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PubMed2005

Mango ripening--chemical and structural characterization of pectic and hemicellulosic polysaccharides.

Ripening of mango is characterized by a gradual, but natural softening of the fruit, which is due to progressive depolymerization of pectic and hemicellulosic polysaccharides with significant loss of galactose, arabinose and mannose residues at the ripe stage. Structural characterization employing permethylation followed by GC-MS analysis, IR and 13C NMR measurements revealed the major CWS fractions of both unripe and ripe mangoes to be of variable molecular weights and having a 1,4-linked galactan/galacturonan backbone, which is occasionally involved in side chain branches consisting of single residues of galactose and arabinose or oligomeric 1,5-linked arabinofuranose residues linked through 1,3-linkages; whereas the major hemicellulosic fractions of unripe mango to be of xyloglucan-type having 1,4-linked glucan backbone with branching by non-reducing terminal arabinose and xylose residues.

Fruit↗

PubMed2005

Ceratocystis omanensis, a new species from diseased mango trees in Oman.

Mango (Mangifera indica) sudden decline is an important disease in Oman, which is closely associated with infections by Ceratocystis fimbriata and Lasiodiplodia theobromae. Another Ceratocystis species has also been found associated with symptoms on diseased trees. In this study, we identify that Ceratocystis based on morphology and DNA sequences. Morphological comparisons showed that the fungus from dying mango trees in Oman is similar to C. moniliformis. Both fungi have distinct hat-shaped ascospores, disc-shaped plates at the bases of the ascomatal necks and spines on the ascomatal bases. However, comparison of DNA sequences for ITS1-2, the 5.8S RNA gene, the beta-tubulin gene, and Transcription Elongation Factor (EF1-alpha) gene, confirmed that the fungus from Oman is distinct from C. moniliformis and other related species. Phylogenetically, this fungus formed one of four strongly supported sub-clades. The other sub-clades included isolates of C. bhutanensis, C. moniliformis and C. moniliformopsis, respectively. Based on morphological characteristics and differences in DNA sequences for three gene regions, we conclude that the Ceratocystis sp. from wounds on mango in Oman is a new species, for which we provide the name Ceratocystis omanensis sp. nov.

Ascomycota↗

PubMed2003

Identification of flavonol and xanthone glycosides from mango (Mangifera indica L. Cv. "Tommy Atkins") peels by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry.

Flavonol O- and xanthone C-glycosides were extracted from mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. "Tommy Atkins") peels and characterized by high-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Among the fourteen compounds analyzed, seven quercetin O-glycosides, one kaempferol O-glycoside, and four xanthone C-glycosides were found. On the basis of their fragmentation pattern, the latter were identified as mangiferin and isomangiferin and their respective galloyl derivatives. A flavonol hexoside with m/z 477 was tentatively identified as a rhamnetin glycoside, which to the best of our knowledge, has not yet been reported in mango peels. The results obtained in the present study confirm that peels originating from mango fruit processing are a promising source of phenolic compounds that might be recovered and used as natural antioxidants or functional food ingredients.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗

PubMed2005

Determination of the molecular and structural characteristics of okenia, mango, and banana starches.

Starches were isolated from nonconventional sources (banana, mango, and okenia) and their characteristics were examined using polarized light microscopy, X-ray diffraction pattern, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Banana starch granules were of an ellipsoidal shape with size between approximately 8 and 20 microm; okenia had the smallest granule size, between approximately 2 and 5 microm. The three starches showed the Maltese cross, indicative of an intact granule structure. Okenia and mango starches had the A-type X-ray diffraction pattern, common to native cereal starches, whereas banana starch showed a mixture between A- and B-type pattern. Banana starch had the highest temperature (77.6 degrees C) and enthalpy (23.4 J/g) of gelatinization in excess water conditions; okenia had the lowest temperature (71.2 degrees C) and enthalpy (15 J/g), which may be related to the X-ray diffraction pattern and its small granule size. Both the okenia and mango starches had a higher molar mass and gyration radius than banana starch, which may be related to the differences determined in their crystalline structures.

Calorimetry, Differential Scanning↗

PubMed1998

Effects of Ripening, Cultivar Differences, and Processing on the Carotenoid Composition of Mango.

The carotenoid composition of mangoes produced in Brazil was determined by HPLC to appraise the effects of some influencing factors. Total carotenoid rose from 12.3 to 38.0 µg/g in the cultivar Keitt and from 17.0 to 51.2 µg/g in the cultivar Tommy Atkins from the mature-green to the ripe stage. Ripening alterations occurred principally in the major carotenoids, violaxanthin and beta-carotene. In the Keitt mangoes, all-trans-beta-carotene, all-trans-violaxanthin, and 9-cis-violaxanthin (location of cis double bond tentative) increased from 1.7, 5.4, and 1.7 µg/g in the mature-green fruits to 6.7, 18.0, and 7.2 µg/g, respectively, in the ripe fruits. In the Tommy Atkins cultivar, these carotenoids went from 2.0, 6.9, and 3.3 µg/g to 5.8, 22.4, and 14.5 µg/g, respectively, on ripening. In both cultivars, the small amount of 13-cis-violaxanthin practically disappeared on ripening. Geographic effects appeared to be substantial. In commercially processed mango juice, violaxanthin was not detected, auroxanthin appeared at an appreciable level, and beta-carotene became the principal carotenoid.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1999

Relating X-ray absorption and some quality characteristics of mango fruit (Mangifera indica L.).

X-ray absorption was used as an index to detect the quality of mango based on its relationship with density, moisture content, soluble solids, titratable acidity, and pH. A regression equation was obtained between the computed tomography (CT) number and the physicochemical properties based on the principle of X-ray absorption capacities of the fruit. The CT numbers of intact mangoes were positively correlated with density, moisture content, and titratable acidity. The soluble solids and pH were inversely related with CT number. The results suggest that CT number measurements on intact fruit can be used as a nondestructive indicator of the quality of mango.

Fruit↗

PubMed1992

Efficacy of massive oral doses of retinyl palmitate and mango (Mangifera indica L.) consumption to correct an existing vitamin A deficiency in Senegalese children.

Administration of large oral doses of retinyl palmitate has become the most widely practised vitamin A deficiency prevention strategy in developing countries. We conducted a follow-up study among 220 Senegalese children aged 2-7 years suffering from moderate undernutrition to determine the efficacy of vitamin A treatment on their vitamin A status assessed by biochemical and cytological (impression cytology with transfer) methods. The first examination (T = 0 m[onth]) was carried out during April 1989, before the mango (Mangifera indica L,) harvest. The second examination (T = 2 m) was carried out 2 months after vitamin A treatment during June 1989 when ripe mangoes become widely available. Conjunctival cells of the eyes of the children with or without ocular inflammation were responsive to vitamin A administration (P < 0.01). There was a significant increase (P < 0.001) in mean serum retinol and beta-carotene levels between T = 0 m and T = 2 m. Mean serum retinol-binding protein (RBP) and transthyretin (TTR) levels did not differ significantly (P > 0.05) at T = 0 m and T = 2 m. Despite the intake of vitamin A, 54% of the children who had abnormal cytology at T = 0 m remained abnormal at T = 2 m. This was due to inadequate levels of TTR and RBP, presumably due to the cereal diet eaten by the Senegalese population. children with abnormal eye cytology had lower serum retinol levels than those with normal eyes at T = 0 m, and beta-carotene values did not correlate with eye cytological abnormalities at T = 0 m. Children with normal cytology had higher serum retinol and also beta-carotene levels than those with abnormal cytology after massive oral doses of vitamin A and consumption of mangoes at T = 2 m. Retinyl palmitate may, therefore, only lead to partial cytological improvement due to a lack of retinol-carrier proteins but dietary beta-carotene may also be involved.

Carotenoids↗

PubMed2004

Characterization of phenolic compounds in some Indian mango cultivars.

Mangoes (Mangifera indica) are rich in phenolic acids as detected by high-performance liquid chromatography. The phenolics have prominent medicinal properties. Among six important commercial mango cultivars (Deshi, Langra, Chausa, Mallika, Dashahari and Amrapali) tannic acid was maximal in Mallika, while gallic acid was maximal in Chausa and all other varieties. Caffeic acid was maximal in Langra followed by Chausa and Amrapali. Many of the pharmacological properties attributed to mango might be due to the presence of phenolic acids in fairly significant amounts.

Caffeic Acids↗

PubMed2003

A multistate outbreak of Salmonella enterica Serotype Newport infection linked to mango consumption: impact of water-dip disinfestation technology.

Fresh produce increasingly is recognized as an important source of salmonellosis in the United States. In December 1999, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention detected a nationwide increase in Salmonella serotype Newport (SN) infections that had occurred during the previous month. SN isolates recovered from patients in this cluster had indistinguishable pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) patterns (which identified the outbreak strain), suggesting a common source. Seventy-eight patients from 13 states were infected with the outbreak strain. Fifteen patients were hospitalized; 2 died. Among 28 patients enrolled in the matched case-control study, 14 (50%) reported they ate mangoes in the 5 days before illness onset, compared with 4 (10%) of the control subjects during the same period (matched odds ratio, 21.6; 95% confidence interval, 3.53- infinity; P=.0001). Traceback of the implicated mangoes led to a single Brazilian farm, where we identified hot water treatment as a possible point of contamination; this is a relatively new process to prevent importation of an agricultural pest, the Mediterranean fruit fly. This is the first reported outbreak of salmonellosis implicating mangoes. PFGE was critical to the timely recognition of this nationwide outbreak. This outbreak highlights the potential global health impact of foodborne diseases and newly implemented food processes.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

An overnight chill induces a delayed inhibition of photosynthesis at midday in mango (Mangifera indica L.).

The effect of a cold night on photosynthesis in herbaceous chilling-sensitive crops, like tomato, has been extensively studied and is well characterized. This investigation examined the behaviour of the sub-tropical fruit tree, mango, to enable comparison with these well-studied systems. Unlike tomato, chilling between 5 degrees C and 7 degrees C overnight produced no significant inhibition of light-saturated CO(2) assimilation (A:) during the first hours following rewarming, measured either under controlled environment conditions or in the field. By midday, however, there was a substantial decline in A:, which could not be attributed to photoinhibition of PSII, but rather was associated with an increase in stomatal limitation of A: and lower Rubisco activity. Overnight chilling of tomato can cause severe disruption in the circadian regulation of key photosynthetic enzymes and is considered to be a major factor underlying the dysfunction of photosynthesis in chilling-sensitive herbaceous plants. Examination of the gas exchange of mango leaves maintained under constant conditions for 2 d, demonstrated that large depressions in A: during the subjective night were primarily the result of stomatal closure. Chilling did not disrupt the ability of mango leaves to produce a circadian rhythm in stomatal conductance. Rather, the midday increase in stomatal limitation of A: appeared to be the result of altered guard cell sensitivity to CO(2) following the dark chill.

Circadian Rhythm↗

PubMed2002

A randomized, 4-month mango and fat supplementation trial improved vitamin A status among young Gambian children.

Supplementation with carotene-rich fruits may be an effective and sustainable approach to prevent vitamin A deficiency. To test the effectiveness of mango supplementation, 176 Gambian children, aged 2 to 7 y, were randomly assigned to one of four treatments: 75 g of dried mango containing approximately 150 micro g retinol activity equivalents with (MF) or without (M) 5 g of fat, 5 d/wk for 4 mo or 60,000 micro g of vitamin A (A) or placebo (P) capsule at baseline. After 4 mo, plasma beta-carotene was greater in both the M (P < 0.05) and MF (P = 0.07) groups compared with the P group. After controlling for baseline plasma retinol, elevated acute phase proteins and age, plasma retinol concentrations in the A and MF, but not M, groups were higher than in the P group at the end of the study (P < 0.01). Increases in retinol concentrations, however, were small in both groups. These results support the use of dietary supplementation with dried mangoes and a source of fat as one of several concurrent strategies that can be used to help maintain vitamin A status of children in developing countries where there is a severe seasonal shortage of carotenoid-rich foods.

Child↗

PubMed2001

The expression of alternative oxidase and uncoupling protein during fruit ripening in mango.

The expression of alternative oxidase (Aox) and uncoupling proteins (Ucp) was investigated during ripening in mango (Mangifera indica) and compared with the expression of peroxisomal thiolase, a previously described ripening marker in mango. The multigene family for the Aox in mango was expressed differentially during ripening. Abundance of Aox message and protein both peaked at the ripe stage. Expression of the single gene for the Ucp peaked at the turning stage and the protein abundance peaked at the ripe stage. Proteins of the cytochrome chain peaked at the mature stage of ripening. The pattern of protein accumulation suggested that increases in cytochrome chain components played an important role in facilitating the climacteric burst of respiration and that the Aox and Ucp may play a role in post-climacteric senescent processes. Because both message and protein for the Aox and Ucp increased in a similar pattern, it suggests that their expression is not controlled in a reciprocal manner but may be active simultaneously.

Blotting, Southern↗

PubMed1983

Cytokinins of the Developing Mango Fruit : Isolation, Identification, and Changes in Levels during Maturation.

The cytokinin activity has been isolated and identified from extracts of immature mango (Mangifera indica L.) seeds. The structures of zeatin, zeatin riboside, and N(6)-(Delta(2)-isopentenyl)adenine riboside were confirmed on the basis of their chromatographic behavior and mass spectra of trimethylsilyl derivatives. Both trans and cis isomers of zeatin and zeatin riboside were also identified by the retention times of high performance liquid chromatography. In addition, an unidentified compound appeared to be a cytokinin glucoside.The concentration of cytokinins in the panicle and pulp of mango reached a maximum 5 to 10 days after full bloom and decreased rapidly thereafter. The cytokinin level in the seed remained high until the 28th day after full bloom. The quantity of cytokinins in pulp per fruit increased from the 10th day after full bloom, the maximum being attained around the 50th day after full bloom. Similarly, the amount of cytokinins per seed increased from the 10th day after full bloom, reaching a peak on the 40th day and decreasing gradually thereafter.A high percentage of fruit set in mango was persistently maintained by supplying 6-benzylaminopurine (1.5 x 10(3) micromolar) onto the panicle at the anthesis stage and by supplying gibberellic acid (7.2 x 10(2) micromolar) and naphthalene acetamide (3.1 x 10 micromolar) at the young fruit stage.

Journal Article↗

PubMedDate not supplied

Soil chemical changes under irrigated mango production in the Central São Francisco River Valley, Brazil.

Irrigated areas in Brazil's Central São Francisco River Valley have experienced declines in productivity, which may be a reflection of changes in soil chemical properties due to management. This study was conducted to compare the chemical composition of soil solutions and cation exchange complexes in a five-year-old grove of irrigated mango (Mangifera indica L. cv. Tommy Atkins) with that of an adjacent clearing in the native caatinga vegetation. A detailed physiographic characterization of the area revealed a subsurface rock layer, which was more undulating than the current land surface, and identified the presence of a very saline and sodic (1045 microS cm(-1), sodium adsorption ratio [SAR] = 5.19) ground water table. While changes in concentrations of Ca, Mg, and K could be attributed to direct management inputs (fertilization and liming with dolomite), increases in Na suggested average annual capillary rise from the ground water table of 28 L m(-2). Accordingly, soil salinity levels appeared to be more dependent on surface elevation than the elevation of the rock layer or sediment thickness. The apparent influence of land surface curvature on water redistribution and the solution chemistry was more pronounced under irrigated mango production. In general, salinity levels had doubled in the mango grove and nearly tripled under the canopies, after only five years of irrigation. Though critical saline or sodic conditions were not encountered, the changes observed indicate a need for more adequate monitoring and management of water and salt inputs despite the excellent water quality of the São Francisco River.

Agriculture↗

PubMed1998

Microbial stability of mango (Mangifera indica L.) juice preserved by combined application of mild heat and extracts of two tropical spices.

The microbial stability of mango (Mangifera indica L.) juice (pH 4.9) supplemented with extracts of ginger (Zingiber officinale) and nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) was investigated during 3 months of ambient-temperature storage. Heating at 55 degrees C for 15 min markedly reduced the levels of non-spore-forming bacteria and produced a product with acceptable taste. Supplementing mango juice with an agueous extract of ginger (15%, vol/vol) or nutmeg (20%, vol/vol) inhibited the growth of challenge microorganisms, but produced a product with unacceptable taste. Heating the mango juice at 55 degrees C for 15 min and supplementing with nutmeg (4%, vol/vol) markedly inhibited microbial growth and produced a product with acceptable taste. Tropical spices may prove useful in preservation of fruit juices by hurdle technology.

Bacteria↗

PubMed2005

Effect of the lactoperoxidase system against three major causal agents of disease in mangoes.

The antibacterial activity of the lactoperoxidase system (LPS) on the growth of Xanthomonas campestris, the causal agent of bacterial black spot in mangoes, Botryodiplodia theobromae, the causal agent of stem-end rot disease in mangoes, and Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, the causal agent of anthracnose disease in mangoes, was determined during culture at 30 degrees C and at several pH values (4.5, 5.5, and 6.5). When the results of using the LPS were compared with those from control cultures without the LPS reagents, the growth of the three microorganisms was totally inhibited in all of the conditions tested. Viability tests enumerating cultivable cells of X. campestris showed that the LPS had a bactericidal effect, whatever the pH value. This effect is faster at pH 5.5, corroborating the results reported in the literature (optimal pH for the LPS efficiency). Further, we proved that hydrogen peroxide alone had little inhibition effect on the growth of the microorganisms studied. This compound is essentially used to convert thiocyanate into hypothiocyanate during the lactoperoxidase reaction. The potential of the LPS for the postharvest treatment of the fruits for controlling microbial diseases was thus demonstrated. Nevertheless, further studies are needed on fresh fruits before envisaging any application.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2006

Antimicrobial activity of vanillin against spoilage microorganisms in stored fresh-cut mangoes.

The antimicrobial activity of vanillin against four bacteria (Pantoea agglomerans, Aeromonas enteropelogenes, Micrococcus lylae, and Sphingobacterium spiritovorun), four fungi (Alternaria sp., Aspergillus sp., Penicillium sp., and Fusarium sp.), and three unidentified yeasts isolated from spoiling fresh-cut mango slices was verified in laboratory media adjusted to pH 5.0. MICs of vanillin against the fungi (12.5 to 13.3 mM), bacteria (10 to 13.3 mM), and yeasts (5.0 to 6.7 mM) indicated that all the test species were sensitive to the antimicrobial effects of vanillin. Fresh-cut mango slices were dipped for 1 min in solutions containing 40 and 80 mM vanillin before being packaged in rigid trays and stored at 5 and 10 degrees C to verify the effects of vanillin on the development of the spoilage microflora. Microbiological analysis for up to 14 days of storage revealed that treatment with 80 mM vanillin significantly delayed (P < 0.05) the development of total aerobic bacteria and yeast and mold populations. Vanillin may be a practical preservative for processing fresh-cut mango.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed2002

Leaf photosynthesis of 'Cat Hoa Loc' mango (Mangifera indica L.) and 'Nam Roi' pummelo (Citrus grandis (L.) Osbeck.) in the rainy season.

With an EARS--Plant photosynthesis meter we determined gross photosynthesis (P) of leaves of 'Cat Hoa Loc' mango on 4 years old trees planted in the Fruit Tree Experiment and Production Station, Campus 2, Department of Crop Science, College of Agriculture, Can Tho University in the rainy season of the year 2000. The same experiment was conducted on 'Nam Roi' pummelo on a farm located in the Binh Minh district, Vinh Long province. In the rainy season the calculated gross photosynthesis of 'Cat Hoa Loc' mango leaves at flowering stage was higher than that at the vegetative stage. However, the photosynthetically active radiation and quantum yield of 'Cat Hoa Loc' mango leaves in both stages did not reach the light saturation point when compared with values from estimated equation of photosynthetic light curve. The same holds true for 'Nam Roi' pummelo in the vegetative stage.

Citrus↗