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PubMed1986

The effect of abrupt changes in the concentration and frequency of feeding milk-substitute diets on the voluntary food intake of calves.

1. To examine the relations between short- and long-term regulation of food intake in calves given milk-substitute diets, abrupt changes were made in the dry matter (DM) concentration of the diet (Expt 1) and in the frequency of feeding (Expts 2 and 3). 2. When calves, fed once daily, had the DM concentration of their diet changed, they drank the same volume of milk on the 1st day they received the new diet as they had on the previous days; so the DM intakes changed in proportion to the change in milk DM concentration. Over the subsequent 6 d, milk intake progressively increased when milk DM concentration was reduced. When the DM concentration of milk was increased the volume of milk drunk was reduced to a minimum value 2-3 d after the change in diet and increased thereafter. The size of the changes was dependent on the initial and changed DM concentrations of the milk. 3. In calves receiving milk-substitute diets containing 80-260 g DM/kg, milk intakes were reduced by up to 30% on the 1st day that calves were fed once daily instead of twice daily. Over the subsequent 13 d of once-daily feeding, milk intakes increased, particularly for calves given diets of low DM concentration. 4. Feeding the calves once daily reduced the digestibility of DM in Expt 2 but not the digestibility of crude protein (nitrogen x 6.25) and fat; diets containing lower concentrations of DM were particularly affected.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animal Feed↗
PubMed1973

Breast milk substitute: a bacteriological study.

The increased susceptibility of infants fed on cows' milk preparations has been attributed, at least in part, to differences in the nature of the large-bowel content-owing to the acidity of the faeces and their high content of Lactobacillus bifidus. In an attempt to mimic these features of the breastfed infant in one who is fed artificially, a breast milk substitute was devised which resembles breast milk in several important ways. When this material was fed to newborn infants the faeces developed the characteristics of those of the breast-fed child.

Acid-Base Equilibrium↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Analysis of fluoride concentration in mother's milk substitutes.

The aim of the present study was to determine the fluoride concentration in some brands of mother's milk substitutes and evaluate the possibility of developing dental fluorosis by consuming these products. The products, all powdered, were divided into 3 groups: infant formulae (group I, n = 7), milk-based (group M, n = 8) and soy-based (group S, n = 3). Samples from 3 cans of different batches of each brand were reconstituted in deionized water and analyzed using the specific electrode method, after hexamethyldisiloxane (HMDS) facilitated diffusion. The fluoride content (mg F/L) of the products ranged from 0.044 to 0.326 (I), 0.014 to 0.045 (M) and 0.253 to 0.702 (S). There was significant difference in the fluoride content of cans from distinct batches (p < 0.05) in most of the brands. The reconstitution of all products in water with optimal fluoride concentration for consumption during the mineralization phase of the primary teeth could result in daily fluoride intake above 0.07 mg F/kg body weight/day. Therefore, the consumption of these products, especially when reconstituted with optimally fluoridated water, could increase the risk of developing dental fluorosis.

Fluorides↗
PubMed2002

Evaluation of the residual antigenicity and allergenicity of cow's milk substitutes by in vitro tests.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed the to investigate presence of residual allergenic cow's milk proteins (CMP) in some milk substitutes employed in the treatment of cow's milk allergy (CMA). These allergens may interfere with the treatment, and elicit allergic reactions in sensitized individuals. METHODS: The protein composition of the different extracts was evaluated by Lowry's method and tricine SDS-PAGE. Different immunoenzymatic methods were used (ELISA, EAST and immunoblotting) to quantify total serum IgE and specific serum IgE, as well as to detect the presence of antigenic and allergenic components. RESULTS: The results showed a higher protein content in mammalian milks (cow, sheep, mare, goat, and human) than in hydrolyzed substitutes (partially or extensively hydrolyzed casein or whey proteins). Residual native, processed, or contaminant polypeptides have been identified in the moderate hydrolysates, whereas extensive hydrolysates did not show the presence of residual components by immunoblotting. However, specific antibodies with capacity to bind to peptides have been detected by EAST and ELISA, suggesting that extensive hydrolysates contain residual peptides that preserve immunoreactive epitopes. We were unable to demonstrate either residual antigenicity or allergenicity in an amino-acid-based formula. CONCLUSIONS: Immunoenzymatic methods were used to detect the presence of cross-reactive components in mammalian milks. Residual allergenic components from cow's milk could be identified in both the moderate and extensive hydrolysates analyzed. This information may be relevant to the treatment of CMA.

Allergens↗
PubMed1995

[Fat formula for human milk substitutes].

Chemical composition and technology of preparation of fat part of breast milk substitutes closed in lipid composition of prototype (in PUFA, phospholipid and cholesterol contents) are presented. It was shown that chosen combination of fats with antioxidant vitamins provides effective defense of food against spoiling during storage.

Antioxidants↗
PubMed1986

Allergen-specific IgE antibodies against antigenic components in cow milk and milk substitutes.

Crossed radioimmunoelectrophoresis (CRIE) was used to study the presence of serum IgE against antigenic components of cow milk in 21 selected milk-allergic patients. The amount of each IgE specificity was estimated by a scoring system. The milk-allergic children had mainly IgE against alpha-lactalbumin, beta-lactoglobulin, albumin and immunoglobulin, the four major proteins of bovine whey, as well as IgE against three casein components. A serum pool from 1000 normal adults had IgE against the same whey protein, but in smaller amounts, and no IgE against the casein components. Eight cow milk-based formulae, commonly used for infant feeding, and goat milk were studied by the same method. It was found that six of the milk substitutes did not differ significantly from cow milk in antibody binding, but the two hydrolysed casein products, Nutramigen and Pregestimil, consisted of such small molecules that the rabbit antisera could not precipitate the hydrolysed proteins in the gels on the CRIE plates. It was therefore not possible to study their IgE binding, if any, by this method.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

Exocrine pancreatic secretion in suckling goats. Adaptative effects of maternal milk and a milk substitute.

Suckling goats were fed ad libitum during the first month of their life by goat milk or by a milk replacer. These diets differed in the amount of fat and the type of protein. The composition of the exocrine pancreatic secretion in the basal period and in response to food were compared in both conditions. Pancreatic juice was collected one hour before meal intake up to the 8th postprandial hour. Pancreatic flow rate, bicarbonate and chloride levels, total protein and enzyme activities were measured. In resting conditions and in response to food, the lipase activity was found to be significantly lower in the group fed with milk replacer, which was poorer in fat. These results indicate an adaptation of the enzyme output to the available quantity of its substrate, similar to that described in the rat. Postprandial differences in the pancreatic flow rate, electrolytes and total protein were found between both groups. Their origin can be attributed to the protein used (soyabean) in the milk substitute. Such soya protein alters the normal clot formation in the abomasum and allows an accelerated abomasal digesta outflow and duodenal pH alkalinisation.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1995

[Biological quality of a milk substitute for school children based on refined flour subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis].

The biological quality of an experimental milk substitute based on a raw wheat flour subjected to enzymatic hydrolysis in comparison to a control product based on extruded flours and milk protein was studied in 35 < > female school age children. The girls were fed their customary diet during 2 consecutive 14 and 12 day periods, and randomized to the experimental and control products in a double blind crossover fashion. Apparent absorption of protein, energy, calcium and phosphorus was evaluated. Mean nitrogen intake from the experimental product was significantly lower (223 vs 244 mg/Kg/d p<0.0001). Absorbed nitrogen was also lower (187 vs 203 mg&kg/d p<0.0001). Energy intake and excretion were similar with both products; 96 and 95% of intake was absorbed for experimental and control products respectively. The mean calcium intake was significantly lower than the experimental product (39.7 vs 60.2 mg/kg/d p<0.0001). Absorbed calcium from the experimental product was 50% of control (20.7 vs. 39.5 mg/Kg/d p<0.0001). Phosphorus intake was also lower with the experimental product relative to control (22.0 vs 27.8 mg/Kg/d p<0.0001) and absorbed P was 13.1 vs 16.5 mg/Kg/d respectively. Both products were well tolerated. We conclude that the experimental product based on wheat flour does not differ significantly in protein and energy digestibility but calcium and phosphorus absorption and digestibility are significantly lower limiting its use in school feeding programs.

Animals↗
PubMed1976

Milk-substitute diet composition and abomasal secretion in the calf.

1. The effect of different protein sources in milk-substitute diets on abomasal acidity and proteolytic activity was studied in Friesian calves, aged 20-58 d (Expt 1). The diets contained 'mildly' preheated, spray-dried skim-milk powder (MHM), severely preheated, spray-dried skim-milk powder (SHM), fish-protein concentrate (FPC) or solvent-extracted soya-bean flour (SF) as the main protein source. 2. Gastric juice was collected from abomasal pouches before feeding and at 15 min intervals for 8 h after the morning feed. Samples of digesta were obtained from the abomasum at 1 h intervals during the same period. 3. Digesta pH was lower and titratable acidity higher 0-3 after giving the diet containing MHM than when any of the other three diets was given. 3. Acid secretion from the pouches for the different diets was in the order: FPC greater than MHM greater than SHM greater than or equal to SF. 5. Protease secretion from the pouches, assayed at pH 2-1, was in the order: MHM greater than SHM = FPC greater than SF. 6. The effect of dry matter (DM) intake and concentration on abomasal acidity was also studied in calves given diets which contained MHM (Expt 2). This diet was reconstituted at either 100 or 149 g DM/kg liquid diet and fed at either 32-5 or 49-0 g DM/kg live weight 0-75 per d. Samples of abomasal digesta were collected as in Expt 1. 7. A high intake of DM at a low DM concentration resulted in low acidity of the digesta in the first 3 h after feeding, which suggested a dilution effect. Comparison of two diets of different DM concentration, which were fed in the same volume of liquid, indicated that the greater the DM intake, the greater was the amount of acid secreted. 8. It is concluded that the protein sources varied in their ability to stimulate abomasal acid and protease secretion and it is suggested that this may relate to calf performance.

Abomasum↗
PubMed2002

The introduction of breast milk substitutes and solid foods: evidence from the 1995 National Health Survey.

OBJECTIVE: To report the introduction of breast milk substitutes and solid foods to Australian children between 1992 and 1995. METHODOLOGY: Analysis of data from the 1995 Australian National Health Survey. Infant feeding questions were asked by personal interview in respect to 3,252 children aged under four years of age. RESULTS: By the age of 26 weeks, the majority of children had been given infant formula (56.9%) and solid food (61.5%). More than one-quarter (27.1%) of children received cow's milk regularly during the first 12 months. Only 7% of children were given solids in the first 12 weeks of life. Soy milk was given to 14.2% of children aged less than four years. CONCLUSION: The majority of children in Australia are not being exclusively breastfed for six months as recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO). The intake of cow's milk before 12 months of age and the timing of introduction of solids needs to be monitored. Future surveys should collect more detail about type of infant formula so that the proportion of infants receiving soy-based formula and other formula can be assessed.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Differences in perception of the WHO International Code of Marketing of Breast Milk Substitutes between pediatricians and obstetricians in Japan.

BACKGROUND: The World Health Organization International Code of Marketing of Breast-Milk Substitutes (WHO Code) aims to protect and promote breastfeeding. Japan ratified the WHO Code in 1994, but most hospitals in Japan continue to receive free supplies of infant formula and distribute discharge packs to new mothers provided by infant formula companies. The aim of this study was to explore the knowledge and attitudes of pediatricians and obstetricians in Japan to the WHO Code. METHODS: A self-completion questionnaire was sent to 132 pediatricians in the 131 NICUs which belonged to the Neonatal Network of Japan, and to 96 chief obstetricians in the general hospitals in the Kanto area of Japan, in 2004. RESULTS: Responses were received from 68% of pediatricians and 64% of obstetricians. Sixty-six percent of pediatricians agreed that "Breastmilk is the best", compared to only 13% of obstetricians. Likewise, pediatricians were more likely to be familiar with the WHO Code (51%) than obstetricians (18%). CONCLUSION: In Japan, pediatricians and obstetricians, in general, have low levels of support for breastfeeding and low levels of familiarity with the WHO Code. To increase the breastfeeding rates in Japan, both pediatricians and obstetricians need increased knowledge about current infant feeding practices and increased awareness of international policies to promote breastfeeding.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1998

Substituting milk for apple juice does not increase kidney stone risk in most normocalciuric adults who form calcium oxalate stones.

OBJECTIVE: Increasing intake of dietary calcium from less than 400 mg to 800 mg daily may decrease the absorption of dietary oxalate, which in turn would decrease urinary oxalate excretion. The effect of substituting milk for apple juice on urine composition and risk of calcium oxalate precipitability was studied. SUBJECTS: Twenty-one normocalciuric adults with a history of at least 1 calcium oxalate stone and urinary oxalate excretion exceeding 275 micromol/day on their self-selected diet. DESIGN: Randomized crossover trial. INTERVENTION: Each participant consumed two moderate-oxalate (2,011 micromol/day) study diets, which were identical except that one contained 360 mL milk and the other contained 540 mL apple juice as the beverage with meals. SETTING: Four days free-living then 2 days in the metabolic unit of a university nutrition department. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: Tiselius risk index for calcium oxalate precipitability calculated from urine composition. STATISTICAL ANALYSES: Paired t tests. RESULTS: Twenty-four hour urinary oxalate excretion was 18% lower (P<.0001) on the milk diet vs the juice diet: 423 vs 514 micromol, respectively. Calcium excretion was 17% higher (P<.05) on the milk vs juice diet: 4.7 vs 3.9 mmol, respectively. Urinary magnesium and citrate excretion, volume, and Tiselius risk index did not differ between diets. APPLICATIONS: Substituting 360 mL milk daily for apple juice with meals in a diet containing moderate amounts of dietary oxalate from whole grains, legumes, fruits, and vegetables does not increase the risk index of calcium oxalate precipitability in most normocalciuric adults who form stones.

Adult↗
PubMed1975

Concurrent studies of the flow of digesta in the duodenum and of exocrine pancreatic secretion of calves. 3. Further studies on the addition of fat to skim milk and the use of non-milk proteins in milk-substitute diets.

1. The flow of digesta through the duodenum and the concurrent secretion of the pancreas were studied in four Friesian calves given four milk-substitute diets. The diets were: reconstituted, "mildly" pre-heated, spray-dried skim-milk powder with (SKF) or without (SK) margarine fat or with 5o percent of the skim-milk powder in diet SKF replaced by soya-bean flour (ASKF) or fish-protein concentrate (BSKF), together with dried whey. The diets were given ad lib. twice daily from 13 to 37 d of age, each diet being given for 6 consecutive days. Collections of duodenal digesta and pancreatic secretions, from cannulas, were made for 12 h after feeding the 6th and 12th meals ("experimental" meals) for each diet. 2. The diets fed as "experimental" meals contained polyethylene glycol (PEG) as a fluid (whey) marker and goat's milk containing (3H)lysine as a marker for total protein; beta-carotene was added as a lipid marker to the three diets containing margarine fat. 3. Over the 12 h postprandial period, the patterns of duodenal digesta flow and secretion of pancreatic fluid did not differ markedly between the four diets. The abomasal outflow of both nitrogen and lipid in a 12 h postprandial period was related to their intakes from the "penultimate" (5th and 11th) meals for diets SKF and SK BUT TO THEIR INTAKES AT THE "EXPERIMENTAL MEALS" FOR DIETS ASKF and BSKF. Secretion of pancreatic enzyme activity was highest during the 1st hour after feeding but the main outflow from the abomasum of total N and lipid occurred 5-10 h after feeding. 4. The time required for all the whey marker (PEG) to pass through the duodenum was similar for diets SKF and SK, but only 53 and 42 percent respectively of the ingested protein marker passed through the duodenum in the 12 h after feeding. More acid appeared to be secreted by the abomasum when diet SK was given; also less undigested protein passed out of the abomasum after giving this diet. It is concluded that the physical absence of fat globules in the abomasal clot increases the degree of proteolysis. 5. The secretions of pancreatic fluid and pancreatic enzyme activity were all markedly lower for diet SK than for diet SKF. 6. With diets containing non-milk proteins (ASKF and BSKF), abomasal proteolysis was less efficient and the ingested protein passed out of the abomasum more rapidly than for diet SKF. There was no difference in the rate of abomasal outflow of the whey fluids between diets SKF, ASKF and BSKF. 7. In comparison with diet SKF, diets ASKF and BSKF tended to induce less pancreatic enzyme secretion over a 12 h postprandial period, with the exception of lipase. 8. There appeared to be no direct relationship between the quantities of any of the pancreatic enzymes secreted during a postprandial period and either the concurrent flow of duodenal digesta or the total quantities of dietary constituents passing through the duodenum.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMed1987

Replacement of skimmed milk with hydrolyzed fish protein and Nixtamal in milk substitutes for dairy calves.

Two experiments were conducted with 3- to 5-d-old Holstein male calves. In Experiment 1, 15 calves were assigned to three dietary treatments. The control diet was based on sodium caseinate, lard, and cerelose. In the other diets, either 50% or all carbohydrates were replaced by lime-treated corn flour (Nixtamal). In Experiment 2, 35 calves were assigned to dietary treatments in which 0, 50, or 67% low heat skimmed milk protein was replaced by hydrolyzed fish protein; for the replacement diets, Nixtamal was incorporated at 25 or 35% of the dry matter. Control diet protein was entirely from skimmed milk. Milk substitutes provided the only feed during the 8-wk experiment. In Experiment 1, body weight gain and feed efficiency declined when Nixtamal completely replaced skimmed milk but remained unchanged at 50% substitution. Substitution of Nixtamal for skimmed milk powder decreased nitrogen and carbohydrate digestibility; but digestibility improved with age. In Experiment 2, replacing up to 67% of skimmed milk protein with partially hydrolyzed fish protein concentrate had no effect on body weight gain but decreased feed efficiency linearly at 8 wk and reduced dry matter, nitrogen, and fat digestibility. Nixtamal can replace up to 50% of skimmed milk carbohydrates without detrimental effect on growth rate, feed efficiency, and diarrhea, but digestibility might be reduced. Concurrent replacement of up to 67% of skimmed milk protein with partially hydrolysed fish protein concentrate would be feasible for newborn calves gaining 450 g/d, despite lower nitrogen digestibility.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Coconut (Cocos nucifera L.) and the preparation of a milk substitute].

Coconut (Cocos nucifera, L.) is an abundant product in Brazil. The authors studied the use of the protein fraction to prepare "milk-substitute" beverages. The analyses were made on albumen, copra and cake. Protein coconut extraction was tried with water; NaCl solutions in different concentrations; HCl and NaOH solutions in different concentrations; HCl and NaOH solutions at different pH values. The extracted proteins were analysed for aminoacid composition and chemical score. The best results of protein extraction were obtained with NaCl 1 M solution using the ratio 100:75 (coconut:solution). The extracted proteins were coagulated with trichloroacetic acid and separated with water and analysed for aminoacid composition and solubility.

Amino Acids↗