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PubMed1995

Psychosocial and behavioral predictors of longevity. The aging and death of the "termites".

Impulsive, undercontrolled personalities and major family stresses are known predictors of impaired adjustment, but long-term health effects are unclear. In an archival prospective cohort design, we followed up on L. M. Terman's (Terman & Oden, 1947) sample of gifted children by collecting and coding death certificates for the half of the sample that is now dead. Statistical survival analyses were used to predict longevity and cause of death as a function of parental divorce during childhood, unstable marriage patterns in adulthood, childhood personality, adult adjustment, and possible mediating health behaviors. Psychosocial factors emerged as important risks for premature mortality.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Genetic variation in Brac, Croatia.

A serological survey of the Dalmatian island of Brac (Croatia), based on a total sample of 747 subjects, shows considerable local genetic variation. While the overall gene frequencies are much as expected from the island's geographical position, the local genetic heterogeneity is made up of differences between the inland and coastal villages, differences between the two coastal areas, and variation among the older inland villages. This heterogeneity is interpreted as deriving from the settlement process (founder effect), random differentiation, and the essentially local marriage pattern.

Blood Group Antigens↗
PubMed1991

Founder effect in 20 Afrikaner kindreds with pseudoxanthoma elasticum.

The pedigrees of 20 families with pseudoxanthoma elasticum (PXE) were investigated. The analyses involved 13 generations up to and including the initial settlers, who arrived in the Cape before 1660. Four settler surnames predominate in these pedigrees. Because of the marriage patterns of the settlers' descendants it was necessary to classify the four surnames into two groups. It is suggested that these two groups are the founder groups of present-day PXE patients. Similar genealogical studies have been performed on kindreds with familial polyposis, familial heart block and familial hypercholesterolaemia, among other disorders. Due to geographical isolation, political developments and cultural factors in the Afrikaner, these investigations are feasible and often lead to the identification of founder origin.

Female↗
PubMed1987

Biology of the people of Sikkim, India. 2. Colour blindness, ear lobe attachment, mid-phalangeal hair and behavioural traits.

14 population groups of Sikkim (India)--Lepchas (2), Bhutias (2), Sherpas, Tamangs, Gurungs, Mangars, Rais, Limboos/Subbas, Pradhans (Newars), Brahmans, Chhetris, Scheduled Castes--have been studied in regard of the intra- and intergroup variability of colour blindness, ear lobe attachment, mid-phalangeal hair and behavioural traits (tongue folding, hand clapsing, arm folding, leg folding, handedness). Some of these variables show a considerable distribution heterogeneity, which is discussed considering history and marriage patterns of these populations. As most of them are highly endogamous one can assume that this heterogeneity is caused by locally acting factors such as drift and/or founder effects, which could be preserved due to as good as lacking gene flow among the populations under study. Beyond that the Sikkim data are compared briefly with those reported for other Indian and Asiatic populations.

Color Vision Defects↗
PubMed1985

Religion and adolescent sexuality.

The health professional can be helpful to the adolescent, the adolescent's family, and the community through participating in and initiating local sex education programs. Religious settings provide a great potential for sexuality education within a value framework. A helpful curriculum will include the meaning of sexuality; developing a positive concept of sexuality, and a healthy sexual identity; present the issues of adolescent sexuality, including the various health issues; and an understanding of quality relationships within the family and among peers. If health professions and the community religious institutions can joint together, they can reach the goals of most programs in human sexuality, namely, "learning to appreciate our sexuality as a positive potential for self-expression, fulfillment and intimacy; respect for the personhood and well-being of others; and responsible decision-making."

Abortion, Induced↗
PubMed1994

Haemoglobinopathies C and S in the Dogons.

The distribution of haemoglobins C and S was studied in a population of caste and non caste Dogons living in villages located on the plateau and scree regions in the Sangha department of Mali. Results showed a 15.77% prevalence of haemoglobinopathy AC. Haemoglobin C was found in both plateau and scree villages and equally among caste and non caste Dogons, while the homozygous form CC was absent in non Dogons. The prevalence of haemoglobinopathy AS was extremely low with a calculated frequency of 3.05%, allele S being restricted to areas where one is likely to encounter populations other than the Dogon people. Homozygotes SS were not detected and the phenotype SC was only rarely identified. An overall analysis of these data not only suggests that allele S is of recent introduction in the Dogons but also raises the question as to whether their origin is not the voltaic rather than the Manding plateau. Studies of marriage patterns and haplotypes currently in progress should enable resolution of this controversy.

Anemia, Sickle Cell↗
PubMed1995

Trends in marriage and cohabitation: the decline in marriage and the changing pattern of living in partnerships.

The number of marriages in England and Wales fell to its lowest level for 50 years in 1993 at just under 300 thousand. In addition, the number of marriages which were the first for both partners was the lowest recorded this century. This article examines the trends in marriage, cohabitation, and of living outside a partnership, to provide some background information to the decline in marriage. Seven out of ten first marriages in the early 1990s were preceded by premarital cohabitation, compared with only one in ten in the early 1970s. Of the couples who lived together before marriage, the median duration of premarital cohabitation was about 2 years for those who first married in the early 1990s, compared with about 1 year for those who first married in the early 1970s. Over one in 5 of non-married men and women were cohabiting in 1993, compared with under one in 7 in the mid-1980s. On the basis of these trends which have persisted for a number of years, as well as the growing tendency to live outside a partnership, the incidence of marriage, particularly at the younger ages, seems likely to decline further.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

American household structure in transition.

The number of U.S. households rose by 58 percent between 1960 and 1983, with nontraditional household types accounting for most of the increase. Whereas the number of households containing married couples with children younger than 18 rose by only four percent over the period, one-parent households increased by 175 percent; one-person households, by 173 percent; and households composed of unmarried couples, by 331 percent. In 1983, households maintained by married couples constituted six in 10 U.S. households; the second most common household type--adults living alone--accounted for about one-quarter of all households. Lone parents living with their children represent nearly one in 10 households. Almost all of these parents are women--of whom two-thirds are separated or divorced, one-quarter have never been married, and fewer than one in 10 are widows. Among adults living alone, women aged 45 and older predominate; but the rate at which the practice has been adopted since 1960 has been greatest among those under age 45. Most of the growth in the number of one-person households occurred during the 1970s. The increase in cohabitation--most of it also in the 1970s--has similarly been concentrated in the younger age-groups. The living arrangements of children younger than 18 have changed accordingly over the two decades. Since 1960, the number of children living with two parents has declined by nearly one-fifth, and the number living with one parent--generally the mother--has more than doubled.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Adolescent↗
PubMed1993

Urban nuptiality patterns and marital fertility in Nigeria.

This study indicates that urban marital patterns in nine Nigerian cities influence fertility. Fertility is also influenced by age at marriage, region of residence, ethnicity and religion; education and employment lead to marriage delay and tend to conflict with childbearing by enhancing the status of women.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1992

Social class, marital status, and cancer of the uterine cervix in England and Wales, 1950-1983.

STUDY OBJECTIVE: The aim was to investigate whether trends in mortality from cancer of the cervix uteri by age, marital status, and social class are compatible with current beliefs about the epidemiology of the disease. DESIGN: Data on mortality from cancer of the cervix for single and married women by age and social class were obtained from the Registrar General's Decennial Supplements on occupational mortality for the years 1950-53, 1959-63, 1970-72, and 1979, 1980, 1982, and 1983. Age standardised mortality rates were calculated directly by social class and marital status. SETTING: The data relate to all cases of carcinoma of the cervix reported in England and Wales in the years studied. MAIN RESULTS: There was a marked convergence of mortality between single and married women over the period within every social class grouping examined. The social class differential, however, remained essentially unchanged for both single and married women considered separately. CONCLUSIONS: Trends in mortality by marital status appear to reflect accurately the changes in the pattern of marriage and sexual behaviour that have taken place in the post-war period, whereas the patterns of other risk and protective factors such as screening explain these trends less well. In contrast, it seems likely that factors other than patterns of sexual behaviour and screening operate to maintain the social class differential in England and Wales.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Birth spacing patterns and correlates in Shaanxi, China.

This study shows that most women in Shaanxi Province, China try to have their first birth as soon as possible after their first marriage, and that the length of the interval between marriage and first birth is strongly correlated with the woman's age at first marriage. The length of the second and third birth intervals and the likelihood of going on to have a second or third birth are strongly influenced by the sex composition of children already born, the survival time of the child initiating the interval, the duration of breastfeeding, and the woman's occupation. There is significant regional variation in the length of birth intervals and in the prevalence of second and third births in Shaanxi. The findings indicate that China's one-child policy is far from being universally accepted in Shaanxi, including its urban areas. The persistence of many social, economic, institutional, and cultural factors promoting high fertility poses many obstacles to further fertility decline.

Adult↗
PubMed1995

Influence of industrialisation on marital behaviour in Beduído (Estarreja), Portugal.

From marriage records of a Northern Portuguese parish for 1900-80, endogamy and exogamy rates were calculated for birthplace and residence in order to analyse the effect of industrialisation on the population structure after 1940. Marriages that were endogamous relative to birthplace decreased between 1940-49 (58.9%) and 1988 (20.5%), while exogamy increased. Exogamous marriages in which people came from outside the municipality (51.92%) were greater than those of the surrounding region (42.04%). After industrialisation, the pattern of marriages changed for residence, with an increase in the number of individuals who came from the district to work in the factories and married. Industrialisation advanced the start of exogamy which, for most Portuguese populations, began later, in the 1960s.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Marital mobility within Shahrestan Nowshahr, northern Iran.

Birth localities of spouses from two generations are examined, to assess the extent to which the observed patterns of marital mobility link the spatially separated and kin-structured sub-populations within the 'shah-restan' of Nowshahr. The results indicate localised marriages and short range movements from the village of birth in both generations. Temporal increase in the range of movement indicates the breaking down of isolation, thus providing greater possibilities for admixture and genetic homogeneity.

Gene Pool↗
PubMed1994

Fertility, infertility and child survival of Somali women.

The relationship of reproductive patterns, some socio-economic factors and child survival was studied in 766 rural Somali women. A structured questionnaire was the method of data collection. Teenage marriage was the norm for the women, and divorce was very common. The mean number of live births was 5.2, and the mean number of surviving children was 3.7. 2/3 of the women aged 45+ had a parity of 6 or more, about one third had had at least one miscarriage and one fifth had experienced one stillbirth. Primary infertility was observed in 7% of the women aged 45+, while 20% were considered subfertile. Verbal autopsy showed that mortality was highest among infants and accounted for 63% of the child deaths. Major causes of death were neonatal tetanus, diarrhoea and respiratory diseases. Child survival and reproductive outcome ratios were found to be negatively related to the increasing age of the mother and parity. Divorce and widowhood were also found to be associated with low child survival.

Abortion, Spontaneous↗