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PubMed2003

Herbert A. Simon: Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, 1978.

In 1978, Herbert A. Simon won the Nobel Prize in Economic Sciences, the same Nobel won by Daniel Kahneman in 2002. Simon's work in fact paved the way for Kahneman's Nobel. Although trained in political science and economics rather than psychology, Simon applied psychological ideas to economic theorizing. Classical and neoclassical economic theories assume that people are perfectly rational and strive to optimize economic outcomes. Simon argued that human rationality is constrained, not perfect, and that people seek satisfactory rather than ideal outcomes. Despite his Nobel, Simon felt isolated in economics and ultimately moved into psychology. Nevertheless, his ideas percolated through the economic community, so that Kahneman, whose research advanced Simon's broad perspective, could be the psychologist who won the Nobel in economics.

Behavioral Research↗
PubMed1997

[Nobel Prize of Medicine 1997 awarded for prion theory].

The Nobel Prize 1997 for Medicine and Physiology was awarded to S.B. Prusiner, who proposed the prion hypothesis. Prions are small 'proteinaceous infectious particles' that lack nucleic acids and hence genetic information. Prions are normal host encoded proteins but with an abnormal tertiary structure, which makes them extremely resistant to chemical and physical inactivation that would modify nucleic acids. They 'replicate' by forcing their conformation upon the normal prion proteins. Recently it was demonstrated that the prion disease, bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE) can be transmitted to man in whom it causes a new variant of Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Pavlov and the Nobel Prize Award.

When Pavlov was first nominated for the Nobel Prize, he was well recognized by physiologists, especially those concerned with digestion. It appears unlikely that psychological interpretations of his conditional reflex findings had begun to penetrate deeply into the discipline of psychology. The selection in 1904 of Pavlov for the award in physiology or medicine attracted the attention of a broader range of scientists. American psychologists, in particular, probably became more aware of the advantages of incorporating his "objective" conditional reflex method into their investigations. General biographical aspects relating to the award and the effect of the award upon the acceptance of the conditional reflex method by American psychologists are developed in this presentation.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

[Nobel Prize winning laureates in physiology or medicine for the year 2000--a few comments on discoveries related to signal transduction].

The Nobel Assembly awarded The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 2000 jointly to Arvid Carlsson, Paul Greengard and Eric Kandel for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system. On the examples of their predecessors we attempted to demonstrate how results of basic research serve as building blocks for new discoveries and for the application of research results into the praxis. We presented not only the basic discoveries of laureates of Nobel Prize for year 2000 (biological role of dopamine, regulation of cell functions by phosphorylation of proteins, changes in transduction of signals during processes of memory), but we also mentioned previous discoveries that helped in the research of the last laureates. These discoveries concerned not only the storage and metabolism of transmitters, formulation of the concept of cyclic AMP as a second messenger of hormonal action, the role of G-proteins in transduction processes in receptor-effector complexes, processes of phosphorylation of proteins as regulators of cell functions, but we also mentioned the discovery of other second messengers and substances functioning as local hormones (prostaglandins and related compounds). Most of the described discoveries have not only the value as stones that can help to fill still incomplete mosaic of our present knowledge, but they also represent the immediate basis for the development and use of very important remedies, such as are antiparkinsonics, antidepressive drugs, nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs, etc.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed2003

A meaningful legacy: urologists as Nobel Prize laureates.

OBJECTIVE: To review the careers of two urologists among Nobel Prize-winners in medicine, W. Forssmann and C. H. Huggins, and the significance of their contributions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Investigation was performed based on analysis of collected findings from the biographies of laureates, their scientific publications and the Nobel archive database. RESULTS: Review revealed that of the 175 scientists and physicians who received the Nobel Prize, just over one half (94) held an MD degree while the remainder were PhD's or other degrees. Of the 94 MD-degreed physicians nine (9.4%) were surgeons. Two of these laureates were urologists- Drs. Werner Forssmann and Charles B. Huggins, who were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1956 and 1966, respectively. Although Werner Forssmann worked as a urologist for most of his career, early in his surgical training he invented procedures for cardiac catheterization and performed the first procedures on himself in 1929. Charles Huggins identified the role of androgens in prostate cancer progression in 1940, and thus established the principles of hormonal suppressive therapy for advanced disease. CONCLUSIONS: The distinguished accomplishments of these two great urologists exemplify the highest level of excellence in science for the entire surgical and urological community. Furthermore, today's breakthroughs in molecular medicine represent an extremely appealing challenge for the new generation of scientists and clinicians.

Canada↗
PubMed2003

The 1973 Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine: recognition for behavioral science?

The Nobel Prize for Physiology or Medicine for 1973 was awarded to 3 ethologists: Karl von Frisch, Konrad Lorenz, and Nikolaas Tinbergen. This was a landmark event in the history of the field of ethology and potentially for the behavioral sciences more broadly. For the first time, the prize was awarded for research of a purely behavioral nature. The language used in making the award emphasized the implications of ethological work for human health and appeared to suggest that more such awards might be forthcoming; few were. The author provides an overview of the 3 men, their work, the events surrounding the award, the controversy that arose, and the significance of the award as viewed in contemporary perspective.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Nobel Prize 2002 for chemistry: mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance].

The Nobel Prize in Chemistry for 2002 has been awarded to two powerful spectroscopic methodologies through three valorous scientists, John Fenn and Koichi Tanaka, for mass spectrometry and Kurt Wüthrich for nuclear magnetic resonance. These techniques were previously known for their intensive use in chemical analysis. They are now developed at the chemistry/biology interface. Two new methods of soft ionization in mass spectrometry and a strategy of sequential assignment of nuclear magnetic resonance signals of biopolymers now allow the use of these powerful and complementary methodologies for the structural analysis of biological macromolecules, proteins, nucleic acids (DNA, RNA) and polysaccharides. Through the elucidation of their planar and three-dimensional structures and of the molecular mechanisms that govern their interactions, these techniques now may afford precious clues for understanding the molecular mechanisms of life.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Nitric oxide (NO)--Nobel prize in medicine and physiology for 1998].

On October 12, 1998. The Nobel Assembly announced the award of the Nobel Prize in Medicine and Physiology to pharmacologists Robert Furchgott, Louis Ignarro, and Ferid Murad. The Nobel Committee decided to award the prize for their discoveries concerning--nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system. Nitric oxide (NO) has a key importance for vascular tonus, acts as a signal molecule in the nervous system and plays an important function in the immunological system. Nitric oxide is a multifunction molecule which controls the blood pressure, modulates gastrointestinal motility. It is produced in abnormal level intensifies septic shock and destruction of nervous tissue. NO is important in different branches of medicine. For instance NO gas has been used to reduced high blood pressure in the lung of infants. Several unknown NO applications in medicine are waiting for discovery.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

Neuron theory, the cornerstone of neuroscience, on the centenary of the Nobel Prize award to Santiago Ramón y Cajal.

Exactly 100 years ago, the Nobel Prize for Physiology and Medicine was awarded to Santiago Ramón y Cajal, "in recognition of his meritorious work on the structure of the nervous system". Cajal's great contribution to the history of science is undoubtedly the postulate of neuron theory. The present work makes a historical analysis of the circumstances in which Cajal formulated his theory, considering the authors and works that influenced his postulate, the difficulties he encountered for its dissemination, and the way it finally became established. At the time when Cajal began his neurohistological studies, in 1887, Gerlach's reticular theory (a diffuse protoplasmic network of the grey matter of the nerve centres), also defended by Golgi, prevailed among the scientific community. In the first issue of the Revista Trimestral de Histología Normal y Patológica (May, 1888), Cajal presented the definitive evidence underpinning neuron theory, thanks to staining of the axon of the small, star-shaped cells of the molecular layer of the cerebellum of birds, whose collaterals end up surrounding the Purkinje cell bodies, in the form of baskets or nests. He thus demonstrated once and for all that the relationship between nerve cells was not one of continuity, but rather of contiguity. Neuron theory is one of the principal scientific conquests of the 20th century, and which has withstood, with scarcely any modifications, the passage of more than a 100 years, being reaffirmed by new technologies, as the electron microscopy. Today, no neuroscientific discipline could be understood without recourse to the concept of neuronal individuality and nervous transmission at a synaptic level, as basic units of the nervous system.

Animals↗
PubMed2000

Egas Moniz and the origins of psychosurgery: a review commemorating the 50th anniversary of Moniz's Nobel Prize.

Modern psychosurgery began in 1936 with the work of the Portuguese neurologist, Egas Moniz, who attempted to treat the symptoms of mental illness by severing neural tracts in the frontal lobes. This procedure eventually became widespread and applied to thousands of institutionalized, psychotic patients in the United States and other countries. Despite serious side effects associated with psychosurgery, the apparent importance and validity of the treatment was recognized in 1949 when Moniz received the Nobel Prize for his innovation. Psychosurgery was largely replaced by anti-psychotic drugs in the mid-1950s, and the procedure and its practitioners rapidly fell into disrepute. This article reviews Moniz's career, the factors that led up to his first clinical trials of frontal lobe surgery, and the circumstances that allowed psychosurgery to flourish in the 1940s, eventually leading to Moniz's Nobel Prize.

Animals↗
PubMed2004

["Process of the research and development received Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2002"].

Mr. K. Tanaka engaged in Shimadzu Corporation received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry 2002 for the development of soft laser desorption ionization method for mass spectrometric analyses of biological macromolecules. In this paper, the process of the research and development of desorption ionization method and the produced laser desorption ionization time of flight mass spectrometer (LDI-TOFMS) are described.

Chemistry↗
PubMed1989

A review of Nobel prizes in medicine or physiology, 1901-87.

This review examines the awards of Nobel Prizes for Medicine or Physiology discipline between 1901 and 1987, in order to evaluate the advances made in biomedical sciences in the twentieth century. A total of 78 awards had been made amounting to 144 laureates. Countrywise, scientists from the USA lead the tally of Nobelists with 62 laureates, followed by those from Britain and Germany. In the first quarter (1901-25), majority of the awards were given to pioneering studies in microbiology and physiology. Following three decades (1926-55) show the emergence of biochemists as preferred winners with many of the nutrition-related discoveries receiving the recognition. During and immediately after the Second World War (between 1939 and 1957), pharmacology related studies were also awarded Nobel merit. Molecular biology, genetics and immunology had become the prime areas for recipients during the last three decades beginning with 1958. Apart from these four distinct speciality areas, classic discoveries in the fields of neurosciences and behavior, clinical medicine, experimental biology endocrinology had also been recognized at regular intervals.

History, 20th Century↗
PubMed2006

Why there should be more science Nobel prizes and laureates - And why proportionate credit should be awarded to institutions.

The four science Nobel prizes (physics, chemistry, medicine/physiology and economics) have performed extremely well as a method of recognizing the highest level of achievement. The prizes exist primarily to honour individuals but also have a very important function in science generally. In particular, the institutions and nations which have educated, nurtured or supported many Nobel laureates can be identified as elite in world science. However, the limited range of subjects and a maximum of 12 laureates per year mean that many major scientific achievements remain un-recognized; and relatively few universities can gather sufficient Nobel-credits to enable a precise estimate of their different levels of quality. I advocate that the Nobel committee should expand the number of Nobel laureates and Prize categories as a service to world science. (1) There is a large surplus of high quality prize candidates deserving of recognition. (2) There has been a vast expansion of research with a proliferation of major sub-disciplines in the existing categories. (3) Especially, the massive growth of the bio-medical sciences has created a shortage of Nobel recognition in this area. (4) Whole new fields of major science have emerged. I therefore suggest that the maximum of three laureates per year should always be awarded in the categories of physics, chemistry and economics, even when these prizes are for diverse and un-related achievements; that the number of laureates in the 'biology' category of physiology or medicine should be increased to six or preferably nine per year; and that two new Prize categories should be introduced to recognize achievements in mathematics and computing science. Together, these measures could increase the science laureates from a maximum of 12 to a minimum of 24, and increase the range of scientific coverage. In future, the Nobel committee should also officially allocate proportionate credit to institutions for each laureate, and a historical task force could also award institutional credit for past prizes.

Chemical Phenomena↗
PubMed2002

To err and win a nobel prize: Paul Boyer, ATP synthase and the emergence of bioenergetics.

Paul Boyer shared a Nobel Prize in 1997 for his work on the mechanism of ATP synthase. His earlier work, though (which contributed indirectly to his triumph), included major errors, both experimental and theoretical. Two benchmark cases offer insight into how scientists err and how they deal with error. Boyer's work also parallels and illustrates the emergence of bioenergetics in the second half of the twentieth century, rivaling achievements in evolution and molecular biology.

ATP Synthetase Complexes↗
PubMed1969

Nobel Prizes.

Explore the source record for details and available documents.

Molecular Biology↗
PubMed2006

The Nobel Prize in 2005 for the discovery of Helicobacter pylori: implications for child health.

UNLABELLED: The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2005 has been awarded to B. Marshall and R. Warren for their discovery that peptic ulcer disease is caused by an infection with Helicobacter pylori. This infection, which affects about half of the world's population and is already extremely prevalent in adolescents in developing countries, starts as an asymptomatic gastritis which, under certain conditions, is followed by gastric or duodenal ulcer disease. CONCLUSION: No proven benefit has yet been found by treating H. pylori-infected children with gastritis unless they have a peptic ulcer. Vaccination against H. pylori infection during early childhood is considered a means of preventing peptic ulcer disease and also possibly adenocarcinoma.

Child↗
PubMed2004

[The 2004 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation].

This year's Nobel Prize in Chemistry has been awarded to Aaron Ciechanover, Avram Herskho and Irwin Rose for the discovery of ubiquitin-mediated protein degradation. In a series of groundbreaking experiments these scientists described the basic principles for a unique posttranslational modification based on the conjugation of the small protein ubiquitin to proteins deemed for degradation. Although ubiquitin started in 1980 as an unusual modification of certain proteins, it is now clear that it functions as a signal for degradation when it forms a polymer. Hundreds of proteins are involved in the controlled destruction of ubiquitin-labelled proteins in the cell. And hundreds of other proteins are involved in protein modification by mono-ubiquitin, so that other processes, such as the formation of another degradation compartment, the lysosome, can proceed normally.

Animals↗