of bleomycin, and the development of useful analogs and derivatives of bleomycin and anthracyclic antibiotics; the screening method to find compounds affecting immune system, and the action of bestatin in enhancing delayed-type hypersensitivity and therapeutic effects of anticancer agents; enzyme inhibitors with potential utility in treatment or prevention of cancer.

3',5'-Cyclic-AMP Phosphodiesterases↗

PubMed1979

[Immunotherapy of malignant growths (author's transl)].

Our knowledge of antigens which are associated with different types of malignant tumours is steadily increasing. These antigens exist in considerable numbers, but, so far with few exceptions, only their presence can be demonstrated by certain methods; to isolate and identify them has not yet been possible. These antigens are, therefore, suitable not so much for the primary diagnosis, but rather, like the carcinoembryonic antigen, the tissue-polypeptide antigen or the alpha-feto-protein, for assessing the success of treatment. Active immunization has recently received a fresh impulse by the use of the enzyme neuraminidase, derived from Vibrio cholerae, in the treatment of tumour cells. There is no passive specific immunotherapy in human cancer. As to specific active immunotherapy BCG, Corynebacterium parvum and preparations of these and other micro-organisms together with polynucleotides, levamisol, statolon, tilorone have been employed. Although the results are not uniform they are promising. Attempts at cellular transfer of immunity are not very encouraging. It should be emphasized that the findings apply to human cancer. Experimental studies have produced very interesting results.

Animals↗