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PubMed1991

Colony-stimulating factors increase resistance to atypical mycobacteria in resistant mice, whereas they decrease resistance in susceptible strains of mice.

Inbred strains of mice, notably the susceptible C57BL/6 and the resistant A/J strains of mice, were infected with a strain of Mycobacterium evium. The infection in the visceral organs of mice was then studied, and the effect of colony-stimulating factors, i.e., interleukin-3 (IL-3), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), and macrophage colony-stimulating factor (CSF-1) on the infectious process was evaluated. Infusion of GM-CSF, CSF-1, and IL-3 led to a significant, albeit rather modest, increase in the mycobacterial resistance of A/J mice, as seen by a decrease in the number of colony-forming units (CFU) in the organs. Conversely, these CSFs dramatically increased the susceptibility of C57BL/6 mice, as seen by increased bacterial numbers in the spleens and livers. In vitro studies demonstrated that resident peritoneal macrophages from susceptible mice were more permissive than cells from resistant mice for mycobacterial growth. Application of CSFs on peritoneal macrophage monolayers led to an increased growth in both A/J and C57BL/6 monolayers for IL-3 and CSF-1 and a small microbiostatic effect for GM-CSF. Cytokine treatment did not, however, change the resistance/susceptibility phenotype of isolated macrophages. Our results indicate that CSFs may exert beneficial or detrimental effects on resistance to mycobacteria depending on the host genetic make up.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Genetic variation in brain L-glutamate decarboxylase activity from two inbred strains of mice.

Two inbred strains of mice, C57BL/6Bg and DBA/1Bg, were compared for genetic varaition in brain L-glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) activity. Although no large difference was found between the strains in whole brain GAD activity at adult age (27--45 days postnatally), regional examination revealed a difference in GAD activity in the cerebral cortex (15% higher in DBA); subcellular examination revealed a difference in synaptosomal fraction (21% higher in DBA). When GAD activity was measured in synaptosomal fractions prepared from dissected cerebral cortex, DBA was 34% higher than C57BL. In addition, differences in GAD activity between the two strains could be observed even in the whole brain (10--15% higher in DBA) during earlier development (15--23 days postnatally). These data indicate that at adult age, genetic difference in GAD activity between the two strains exists mainly in nerve terminals of the cerebral cortex. It is postulated that the difference may be due to a genetically mediated mechanism regulating GAD in the presynaptic terminals of GABA neurons of the cerebral cortex.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1992

Inference in linkage analysis of multifactorial traits using recombinant inbred strains of mice.

Recombinant inbred strains have been shown to be important tools for segregation and linkage analysis of multifactorial traits. Tests of association have been used as robust methods of linkage detection, however, guidelines for forming inferences from significance levels have not been generally available. In this paper, lessons learned from a Bayesian statistical approach to linkage analysis of Mendelian traits have been applied to studies of multifactorial traits. Criteria for detection of linkage based on Bonferroni's correction for multiple testing are also discussed.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Effects of genetic and procedural variation on measurement of alcohol sensitivity in mouse inbred strains.

Mice from eight inbred strains were studied for their acute sensitivity to ethanol as indexed by the degree of hypothermia (HT), indexed as the reduction from pre-injection baseline of their body temperature. Two weeks later, mice were tested for their loss of righting reflex (LRR) after a higher dose of ethanol. The LRR was tested using the "classical" method of watching for recovery in animals placed on their backs in a V-shaped trough and recording duration of LRR. In a separate test, naive animals of the same strains were tested for HT repeatedly to assess the development of rapid (RTOL) and chronic tolerance (CTOL). We have recently developed a new method for testing LRR that leads to a substantial increase in the sensitivity of the test. Strains also have been found to differ in the new LRR test, as well as in the development of acute functional tolerance (AFT) to this response. In addition, our laboratory has periodically published strain difference data on the older versions of the HT and LRR responses. The earlier tests used some of the exact substrains tested currently, while for some strains, different substrains (usually, Nih versus Jax) were tested. We examined correlations of strain means to see whether patterns of strain differences were stable across time and across different test variants assessing the same behavioral construct. HT strain sensitivity scores were generally highly correlated across a 10-23 years period and test variants. The CTOL to HT was well-correlated across studies, and was also genetically similar to RTOL. The AFT, however, was related to neither RTOL nor CTOL, although this may be because different phenotypic end points were compared. The LRR data, which included a variant of the classical test, were not as stable. Measures of LRR onset were reasonably well correlated, as were those taken at recovery (e.g., duration). However, the two types of measures of LRR sensitivity to ethanol appear to be tapping traits that differ genetically. Also, the pattern of genetic correlation between HT and LRR initially reported in 1983 was not seen in current and contemporaneous studies. In certain instances, substrain seems to matter little, while in others, substrains differed a great deal. These data are generally encouraging about the stability of genetic differences.

Alcoholism↗
PubMed1998

Effect of ethanol drinking on the gene expression of opioid receptors, enkephalinase, and angiotensin-converting enzyme in two inbred mice strains.

There is convincing evidence that genetic factors contribute to the predisposition to alcoholism. In this respect, alcohol-preferring (like C57BL/6 mice) and alcohol-avoiding lines (like DBA/2 mice) of animals served as models in the search for neurobiological substrates of excessive ethanol consumption. One of the systems that is thought to be associated with the incidence of alcoholism is the endogenous opioid system. In the first experiment, basal mRNA levels of mu- and delta-opioid receptors, and of opioid-degrading enzymes enkephalinase (neutral endopeptidase 24.11; NEP) and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) in the brain regions of C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice did not reveal genetically determined differences in these parameters between the two strains. Furthermore, in the brain regions studied, the corresponding enzyme activities of NEP and ACE did not differ significantly between the lines of mice, except for a higher NEP activity in the striatum and olfactory bulb of DBA/2 mice (p < 0.01). In the second experiment, C57BL/6 and DBA/2 mice were offered a free choice between water and 10% ethanol solution for 4 weeks and were killed thereafter; from another group, ethanol was removed for 3 days and from a third group ethanol was removed for 3 weeks before killing. In the striatum, a highly significant increase in the ACE mRNA amount was detected after 3 weeks of removal of ethanol in C57BL/6 mice, whereas in DBA/2 mice the delta-opioid receptor mRNA level was increased at this time when compared with the corresponding ethanol treatment group. The most striking changes were seen in the hypothalamus, where mu-opioid receptor, ACE, and NEP mRNA amounts markedly decreased after ethanol treatment in both strains. Thus, chronic ethanol intake caused significant changes in the gene expression of distinct components of the endogenous opioid system. These findings further underline an involvement of the opioid system in the effects of ethanol.

Alcohol Drinking↗
PubMed1996

[A new way for inbred strain mice genetic monitoring and the discovery of sex-linkaging RAPD markers].

We used 21 10 bp random primers to amplify DNA for four colonies of BALB/ c mice, four individuals of C 57 BL mice, and four individuals of Kunming stock mice. The amplified band patterns were different between BALB/c and C 57 BL mice in the products of 13 primers, and 8 primer products showed difference between BALB/c and Kunming stock mice. These results indicated that we can easily distinguish different strains of mice by RAPD method. For the four colonies of BALB/c mice, the genetic background of Chengdu colony. Shanghai colony and Beijing colony were homogeneous at all RAPD markers, however, in Kunming colony, there were two BALB/c individuals were disclosed different amplified patterns by 4 primers, showing that these two Kunming BALB/c mice maybe suffer genetic contamination or mutation some time. An unexpected phenomenon discovered in this study is that sex specific amplification bands were amplified by primer OPG 2, OPE 4, OPE 9 in all male mice. Although an 1.2 kb band were disclosed by both OPG 2 and OPE 4 in male mice, cross RAPD and not hybridization showed that the two bands were not homologous.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Use of indirect immunofluorescence to show changes in liver actin microfilament staining in inbred mice strains exposed to the mycotoxin sporidesmin.

The distribution of microfilaments in cryostat sections of liver from BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice was compared using the F-actin binding probe rhodaminyl phalloidin and indirect immunofluorescence using a human serum containing antiactin autoantibodies. The immunological reactivity of this serum was established by its capacity to immunoprecipitate purified skeletal muscle actin and by its ability to immunoprecipitate a protein which migrated electrophoretically with actin from 35S-labeled liver cells. Oral administration of the liver toxin sporidesmin did not substantially alter the binding of rhodaminyl phalloidin to microfilaments but the reactivity of the anti-actin serum with the liver cytoskeleton was diminished 3 h after, and enhanced within 24 h of toxin ingestion. Amounts of actin measured by DNAse inhibition were not altered. The results are assessed in terms of their significance for understanding the way in which sporidesmin causes liver damage.

Actin Cytoskeleton↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Helminth parasites of conventionally maintained laboratory mice--II. Inbred strains with an adaptation of the anal swab technique.

Worm burdens recovered from inbred mice strains, namely C57Bl/6, C57Bl/10, CBA, BALB/c, DBA/2 and C3H/He, conventionally maintained in two institutional animal houses in the State of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil, were analyzed and compared, regarding their prevalences and mean intensities. Three parasite species were observed: the nematodes Aspiculuris tetraptera, Syphacia obvelata and the cestode Vampirolepis nana. A modification of the anal swab technique is also proposed for the first time as an auxiliary tool for the detection of oxyurid eggs in mice.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Genetic similarities and differences between sublines of certain inbred strains of mice held within Australia.

Inbred mice of the strains C57B1/6, CBA, C3H, Balb/c and DBA/2 from a total of 17 different sources within Australia were compared, utilizing 12 different blood proteins and a morphometric analysis of a series of lower jaws. Evidence for genetic differentiation between sublines was found in only two cases. Evidence for the recent contamination of an inbred strain with another stock was found in one case.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Antibody responses against Mycobacterium tuberculosis in 11 strains of inbred mice: novel monoclonal antibody specificities generated by fusions, using spleens from BALB.B10 and CBA/J mice.

Eleven strains of inbred mice were immunized with a culture filtrate of Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv, and the quality of the antibody responses was determined by immunoblotting. The quantity of mycobacterial antigen used for each immunization ranged from 6 to 750 micrograms per inoculum. The culture filtrate of M. tuberculosis was separated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and electrotransferred to nitrocellulose filters. Immunoblotting results were obtained with serum from the following 11 strains of immunized mice: C57BL/6J, BALB/cJ, BALB.B10, C3H.OH, A.CA/Sn, CBA/J, DBA/1J, DBA/2J, C3H/HeJ, B10.A/SgSn, and B10.D2/nSn. Mice were tested individually, and results from each mouse were compared after each immunization. It was found that sera from individual mice within the same strain differed only slightly in their immune response patterns. In contrast, major differences were seen when the reactivities of sera from different strains were compared. Hybridomas were obtained from cell fusions by using spleen cells from BALB.B10 and CBA/J mice. Twelve monoclonal antibodies were raised, which identified epitopes on molecules with different electrophoretic mobilities than those already described by other investigators. The monoclonal antibodies were characterized by immunoblotting with respect to their reactivities with culture filtrates from M. tuberculosis and six other mycobacterial species. One of the monoclonal antibodies (HBT-10) identified an epitope that was present in M. tuberculosis H37Rv but not in Mycobacterium bovis BCG.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Multigenic control of resistance to Yersinia enterocolitica in inbred strains of mice.

By using recombinant inbred mice derived from strains genetically resistant or susceptible to Yersinia enterocolitica, we demonstrated a tentative linkage of resistance with the Es-1 locus on murine chromosome 8. No correlation with resistance and genes associated with immune regulation was evident. In addition, resistance appeared to be multigenic.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Nematospiroides dubius: stimulation of acquired immunity in inbred strains of mice.

The development of immunity to Nematospiroides dubius was studied in three strains of inbred mice (BALB/c, C3H and NIH). Although a primary infection in NIH mice persisted for two months without evidence of a reduction in worm numbers, female mice of this strain readily developed resistance to reinfection. The degree of resistance was enhanced when an immunizing infection of 600 larvae was administered as 6 separate doses of 100 larvae given between days 0 and 11, and the worms removed by anthelmintic treatment given on days 15, 21, 28 and 35. Immunity in mice immunized in this way was manifest both as a reduction in worm recoveries on days 9-14 after challenge and also as an expulsion of established worms from the intestine. BALB/c mice were initially less resistant, but expelled most of the worms which became established; C3H mice showed no evidence of expulsion. The finding that inbred NIH and BALB/c mice acquire resistance to N. dubius offers possibilites for the systematic analysis of lymphoid cell activity in initiating and expressing immunity to this parasite.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Rate of gastric emptying influences dietary cholesterol absorption efficiency in selected inbred strains of mice.

This study compared the physiological process of cholesterol absorption in different strains of inbred mice with the goal of identifying novel mechanism(s) by which cholesterol absorption can be controlled. The rate and amount of cholesterol absorption were evaluated based on [14C]cholesterol appearance in plasma after feeding a meal containing [14C]cholesterol and by the percentage of [14C]-cholesterol absorbed over a 24 h period. Results showed that the rate of [14C]cholesterol appearance in plasma was slower in 129P3/J mice than in SJL/J mice. However, more dietary cholesterol was absorbed over a 24 h period by 129P3/J mice than by SJL/J mice. In both strains of mice, cholesterol delivered with medium-chain triglyceride was absorbed less efficiently than cholesterol delivered with olive oil. The strain- and vehicle-dependent differences in cholesterol absorption efficiency correlated negatively with stomach-emptying rates. Furthermore, inhibition of gastric emptying with nitric oxide synthase inhibitor increased cholesterol absorption efficiency in SJL/J mice. These results document that stomach-emptying rate contributes directly to the rate of dietary cholesterol absorption, which is inversely correlated with the total amount of cholesterol absorbed from a single meal. Additionally, genetic factor(s) that influence gastric emptying may be an important determinant of cholesterol absorption efficiency.

Absorption↗