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PubMed2003

Source, dispersion and combustion modelling of an accidental release of hydrogen in an urban environment.

Hydrogen is likely to be the most important future energy carrier, for many stationary and mobile applications, with the potential to make significant reductions in greenhouse gas emissions especially if renewable primary energy sources are used to produce the hydrogen. A safe transition to the use of hydrogen by members of the general public requires that the safety issues associated with hydrogen applications have to be investigated and fully understood. In order to assess the risks associated with hydrogen applications, its behaviour in realistic accident scenarios has to be predicted, allowing mitigating measures to be developed where necessary. A key factor in this process is predicting the release, dispersion and combustion of hydrogen in appropriate scenarios. This paper illustrates an application of CFD methods to the simulation of an actual hydrogen explosion. The explosion occurred on 3 March 1983 in a built up area of central Stockholm, Sweden, after the accidental release of approximately 13.5 kg of hydrogen from a rack of 18 interconnected 50 l industrial pressure vessels (200 bar working pressure) being transported by a delivery truck. Modelling of the source term, dispersion and combustion were undertaken separately using three different numerical tools, due to the differences in physics and scales between the different phenomena. Results from the dispersion calculations together with the official accident report were used to identify a possible ignition source and estimate the time at which ignition could have occurred. Ignition was estimated to occur 10s after the start of the release, coinciding with the time at which the maximum flammable hydrogen mass and cloud volume were found to occur (4.5 kg and 600 m(3), respectively). The subsequent simulation of the combustion adopts initial conditions for mean flow and turbulence from the dispersion simulations, and calculates the development of a fireball. This provides physical values, e.g. maximum overpressure and far-field overpressure that may be used as a comparison with the known accident details to give an indication of the validity of the models. The simulation results are consistent with both the reported near-field damage to buildings and persons and with the far-field damage to windows. The work was undertaken as part of the European Integrated Hydrogen Project-Phase 2 (EIHP2) with partial funding from the European Commission via the Fifth Framework Programme.

Accidents↗

PubMed2005

Hydrogen desorption exceeding ten weight percent from the new quaternary hydride Li3BN2H8.

Mobile applications of hydrogen power have long demanded new solid hydride materials with large hydrogen storage capacities. We report synthesis of a new quaternary hydride having the approximate composition Li(3)BN(2)H(8) with 11.9 wt % theoretical hydrogen capacity. It forms by reacting LiNH(2) and LiBH(4) powders in a 2:1 molar ratio either by ball milling or by heating the mixed powders above 95 degrees C. This new quaternary hydride melts at approximately 190 degrees C and releases > or =10 wt % hydrogen above approximately 250 degrees C. A small amount of ammonia (2-3 mol % of the generated gas) is released simultaneously. Preliminary calorimetric measurements suggest that hydrogen release is exothermic and, hence, not easily reversible.

Letter↗

PubMed2005

Hydrogen storage capacity of catalytically grown carbon nanofibers.

In 1996, R. T. K. Baker, and N. M. Rodriguez claimed to have synthesized a new type of carbon nanofiber material capable of storing large amounts of hydrogen at room temperature and pressures above 100 bar, thus making it a powerful candidate for a very efficient energy storage system in mobile applications. Consequently, many scientists all over the world tried to test and verify these findings, however, with partly inconsistent results. We present here for the first time independent hydrogen storage measurements for several types of nanofibers, both synthesized by our group following precisely the specifications given in the literature as well as original samples supplied by Rodriguez and Baker for this study. The hydrogen storage capacities at room temperature and pressures up to 140 bar were quantified independently by gravimetric and volumetric methods, respectively. No significant hydrogen storage capacity has been detected for all carbon nanofibers investigated.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2001

Solid acids as fuel cell electrolytes.

Fuel cells are attractive alternatives to combustion engines for electrical power generation because of their very high efficiencies and low pollution levels. Polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells are generally considered to be the most viable approach for mobile applications. However, these membranes require humid operating conditions, which limit the temperature of operation to less than 100 degrees C; they are also permeable to methanol and hydrogen, which lowers fuel efficiency. Solid, inorganic, acid compounds (or simply, solid acids) such as CsHSO4 and Rb3H(SeO4)2 have been widely studied because of their high proton conductivities and phase-transition behaviour. For fuel-cell applications they offer the advantages of anhydrous proton transport and high-temperature stability (up to 250 degrees C). Until now, however, solid acids have not been considered viable fuel-cell electrolyte alternatives owing to their solubility in water and extreme ductility at raised temperatures (above approximately 125 degrees C). Here we show that a cell made of a CsHSO4 electrolyte membrane (about 1.5 mm thick) operating at 150-160 degrees C in a H2/O2 configuration exhibits promising electrochemical performances: open circuit voltages of 1.11 V and current densities of 44 mA cm-2 at short circuit. Moreover, the solid-acid properties were not affected by exposure to humid atmospheres. Although these initial results show promise for applications, the use of solid acids in fuel cells will require the development of fabrication techniques to reduce electrolyte thickness, and an assessment of possible sulphur reduction following prolonged exposure to hydrogen.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1981

Determination of ionization constants by paper electrophoresis.

Dimensionless apparent ionization constants of charged low-molecular-weight species may be obtained from paper-electrophoretic data at 20-25 degrees C with buffers (I0.1-0.5) of measured pH (1.5-12.5) containing oxalate ions. Relative mobilities rather than absolute mobilities were measured by using glycerol and m-nitrobenzenesulphonate respectively as standards of zero and unit mobility. Application of the procedure to ionizations of adenine, adenosine, 2'-deoxyadenosine, 3'-deoxyadenosine, 3':5'-cyclic AMP, ADP, ADP-glucose-agrocin 84 and ATP is described.

Adenine↗

PubMed2003

Superlite Plasma Collection System.

The Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare launched a national initiative to become plasma self-sufficient by reducing reliance on imported plasma products and increasing plasma collections to enable plasma-derived pharmaceuticals, including albumin, globulin, and Factor VIII products to use plasma collected within Japan. In order to realize this goal, plasma collections from volunteer donors must increase to about 1.5 million litres of plasma per year (1) or about 50% more than what the Japan Red Cross currently collects. A mobile device, such as the Superlite system, will make it easier and more efficient for Japan's sole blood collection agency, the Japan Red Cross, to add plasma collection to mobile blood drives. Haemonetics Corporation (Braintree, MA, USA) has combined many years of apheresis experience with up-to-date technology to create the Superlite Plasma Collection System (PCS) for the Japan Red Cross. This new device, which is expected to greatly contribute to the Red Cross's national source plasma collection program, is even smaller than the Ultralite PCS and offers several advanced features and benefits. Light, compact, and very portable, the Superlite has a Japanese language friendly user interface that continually displays collection status, including time remaining in the collection procedure. The device features a protocol that limits extra-corporeal blood volume for low-weight donors; a program used in conjunction with a reduced volume disposable bowl. Superlite, designed for use in both fixed-site and mobile applications, combines the portable ease-of-use of the Ultralite with the collection process calculation abilities of the CCS to provide a state-of-the-art collection device that will help define the future of Japan plasma collection.

Blood Transfusion, Autologous↗

PubMed2001

Preselective gene therapy for Fabry disease.

Fabry disease is a lipid storage disorder resulting from mutations in the gene encoding the enzyme alpha-galactosidase A (alpha-gal A; EC ). We previously have demonstrated long-term alpha-gal A enzyme correction and lipid reduction mediated by therapeutic ex vivo transduction and transplantation of hematopoietic cells in a mouse model of Fabry disease. We now report marked improvement in the efficiency of this gene-therapy approach. For this study we used a novel bicistronic retroviral vector that engineers expression of both the therapeutic alpha-gal A gene and the human IL-2Ralpha chain (huCD25) gene as a selectable marker. Coexpression of huCD25 allowed selective immunoenrichment (preselection) of a variety of transduced human and murine cells, resulting in enhanced intracellular and secreted alpha-gal A enzyme activities. Of particular significance for clinical applicability, mobilized CD34(+) peripheral blood hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells from Fabry patients have low-background huCD25 expression and could be enriched effectively after ex vivo transduction, resulting in increased alpha-gal A activity. We evaluated effects of preselection in the mouse model of Fabry disease. Preselection of transduced Fabry mouse bone marrow cells elevated the level of multilineage gene-corrected hematopoietic cells in the circulation of transplanted animals and improved in vivo enzymatic activity levels in plasma and organs for more than 6 months after both primary and secondary transplantation. These studies demonstrate the potential of using a huCD25-based preselection strategy to enhance the clinical utility of ex vivo hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell gene therapy of Fabry disease and other disorders.

3T3 Cells↗

PubMed2026

Positive psychology interventions during pregnancy: A systematic review.

Positive psychology interventions (PPI) have been applied and demonstrated evidence in various population groups. The present systematic review focused on the types and influence of PPI on the physical and psychological health of pregnant women. Studies that matched the selection criteria were identified on EBSCOhost, PsychINFO, Web of Science, PubMed, Scopus and four positive psychology journals. From the 2528 records identified, finally eight studies were included in the review. PPI in this review were delivered utilising various positive psychology components such as hope, gratitude and optimism based on existing theories, for example, the strengths theory, broaden-and-build theory, and hope theory. Most interventions were conducted from 14 gestational weeks onwards and were delivered via virtual platforms or mobile applications. As a result of this systematic review, it was identified that PPIs for maternal well-being were aimed at improving (1) physical health, including labour pain, nausea and vomiting; (2) psychological health, including stress, emotions, anxiety and depression; and (3) subjective health, including life satisfaction, perceived social support and quality of life. Most of the selected studies provided significant evidence towards improvement of well-being outcomes from administering PPI. For future studies, in-depth PPI integrated coping and support approaches should be further evidenced among diverse pregnant populations.

Humans↗

PubMed1984

Conjugal transfer of bacterial chromosomes mediated by the RK2 plasmid transfer origin cloned into transposon Tn5.

We report here a novel system for the conjugal transfer of bacterial chromosomes which utilizes the transfer origin (oriT) of plasmid RK2 cloned into transposon Tn5. Tn5 with oriT was inserted by transposition into the chromosomes of Escherichia coli and Rhizobium meliloti. The oriT sequence then served as the origin of high-frequency chromosome transfer when a helper RK2 plasmid was present in the same cell. The broad host range features of RK2 make this system of oriented chromosome mobilization applicable to most gram-negative bacteria.

Anti-Bacterial Agents↗

PubMed1990

Transcranial color-coded real-time sonography in adults.

We investigated the diagnostic potential of transcranial color-coded real-time sonography in 52 individuals using a phased-array ultrasound system with color-coded blood flow representation. Ultrasound scans in the axial and coronal planes were feasible through temporal acoustic bone windows in 49 subjects, enabling depiction of the main parenchymal and vascular structures as well as the ventricular system. Color-coded representation of blood flow in the cerebral vessels allowed unequivocal identification of the circle of Willis within the anatomic black-and-white B-mode image of the parenchymal structures. In Doppler mode, vascular blood flow phenomena may be analyzed semiquantitatively using the Doppler frequency spectrum. This noninvasive, serially applicable, mobile beside method may complement conventional neuroradiologic imaging methods, allowing on-line studies of functional processes within the adult brain.

Carotid Arteries↗

PubMed2026

Longitudinal Clinical, Physiological, and Molecular Profiling of Female Patients With Metastatic Cancer: Protocol and Feasibility of a Multicenter High-Definition Oncology Study.

PURPOSE: A substantial proportion of patients receiving genomically matched therapies do not achieve clinical benefit, underscoring the influence of nongenetic factors on cancer outcomes. High-Definition Oncology (HDO) proposes integrating longitudinal, multimodal patient data-spanning clinical, molecular, physiological, and behavioral domains-to enable truly individualized cancer care. This manuscript describes the HDO study design, framework, and feasibility results in women with metastatic cancer. METHODS: We initiated a prospective, multicenter observational study (HDO study; ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT06590506) enrolling 300 female patients with newly diagnosed metastatic breast, lung, or colorectal cancer. Here, we report the study design, standardized workflows, prespecified feasibility criteria, and early internal pilot results. Eleven data modalities are collected longitudinally, including tumor and germline genomics, germline epigenomics, gut microbiome, blood and stool metabolomics and proteomics, exposome characterization, wearable-derived physiological monitoring, digital footprint assessment, medical imaging, and patient-reported outcomes. Standardized workflows govern clinical procedures, data acquisition, biospecimen processing, and quality control across all participating sites. RESULTS: Feasibility was evaluated in the first 30 participants (10% of planned accrual). Patients completed 100% of scheduled clinical visits, 97.4% of planned plasma collections, 80.7% of stool samples, and all tumor biopsies. Wearable devices captured activity, heart rate, sleep, and blood oxygen saturation data during 95.0%, 84.2%, 90.6%, and 70.7% of total patient-days, respectively. Biospecimens met predefined quality control metrics across all molecular modalities. Engagement with mobile applications for pain and emotion reporting exceeded 80%. CONCLUSION: The HDO study demonstrates the feasibility of comprehensive, longitudinal, multimodal data collection in women with metastatic cancer. This internal pilot establishes an integrated framework for future analyses aimed at characterizing disease trajectories, defining molecular and physiological determinants of outcomes, and developing patient-specific computational models.

Humans↗

PubMed2002

Theoretical considerations for arrayed waveguide displays.

An arrayed waveguide display (AWD) is proposed in which a linear emitter array is coupled to a waveguide array upon which liquid-crystal (LC) switches are formed. Images are displayed by line-by-line control of light, including emission by the emitter array, injection into the waveguide array, propagation inside, and extraction by use of the LC switches. With mostly polymeric materials, an AWD can be made thin and tough. Its light-use efficiency can be made larger than that of a conventional transmissive LC display. Because of these potential advantages, an AWD is well suited for mobile applications.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1995

[Current status and future developments in noninvasive treatment of urinary calculi with extracorporeal shockwave lithotripsy (ESWL)].

Being a highly effective and minimally invasive treatment modality, extracorporeal shock wave lithotriopsy (ESWL) has come to be the therapy of choice in more than 80% of urinary stones. Apart from pregnancy and untreated coagulopathy as contraindications, generally accepted limiting factors are a stone size of > 2.5 cm and the presence of anatomical draining barriers. In such cases endourological procedures are indicated from the outset. Modern urinary stone therapy requires both extracorporeal and intracorporeal procedures of lithotripsy as indispensable complementary techniques. Third-generation lithotriptors are characterized by a dual stone location system (ultrasound and X-ray) and painless treatment without any need for analgesia. The current rapid development of lithotriptors is mainly driven by economic aspects and market requirements like multipurpose or mobile applicability. The "ideal" lithotriptor enabling even more effective, safer, and more comfortable treatment has yet to be developed.

Equipment Design↗

PubMed1994

Blood cell transplantation: report from an International Consensus Meeting.

An International Consensus Meeting on blood cell transplantation took place in Heemskerk, The Netherlands on 27-29 June 1994. The term 'blood cell transplantation' was preferred to peripheral blood stem cell transplantation. The following issues were addressed: stem cell assessment and ex vivo expansion, techniques for stem cell mobilization, applications of blood cell transplantation, malignant cell contamination and allogeneic blood cell transplantation.

Blood Component Removal↗

PubMed2001

Applicability of a mobile accelerator for intraoperative radiation therapy to colorectal cancer.

PURPOSE: Intraoperative radiation therapy is reportedly effective for local control and pain relief in colorectal cancer. However, this treatment requires a large number of medical personnel, which hinders expanded use of this method. A mobile electron linear accelerator for intraoperative radiation therapy has been developed and is now commercially available. This report analyzes the applicability of this accelerator to colorectal cancer. The applicability of the mobile accelerator is analyzed based on its specifications by simulating the intraoperative radiation therapy delivered to these patients with a conventional intraoperative radiation therapy unit. METHODS: From 1987 to 1999, 49 colorectal cancer patients underwent 54 surgical resections and received intraoperative radiation therapy to 75 sites. RESULTS: The mean intraoperative radiation therapy dose for colorectal cancer with the conventional unit was 22 (range, 10-30) Gy. The mean electron energy level was 10 (range, 3-30) MEV. Applicator size ranged from 4 to 10 cm in diameter. The mobile accelerator can achieve a dose rate of 10 Gy/min and an applicator unit size range of 3 to 10 cm in diameter, facilitating intraoperative radiation therapy for colorectal cancer. The electron energy limitation (12 MEV at maximum) suggests that the indications for this machine are limited. In our experience, 30 percent of patients received intraoperative radiation therapy with electron energy levels exceeding 12 MEV. Of these cases, 81 percent had macroscopic residual tumor and 69 percent had pain. CONCLUSION: An intraoperative radiation therapy mobile accelerator can cover 72 percent of the irradiation sites covered using our conventional unit. This accelerator is useful for intraoperative radiation therapy with curative intent for patients with no or slight residual tumor. Patients with gross residual tumor and pain may not be suitable.

Adult↗

PubMed2002

Effect of ultrasound application on fat mobilization.

The aim of this experimental trial was to study the effect of ultrasound application on the lipolysis in adipose tissue. Rats were administered to pentobarbital (Nembutal) anesthesia and their abdomens were shaved. Rat abdomen was subjected to 24 kHz-1 MHz ultrasound for 10 min to investigate frequency and power-intensity dependency for fat mobilization. Blood was taken from the tail vein to estimate plasma free fatty acids (FFA). For frequency dependency two regions around 100 kHz and 300-500 kHz were effective for fat mobilization. For power-intensity dependency, effective regions were found to be from 24 to 1090 kHz. In the effective regions on frequency and power-intensity, application of ultrasound caused increases in plasma FFA and norepinephrine concentration of extra-cellular fluid of perirenal adipose tissue. These results suggest that ultrasound application stimulates fat mobilization through a local increase in norepinephrine secretion under the conditions of effective frequency and intensity.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1994

Prediction of stature from knee height for black and white adults and children with application to mobility-impaired or handicapped persons.

OBJECTIVE: No adequate methods exist for predicting stature to help assess the growth of handicapped (including mobility-impaired) children or to help in developing indexes of obesity or equations for estimating basal energy expenditure for adults. In this project, equations were developed to predict stature in white and black adults and children from nationally representative samples for application to mobility-impaired and handicapped persons. SAMPLES: Samples of healthy adults (n = 5,415) and children (n = 13,821) were selected from cycles I, II, and III of the National Health Examination Survey (NHES) conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics from 1960 to 1970. Balanced validation and cross-validation groups were created with regard to age, ethnic group, and sex. OUTCOME MEASURES: The NHES is the only national survey that contains body measurements biologically appropriate for predicting stature. These measurements include stature, sitting height, knee height, and buttocks to knee length. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS: Equations were computed from an all-possible-subsets of weighted regression procedure to select the predictor variables in the validation group based on the values of R2 and the root mean square error. RESULTS: Knee height predicted stature for white and black men, but the predictor variables for white and black women were knee height and age. For predicting stature in children 6 to 18 years of age, the predictor variable was knee height for all children. APPLICATIONS: The equations presented here were developed for use with mobility-impaired or handicapped persons, but the measurements were collected from ambulatory people by means of standard techniques. The use of recumbent anthropometric data from mobility-impaired or handicapped persons in the equations will expand the errors of prediction over those presented in this report. The standard error for a person is a guide to the range of probability within which a predicted value can occur.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2000

Ca2+ and electrolyte mobilization following agonist application to the pancreatic beta cell line HIT.

We have investigated intracellular Ca2+ mobilization in oscillations of cytoplasmic Ca2+ in response to glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) and glucose in clonal HIT insulinoma cells with a confocal laser-scanning microscope (CLSM). We also used electron probe X-ray microanalysis to determine the GLP-1- and glucose-induced changes in electrolyte levels in the cytoplasm and insulin granules of the cells. GLP-1 produced 10- to 35-s duration oscillations in cytoplasmic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i), both with and without Ca2+ in the extracellular solution, suggesting that Ca2+ is mobilized from intracellular Ca2+ stores, namely secretory granules. Glucose caused 1- to 3-min duration oscillatory increases in [Ca2+]i when the extracellular solution contained Ca2+. When the cells were cultured without Ca2+ (no Ca2+ added, 1 mM EGTA), an oscillatory [Ca2+]i increase of amplitude and short duration (12-35 s) was produced by 11 mM glucose, and the oscillation was inhibited by ruthenium red. X-ray microanalysis showed that stimulation with glucose increased the total Ca concentration in the cytoplasm and decreased it in the insulin granules with and without Ca2+ in the extracellular solution. The application of glucose significantly decreased K, and increased Na and C1 in the cytoplasm when the extracellular solution contained Ca2+. Our result also suggests that the [Ca2+]i oscillation induced by glucose is involved in the release of Ca2+ from intracellular Ca2+ stores through the ryanodine receptor, which is blocked by ruthenium red, and/or through the inositol trisphosphate receptor that may be present in the membrane of insulin granules.

Animals↗