[Anastomosis of the obturator and sciatic nerves in a case of high inoperable sciatic nerve paralysis].
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Child, Preschool↗
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Altered metabolism of rat contralateral sciatic nerve after microinjection into the endoneurium of the ipsilateral sciatic nerve.
Microinjection of substances into the endoneurium of the sciatic nerve is a technique widely used. Because the contralateral nerve is often used as control nerve, we studied the incorporation of [14C]galactose into myelin lipids in normal nerves, saline-injected nerves and their contralateral nerves. Results show that incorporation of radioactivity into contralateral nerve lipids is affected as compared with normal nerves. We conclude that the contralateral nerve of an injected nerve is not a good control.
Animals↗
The metabolic fate of 57Co-methylcobalamin in the rat with a crushed sciatic nerve--especially on the uptake by the nerve tissue and by muscles innervated by sciatic nerves.
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Adrenal Glands↗
Sciatic nerve transection evokes lasting up-regulation of angiotensin AT2 and AT1 receptor mRNA in adult rat dorsal root ganglia and sciatic nerves.
The angiotensin AT2 receptor is involved in tissue repair and cellular stress responses in non-neuronal cells. We have previously observed that the AT2 receptor-induced neurite formation in PC12W cells is paralleled by a reduced neurofilament M expression as it occurs in nerve fiber regeneration. Here we show that transection and crush of sciatic nerve fibers of adult rats results in dramatic changes of AT2, AT1a and AT1b receptor mRNA in dorsal root ganglion neurons (DRGs) and in sciatic nerves 3, 14 and 28 days after axotomy and crush. The expression patterns were determined by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay, and the specificity of amplification products was verified by Southern blot hybridization. Whereas axotomy evoked a transient increase of AT2 receptor mRNA by more than 1000% after 3 days in proximal and after 14 days in distal sciatic nerve stumps (510%), the maximum expression in DRGs was observed after 14 days (1100%). Sciatic nerve crush resulted in a time-dependent up-regulation of AT2 receptor mRNA in sciatic nerve segments coinciding with the successful regeneration of nerve fibers. In sciatic nerves, AT1a and AT1b receptor mRNA levels were increased within different time-courses and to different extents with a maximum expression of 570%. In contrast to AT1a receptor mRNAs, AT1b receptor mRNA levels were increased in DRGs by maximally 800%. These results suggest that AT2 and AT1 receptor-mediated pathways are involved in Schwann cell-mediated myelination and in neuroregenerative responses of DRGs.
Animals↗
Effect of tension on nerve regeneration in rat sciatic nerve transection model.
Excessive tension across a nerve repair is known to impair nerve regeneration. However, it is uncertain whether nerve grafting is necessary when end-to-end repair would result in only mild to moderate tension. This study investigated the effect of tension on nerve regeneration. Sciatic nerves of 48 Lewis rats were transected and then repaired primarily after resection of 0-, 3-, 6-, or 9-mm lengths of nerve. Postoperative tension levels were quantified using a tensometer. Robust nerve regeneration was observed at 4 weeks in all except the 9-mm repair group, which showed lower nerve fiber counts, percent neural tissue, and nerve density (P < 0.05) and decreased functional recovery. These data indicate that modest levels of tension are well tolerated, but nerve regeneration drops precipitously once a critical tension threshold is exceeded. This threshold was between 0.39 and 0.56 N in the model studied, corresponding to a nerve defect between 6 mm and 9 mm.
Animals↗
Electrical phenomena in nerve. III. Frog sciatic nerve.
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Electromagnetic Phenomena↗
Contralateral non-operated nerve to transected rat sciatic nerve shows increased expression of IL-1beta, TGF-beta1, TNF-alpha, and IL-10.
Recent reports indicate that after a peripheral nerve injury, the uninjured contralateral nerve is also affected. Because cytokines play an important role in the peripheral nerve injury, we studied the expression of five different mRNAs (interleukin-1beta (IL-1beta), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), interleukin-10 (IL-10), transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) and interleukin-4 (IL-4)) in the contralateral, non-operated, left sciatic nerve when the right rat sciatic nerve was transected. This study extended up to 42 days after the transection. No IL-4 expression was noted. During the first 3 days, high expression of the other studied cytokines was noted in the endoneurium. At day 7, the expression diminished to the control levels. After this, a cyclic expression pattern appeared, which was most pronounced in the endoneurium at 35 days. We also show that the expression pattern in the endoneurium is different from that in the surrounding epi- and perineurium. Also, our present study shows clearly that contralateral nerves are poor controls after injury.
Animals↗
Local radiolabeling of the 68 kDa neurofilament protein in rat sciatic nerves.
Rat sciatic nerve segments, 4.5 cm distal to the dorsal root ganglion (DRG), were incubated in vivo with [35S]methionine. Fluorography of 2-D polyacrylamide gels of the nerve proteins demonstrated the labeling of the 68-kDa neurofilament protein, which was identified by immunoblotting. This experimental design excludes the dorsal root ganglion as the source of the radiolabeled neurofilament protein and suggests that this neuron-specific protein may be synthesized in axons.
Animals↗
Fibrous band compression of the tibial nerve branch of the sciatic nerve.
Compression of the sciatic nerve, or its branches, by a fibrous band in the thigh region is a rare cause of sciatic neuropathy. A 42-year-old farmer with a 1-year history of right leg dysesthesias in the tibial nerve distribution was found on surgical exploration to have a fibrous band constricting the tibial branch of the sciatic nerve proximal to the popliteal fossa. Sectioning of this probably congenital band provided prompt relief of her symptoms with no recurrence 12 months after surgery.
Adult↗
Ganglioside synthesis and transport in regenerating sensory neurons of the rat sciatic nerve.
The sciatic nerves of rats were crushed with fine forceps and allowed to survive for 3 or 7 days, at which time the 5th lumbar dorsal root ganglion was injected with [3H]glucosamine. Animals were killed 18 h later and the nerves proximal and distal to the crush site were cut into 3 mm segments. Gangliosides were purified from these segments, and radioactivity was separately measured in gangliosides, neutral glycolipids and glycoproteins. For all 3 fractions, radioactivity was distributed similarly between the crush site and point of maximum axonal elongation. A second smaller peak of ganglioside radioactivity was seen to span a few segments immediately distal to the point of maximum axonal elongation. We propose two possible explanations for this: (1) it represents ganglioside synthesis by Schwann cells (from blood-borne [3H]glucosamine) as part of the mitogenic response of these cells to the reappearance of axons; or (2) recently synthesized, transported gangliosides are released from the growth cone and taken up by adjacent mitogenic Schwann cells.
Animals↗
Fast axonal transport of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT) in cholinergic neurons in the rat sciatic nerve.
The sciatic nerve, as a part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS), has been used to study axonal transport for decades. It contains motor, sensory as well as autonomic axons. The present study has concentrated on the axonal transport of the synaptic vesicle acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), using the "stop-flow/nerve crush" method. After blocking fast axonal transport by means of a crush, distinct accumulations of various synaptic vesicle proteins, including VAChT, and peptides developed during the first hour after crush-operation and marked increases were observed up to 8 h post-operative. Semiquantitative analysis, using cytofluorimetric scanning (CFS) of immuno-incubated sections, revealed a rapid rate of accumulation proximal to the crush, and that the ratio between distal accumulations (organelles in retrograde transport) and proximal accumulations (organelles in anterograde transport) was about 40%. Most synaptic vesicle proteins were colocalized in the axons proximal to the crush. VAChT-immunoreactive axons were also immunoreactive for choline acetyltransferase (ChAT). Autonomic axons with VAChT also contained VIP-LI. The results demonstrate (1) that VAChT, as well as other synaptic vesicle proteins, is transported with fast axonal transport in motor axons as well as in autonomic post-ganglionic neurons in this nerve, (2) VAChT colocalized in motor axons with SV2 as well as with synaptophysin, indicating storage in the same axonal particle, (3) in the autonomic postganglionic sympathetic cholinergic fibres, VAChT colocalized with VIP, but VIP-LI was present in rather large granular structures while VAChT-LI was present mostly as small granular elements, (4) in motor as well as in autonomic axons ChAT-LI was present in VAChT-positive axons, and (5) the ratio of recycling (retrogradely accumulated) VAChT-IR was about 40%, in contrast to the recycling fraction of synaptophysin that was about 70%.
Animals↗
Comparative study of rat sciatic nerve microepineurial anastomoses made with carbon dioxide laser and suture techniques: Part 2. A morphometric analysis of myelinated nerve fibers.
Sciatic nerves of rats were severed with steel scalpel blades and subsequently anastomosed with epineurial sutures and laser-aided techniques. Morphometric analysis of myelinated nerve fibers proximal and distal to the anastomosed region revealed that the laser had no deleterious effects on the degree of retrograde axonal degeneration or regeneration potential as compared to the traditional suture technique. Although no significant difference in myelinated nerve fiber population was evident between the two methods, future experimentation with various laser parameters might lead to more effective use of lasers in nerve repair.
Animals↗
Comparison of sciatic nerve regeneration through silicone tubes and nerve allografts.
Sciatic nerve regeneration through implanted silicone tubes was compared to allogenic nerve grafting in 30 adult female Sprague-Dawley rats. Regeneration was assessed at 10, 24, and 90 days post-transection. Axonal regrowth through the implanted neural prostheses was evaluated with electromyography and histologic examination.
Animals↗
Up-regulated uridine kinase gene identified by RLCS in the ventral horn after crush injury to rat sciatic nerves.
Rat sciatic nerve crush injury is one of the models commonly employed for studying the mechanisms of nerve regeneration. In this study, we analyzed the temporal change of gene expression after injury in this model, to elucidate the molecular mechanisms involved in nerve regeneration. First, a cDNA analysis method, Restriction Landmark cDNA Scanning (RLCS), was applied to cells in the ventral horn of the spinal cord during a 7-day period after the crush injury. A total of 1991 cDNA species were detected as spots on gels, and 37 of these were shown to change after the injury. Temporally changed patterns were classified into three categories: the continuously up-regulated type (10 species), the transiently up-regulated type (22 species), and the down-regulated type (5 species). These complex patterns of gene expression demonstrated after the injury suggest that precise regulation in molecular pathways is required for accomplishing nerve regeneration. Secondly, the rat homologue of uridine kinase gene was identified as one of the up-regulated genes. Northern blot analysis on rat ventral horn tissue and brain revealed that the UK gene had three transcripts with different sizes (4.3, 1. 4, and 1.35 kb, respectively). All of the transcripts, especially the 4.3 kb one, were up-regulated mainly in a bimodal fashion during the 28-day period after the injury. The RLCS method that we employed in the present study shows promise as a means to fully analyze molecular changes in nerve regeneration in detail.
Animals↗
Glia maturation factor beta stimulates axon regeneration in transected rat sciatic nerve.
Rat sciatic nerves were bilaterally transected and repaired with an entubulation technique. The nerve interstump gap was filled with either collagen gel or collagen gel mixed with a putative neurotrophic factor (leupeptin, 4-aminopyridine, lipid angiogenic factor or glia maturation factor beta (GMF-beta]. Six weeks after nerve transection, the myelinated distal stump axons were quantified for each nerve. Only the nerves treated with GMF-beta had significantly more axons than the control side.
Animals↗
Comparison of expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) with autogenous vein as a nerve conduit in rat sciatic nerve defects.
OBJECTIVES: In this study, we compared expanded polytetrafluoroethylene (ePTFE) tube with autogenous vein as an alternative conduit material in a rat sciatic nerve model. STUDY DESIGN: Thirty Wistar albino rats were assigned to three groups equal in number. A 1-cm defect was created in the right sciatic nerve of each rat. In group I (control), the nerve gap was repaired with autogenous nerve graft. In group II and III, the defects were bridged with autogenous vein graft and ePTFE tube, respectively. At 30 and 90 days, five rats from each group were subjected to inspection of feet for pressure sores, walking tract analysis, electrophysiological and histomorphological studies, and gastrocnemius muscle studies. RESULTS: At 90 days, the mean gastrocnemius index in the nerve graft group (48.5+/-3) was statistically different from those of the autogenous vein (31.2+/-6) and ePTFE (35.3+/-8) groups (p<0.05). The mean myelinated axonal counts were 239+/-35, 164+/-34, and 145+/-31 in the nerve graft, vein graft, and ePTFE graft groups, respectively. The nerve graft group results were significantly better than the other groups (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in sciatic function index and electrophysiology results. The differences between the autogenous vein graft and ePTFE were not significant for any research parameters. CONCLUSION: It was experimentally demonstrated that ePTFE tube could be considered an alternative to autogenous vein graft to bridge small nerve defects.
Animals↗
A conditioning lesion promotes in vivo nerve regeneration in the contralateral sciatic nerve of rats.
A conditioning lesion in the sciatic nerve increases in vivo axonal regeneration in the nerve after a second transection. We studied whether this increased regeneration also occurs in the contralateral nerve. The left sciatic nerve was transected and sutured in Wistar rats; the nerve was exposed but not transected in controls. After 5 days, the right sciatic nerves of all rats were transected and sutured. Neuronal regeneration was measured at 0, 1, 3, 5, and 7 days with the pinch test and histological staining. IL-1beta and TGF-beta1 expression was also measured. The initial delay in the experimental group was significantly shorter, but the regeneration rates were the same. The expression of IL-1beta and TGF-beta1 in the right dorsal root ganglia was significantly higher in the experimental group. Nerve injury enhances cytokine expression in the contralateral dorsal root ganglion and promotes contralateral nerve regeneration in vivo by shortening the initial delay.
Animals↗
Histologic and electrophysiologic changes following subepineurial hematoma induction in rat sciatic nerve.
The sciatic nerves of 34 rats were used to study the effects of intraneural, extrafascicular hematoma, exclusive of any other trauma. Electrodiagnostic, histologic, and electron microscopic techniques were used. The amount of nerve fiber damage was assessed using computerized planimetry. The effects of hematoma evacuation were also investigated. Changes consistent with partial denervation, such as prolongation of insertion activity and distal latency, and the presence of positive waves and fibrillations, were present in the blood-injected but not in the control groups. Degenerative nerve fiber changes localized to the area of hematoma were present in the blood-injected group and were significantly higher than those in the control group. Although there was a difference in the amount of nerve damage between the blood-injected and the hematoma-evacuated group (less damage), this difference was not statistically significant. These findings suggest that intraneural extrafascicular hematoma produces electrophysiologic and histologic evidence of axonal degeneration affecting nerve fibers in the vicinity of the hematoma. Early evacuation of the intraneural hematoma appears to slightly reduce the deleterious effects of the lesion.
Animals↗