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PubMed2004

The William Houston Medal of the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh 2002.

The William Houston medal is a prestigious prize awarded to the individual achieving the most outstanding examination performance at the Membership in Orthodontics examination for the Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. Five clinical cases treated by the candidate are presented as part of the final examination; two of these cases are described below. The first a Class III malocclusion, and the second a Class II division 1 malocclusion, were both treated by orthodontic camouflage.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2006

Is the benefit of early orthodontic treatment worth the burden?

In summary, early interception of Class III malocclusion is definitely warranted for many patients. A careful analysis of the patient's problem, and an analysis of the patient's airway is essential if one is to make the correct decision as to the amenability of early treatment of the patient's Class III malocclusion. The Class I patient, in most instances, especially if the crowding is severe, can be favorably impacted with guidance of occlusion. This procedure shortens treatment time and lessens the burden for both the patient and the family. Space preservation is also a viable procedure if the Class I patient has minor mandibular anterior crowding. Early Class II intervention can be attempted if all parties concerned know the literature and expectations. Of the three types of malocclusions, the Class II malocclusion presents with the most problems, and early Class II treatment must be viewed pessimistically.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2004

[Control of vertical dimension in Root's technique. Part 1. Class I and Class III].

Does a technique using pre-adjusted brackets offer orthodontists advantages or stumbling blocks in their efforts to improve control of vertical dimension over the course of full-banded treatment? If pre-adjusted brackets are always helpful in hyper-divergent cases, how can orthodontists utilize them to the fullest extent? The author attempts to respond to these questions in a two-part article. The first section deals with the specific cephalometric and mechanical characteristics of hyper-divergent skeletal Class I and Class III cases by analyzing two clinical examples: the objective being to control the hyper-divergence. The second part is devoted to skeletal Class II malocclusions in which the hyper-divergence must be reduced in order to stimulate optimal anterior rotation of the mandible.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed2004

Prevalence of malocclusion among adolescents in Ibadan, Nigeria.

The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of malocclusion among predominantly Yoruba adolescents in Ibadan, Nigeria, and to compare the results with those of other authors. The sample for this epidemiological survey comprised 636 secondary school students, (334 [52.5%] boys and 302 [47.5%] girls), aged 12-17 years (mean age, 14.72 +/- 1.16 SD). The subjects were randomly selected, and none had received previous orthodontic treatment. Occlusal anteroposterior relationships were assessed based on the Angle classification. Other variables examined were overjet, overbite, crowding, and midline diastema. The results showed that about 24% of the subjects had normal occlusions, 50% had Class I malocclusions, 14% had Class II malocclusions, and 12% had Class III malocclusions. Over 66% had normal overbites, and 14% and 9% had increased and reduced values, respectively. Overjet relationship was normal in 66%, increased in 16%, and decreased in 8%. Crowding was observed in 20% of the subjects and midline diastema in 37%. No statistically significant differences were observed for any occlusal variables (P > .05). Class I malocclusion is the most prevalent occlusal pattern among these Nigerian students. Different patterns of Class II and Class III might be present for the dominant ethnic groups in the country. Therefore, a survey of the occlusal pattern in southeastern Nigerians (Ibo ethnic group) would appear to be worthwhile.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2001

Finishing occlusion in Class II or Class III molar relation: therapeutic Class II and III.

The most frequent extraction regime consists of the removal of upper and lower premolars. Depending on anchorage requirements, camouflage treatment options, surgical intervention, or the absence of teeth in only one arch, it may become necessary to finalize the occlusion with a one-dental-unit discrepancy between the upper and lower dental arches. Guidelines are presented for finishing occlusions in Class II or Class III molar relation.

Anodontia↗
PubMed1993

Relationships of condylar path angle with malocclusion and temporomandibular joint disturbances.

A study was conducted to investigate the condylar path angle in relation to Angle's classification, amount of overbite and subjective symptoms. The condylar path angle in Angle's Class I group was similar to that in the Class II group. The angle in the Class III group was smaller than in the other two classes. A tendency for the angle to decrease as the amount of overbite became smaller was observed. The angle in the symptom group was slightly smaller than in the no-symptom group.

Adult↗
PubMed1999

Relationship between fossa-condylar position, meniscus position, and morphologic change in patients with Class II and III malocclusion.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate fossa-condylar-meniscus morphologic changes in patients with skeletal and dental Class III and Class II division 1 and 2 malocclusion to determine which type is related to internal derangement of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) and whether the variation of TMJ structure is related to a particular type of malocclusion. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-two pretreatment orthodontic patients, ranging in age from 10 to 27 years, underwent examination of the right and left TMJs with corrected Schöller's position radiographs. Bilateral TMJ relationships of the fossa-condyle were examined through subjective evaluation and linear and area measurements. In addition, in 20 of the 72 patients, meniscus positions and morphologic changes were imaged with a 0.5 T sagittal magnetic resonance imaging system on the right and left TMJ. RESULTS: (1) The variation of condyle-fossa positions for identical types of malocclusion was very large. (2) Skeletal and functional Class III malocclusion patients demonstrated significantly more anteriorly positioned condyles. (3) Class II division 1 patients showed concentrically positioned condyles, but with slightly anterior displacement. (4) Class II division 2 patients demonstrated more posteriorly positioned condyles. (5) When condyles were in anterior or concentric positions, meniscus positions and morphology were normal and in concavoconcave shapes. (6) When condyles were in posterior positions, most meniscus positions were in normal or slightly anterior range and their shapes were also concavoconcave. The rest were significantly more anterior and their shapes were abnormal, as evidenced by thickened anterior bands. CONCLUSION: Class III and Class II division 1 malocclusion demonstrated normal structure and function of the TMJ. Class II division 2 malocclusion was obviously associated with abnormal structure and function of the TMJ.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2003

[Three-dimensional measurement of tooth inclination in cases with successful treatment].

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to observe the differences of tooth inclinations among post-treatment good cases of different malocclusions and untreated normal occlusions in order to give references on clinical adjusting of tooth inclinations. METHODS: 157 post-treatment good cases were chosen and tooth inclinations were measured on post-treatment casts using YM-2115 three-dimensional measurement instrument. The measurement results were compared with those of untreated normal occlusions. RESULTS: The inclination values of upper and lower incisors of Class I groups are most close to those of untreated normal occlusions, which of upper central and lateral incisors are 9.6 degrees and 8.7 degrees, and of lower central and lateral incisors are 1.1 degrees and -1.1 degrees. In Class II groups, lower incisors are markedly proclined (5.6 degrees and 2.1 degrees) and upper incisors are similar with untreated normal occlusions. In Class III groups, upper incisors are markedly proclined (15.2 degrees and 12.1 degrees) and lower incisors are markedly retroclined (-3.7 degrees and -4.9 degrees). CONCLUSION: In order to achieve normal overjet and overbite, it is necessary to adjust the inclinations of upper and lower incisors when treated Class II and Class III malocclusions only by the method of orthodontic treatment.

Humans↗
PubMed2003

Crown-root shape of the permanent maxillary central incisor.

This study aimed to determine whether the lateral cephalometric crown-root shape differs among the permanent maxillary central incisor in Class I, Class II division 1, Class II division 2 and Class III malocclusions and to identify the nature of any differences. Of the 499 lateral cephalograms recorded at a university orthodontic clinic during 2001, 361 satisfied the inclusion criteria. Sixty cephalograms were selected from the four malocclusion groups and were digitized in random order. The configurations of the 10 landmarks characterizing the crown-root shape of the permanent maxillary central incisor were then optimally superimposed using Procrustes algorithms. Discriminant analysis of the principal components of shape determined the incisor shape differences between the malocclusion groups. The crown-root shape of the permanent maxillary central incisor did not differ significantly among the Class I, Class II division 1, and Class III groups (P > .05); however, the crown-root shape of the Class II division 2 permanent maxillary central incisor was significantly different (P < .001) from that of the Class 1, Class II division 1 and Class III. The shape discrimination involved axial bending of the Class II division 2 incisors. Principal components 1, 2, and 3 accounted for 63% of the Class II division 2 incisor shape variance, encompassing a shorter root, a longer crown, and axial bending of the incisor, in addition to a reduced labiopalatal thickness. These shape features could precipitate the development of a deep overbite in Class II division 2 malocclusion and may limit the amount of palatal root torque during fixed appliance therapy.

Algorithms↗
PubMed2001

Presence of third molar germs in orthodontic patients in Japan.

The purpose of this investigation was to evaluate the existence of third molar germs in orthodontic patients in Japan and to examine the relationship between the existence of third molars and sagittal maxillomandibular jaw relationships. The subjects comprised 306 patients from the orthodontic clinic of Hokkaido University Dental Hospital who were younger than 15 years. The subjects were divided into 2 groups: 1 group included 144 patients who were born between 1966 and 1969 (60s group), and the other group included 162 patients who were born between 1980 and 1987 (80s group). Assessments were made from panoramic radiographs and lateral cephalograms. The following results were obtained: (1) all 4 third molar germs were present in 77% of subjects, (2) mandibular third molars were present significantly more often than maxillary third molars, and (3) the percentage of skeletal Class III subjects who had all 4 third molars was lower than that of skeletal Class II subjects. The chi(2) test was used to determine statistical significance in differences.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1982

Postpharyngeal lymphoid tissue in Angle Class I and Class II malocclusions.

Opinions differ with regard to the relationship of adenoids and type of malocclusion. To study this possible relationship, xeroradiographic lateral cephalograms were made of eighty Class I (Angle) and sixty-four Class II, Division 1 (Angle) malocclusions to obtain reliable measures of the epipharyngeal lymphoid tissue, the nasopharyngeal airway, the nasopharynx, and certain cephalometric landmarks. Xeroradiographic cephalograms provide superior visualization with edge-enhancement effect for both soft and hard tissues. Electronic digitization and a comprehensive computer analysis were used to assess the head films. Significant differences were found for some of the linear and angular cephalometric criteria between the two malocclusion categories. A sexual dimorphism was observed. These skeletal and dental differences were anticipated in this mixed malocclusion sample, as prior cephalometric studies which compare different classes of malocclusion have shown. Airway space did not appear to vary with the type of malocclusion. Some low-level correlations were found between the size of the nasopharyngeal area and certain skeletal characteristics. These correlations depended on both the malocclusion type and the sex of the individual. The lateral, two-dimensional cephalogram does not seem to offer satisfactory information relating the nasopharyngeal area to Class I or to Class II, Division 1 malocclusions.

Cephalometry↗
PubMed1992

The study of the maxillary sinus areas in different orthodontic malocclusions.

In the present study, the maxillary sinus areas have been investigated on orthopantomographs of 103 male and 86 female subjects either with ideal occlusions or with malocclusions. It has been found that malocclusions and sex factors have no effect on the size of the maxillary sinuses, and that sex is a significant factor only in Angle Class II malocclusions. The female subjects with Angle Class II malocclusions have larger maxillary sinuses than the male subjects and the other groups of female subjects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Treatment of Class II high angle malocclusions with the Herbst appliance: a cephalometric investigation.

The purpose of this study was to examine the results of treatment of Class II malocclusions by using two different designs of the Herbst appliance. Cephalometric records from lateral headplates of 19 consecutively treated Class II cases were evaluated. The headplates were taken before and after the treatment stage in which the Herbst appliance was used. The patients were divided into two groups: the first group, normohypodivergent, was treated with the Herbst appliance attached to bands; the second group, hyperdivergent, was treated with the Herbst appliance attached to acrylic splints in which a high-pull headgear was also used. The results were compared between these groups and with a control group age-matched from Bolton standards to match the changes in the Herbst samples against what might be expected in case of normal growth during similar periods of time. The results of the investigation revealed the following: (1) 9 months of treatment resulted in Class I dental arch relationships in all 19 cases; (2) the Herbst appliance attached to bands did not significantly modify the vertical growth pattern of the normohypodivergent patients; and (3) in hyperdivergent patients, the use of a Herbst appliance attached to acrylic splints in conjunction with the use of a high-pull headgear allowed a better control of the vertical dimension, as assessed by the cephalometric parameters (FA, FMA, Go-Gn-SN). The clinician should be aware of the different dentofacial changes induced in the vertical plane by different designs of the Herbst appliance to better program treatment strategy.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

Craniofacial morphology in children with Angle Class II-1 malocclusion with and without deepbite.

The craniofacial morphology of children with Class II-1 malocclusion with and without deepbite was studied and compared with that of a control group of children with normal occlusion. Common for the Class II-1 children was a short mandibular corpus, which was probably the main reason these children had a distal basal jaw relationship. The Class II children with deepbite differed from the control group in ways. They had: 1) a distal relationship between points A and B; 2) a distal relationship between points A and pogonion; and 3) a discrepancy in length between the corpora of the two jaws. These deviations discriminated nearly 95% correct between the deepbite group and the controls. The most characteristic deviations in the Class II children without deepbite, in relation to the controls, were: 1) a distal relationship between points A and B; 2) a small angle between the nasal plane and the anterior cranial base; and 3) a long mental process. These deviations discriminated about 95% correct between the experimental group and the controls. Many of the craniofacial differences between the Class II groups could, theoretically, be explained by the MP-SN angle being, on average, 9 degrees larger in the children without deepbite. Most typical was that this group has 1) a larger lower anterior face height, 2) larger maxillary and mandibular incisal heights, and 3) a more obvious distal relationship between points A and pogonion. In combination, these differences discriminated correctly between the Class II groups in 90% and 97% of the cases.

Adolescent↗