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PubMed2001

Inhibitory effects during object name retrieval: The effect of interval between prime and target on picture naming responses.

Three picture naming experiments are reported which examine the relationship between the apparent inhibition of a response on one trial, and naming latency on the subsequent trial. The design of each experiment involves the presentation of prime and target pairs, either presented in succession (Lag 1 condition), or separated by two intervening unrelated trials (Lag 3 condition). A control condition is also included. In Experiment 1, a speeded picture naming task is used, and naming errors are analysed. Target pictures are misnamed at above chance rates with the name of the semantically related prime picture in the Lag 3 condition. In contrast, these prime-related errors do not occur in the Lag 1 condition, suggesting a brief inhibitory effect. If primes are briefly inhibited, then target naming latencies immediately following a related prime should be quicker than target latencies in the Lag 3 condition. Experiment 2 confirms this pattern of results, using exactly the same stimuli and design, but standard naming instructions. Experiment 3 examines whether the inferred inhibition is the result of a self-inhibitory mechanism, using a repetition priming paradigm. If Lag 1 prime representations are self-inhibited, then facilitatory effects from prime/target repetition should be stronger in the Lag 3 condition, than in the Lag 1 condition. The data from Expt 3 were not consistent with this prediction. Taken together, the results of the three experiments suggest that a brief inhibitory effect occurs after retrieval of an object name, and that the inhibition may be accomplished by mechanisms other than self-inhibition.

Journal Article↗

PubMed2003

Estimating the sensitivity and specificity of matching name-based with non-name-based case registries.

Because non-name-based case registries have recently been used for reporting human immunodeficiency virus infection, this study attempted to define the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of case registry matches using non-name-based registries. The AIDS, sexually transmitted disease (STD), and tuberculosis (TB) case registries were matched using all available information to establish the standard. The registries were then matched again using five increasingly less specific criteria to compare sensitivity, specificity and accuracy. The registries were then also transformed into non-name-based codes as if they were the HIV registry and matched again. With name-based registries, sensitivities increased as the matching criteria became less exacting, while the accuracy declined slightly. Specificities remained close to 100% due to the relatively small number of matched cases. Results from matches of non-name-based registry matches were similar to those of the name-based registry matches. Non-name reporting can be used for data matching with acceptable accuracy.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗

PubMed2005

By which name should I call thee? The consequences of having multiple names.

The nominal competitor effect suggests that, when a person has two names associated with them, recall of either name is more difficult than if they just had one name. Drawing on a connectionist framework, this effect could arise either if multiple names were represented as being connected to a single person identity node (PIN), or if multiple names were represented as being connected via one-to-one links to multiple PINs. Whilst the latter has intuitive appeal, results from two experiments support the former architecture. Having two names connected to a single PIN not only gives rise to a nominal competitor effect (Experiment 1), but also gives rise to a familiarity enhancement effect (Experiment 2). These empirical results are simulated using an extension of Brédart, Valentine, Calder, and Gassi's (1995) connectionist architecture, which reveals that both effects hold even when the association of both names to the PIN is unequal. These results are presented in terms of a more complete model for person recognition, and the representation of semantic information within such a model is examined.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Seriality of phonological encoding in naming objects and reading their names.

There is a remarkable lack of research bringing together the literatures on oral reading and speaking. As concerns phonological encoding, both models of reading and speaking assume a process of segmental spellout for words, which is followed by serial prosodification in models of speaking (e.g., Levelt, Roelofs, & Meyer, 1999). Thus, a natural place to merge models of reading and speaking would be at the level of segmental spellout. This view predicts similar seriality effects in reading and object naming. Experiment 1 showed that the seriality of encoding inside a syllable revealed in previous studies of speaking is observed for both naming objects and reading their names. Experiment 2 showed that both object naming and reading exhibit the seriality of the encoding of successive syllables previously observed for speaking. Experiment 3 showed that the seriality is also observed when object naming and reading trials are mixed rather than tested separately, as in the first two experiments. These results suggest that a serial phonological encoding mechanism is shared between naming objects and reading their names.

Humans↗

PubMed1995

[The names of drugs in the cassia-bark family in China prior to the 11th century--On the standardization as Guizhi by Ling Yi and other scholars of cassia-bark family drug names appearing in the medical works written by Zhongjing].

The Chinese medical classics Shangham Lun, Jingui Yaolue and Jingui Yuhanjing are regarded as having been written by Zahn Zhongjing in the early part of the third century A.d. However, all current editions of the three works are based on the northern Song edition revised by Lin Yi and other scholars that was first published in 1065 and 1066. Guizhi appears in prescriptions in all three books as an important medicine. Yet whereas in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia (C.P.) Guizhi is defined as the Cinnamomi Ramulus (the whole twig), in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia (J.P.) it is defined as the Cinnamomi Cortex (the bark). The reasons for this difference between China and Japan has not been studied before. The author conducted a historical analysis of the terms and materials used for cinnamomic medicine in China from the third century B.C. to the year 1066, and the following results were obtained. (1) Until the Han period, the drug name Gui was commonly used for products made from the bark (the cork from the bark being removed) of cinnamomic plant. Such products have been excavated from a tomb where they were interred in the second century B.C., and the drug name Guixin was commonly used for them until the Tang period. (2) The terms Gui, Qin, Mugui, Mugui, guirou, Rougui, Guixin, and Guizhi found in medical texts up to the tenth century were all used for the products made from the bark. The Tang government's pharmacopoeia of 659, the Xinxiu Bencao, designates their material plant as either C. cassia or C. obtusifolium. This product primarily corresponds to Cinnamomi cortex, being Keihi in J.P. or Rougui in C.P. (3) The term Jungui was used from the third century B.C. for products in the shape of a bamboo pipe which were made from the bark of cinnamomic plant twig that had been repeatedly rolled up, and which were used as dietary foods or spices. The Xinxiu Bencao designates the material plant as C. burmanni, and the product corresponds to the cinnamon sticks now in use. (4) As to use Guizhi as decoction, we cannot deny the possibility that in the original medical works of Zhongjing there was a prescription by the name of Guizhi Tang. However, there are no examples of the drug name Guizhi until the sixth century, and most prescriptions of Zhongjing that were used around the Tang period employ Guixin or Gui. Because of this, in some prescriptions there has arisen a contradiction in the terminology; for example in Guizhi Tang, Guizhi might be prescribed instead of Guixin. Further, there are also prescriptions named Guixin... Tang. On the other hand, no evidence has been found that the whole twig of cinnamomic plant was used as a drug prior to the eleventh century. Consequently, this indicates an extremely small likelihood that in the time of Zhongjing the drug name Gizhi was employed, or that the whole cinnamomic twig was employed as a drug. (5) In the Taiping Shenghifang which was published in the early part of northern Song period there is, among the prescriptions for Guizhi, and example drawn from the prescriptions of Zhonjing, of the use of a drug named Guizhi, which has the same meaning as Guixin. However, at the time Gixin was a commonly used term.

Cassia↗

PubMed1997

Picture naming by young children: norms for name agreement, familiarity, and visual complexity.

Researchers concerned with the development of cognitive functions are in need of standardized material that can be used with both adults and children. The present article provides normative measures for 400 line drawings viewed by 5- and 6-year-old children. The three variables obtained-name agreement, familiarity, and visual complexity-are important because of their potential effect on memory and other cognitive processes. The normative data collected in the present study indicate that young children are different from adults in both the name most frequently assigned and the number of alternative names provided. The alternative names given by the children are either coordinate names or names of objects that are visually similar to the pictured object. In addition, the failure (to name) rate is higher among young children compared to adults. Thus, we conclude that unequivocal interpretation of age-related differences in cognitive functions can be made only when age-appropriate pictorial stimuli are chosen.

Adult↗

PubMed1989

Face processing and name retrieval in an anomic aphasic: names are stored separately from semantic information about familiar people.

Recent models of face recognition have proposed that the names of familiar people are accessed from a lexical memory store that is distinct from the semantic memory store that holds information about such things as a familiar person's occupation and personality. Names are nevertheless retrieved via the semantic system. If such models are correct, then it should be possible for a patient to have full access to semantic information about familiar people while being unable to name many of them. We report this pattern in an anomic aphasic patient, EST, whose inability to recall the names of familiar people occurred in the context of a general word-finding problem. EST showed a preserved ability to access semantic information from familiar faces, voices, and spoken and written names and to process facial expressions, but he was unable to name many familiar faces. These findings are compatible with current models of face processing and challenge models which propose that names are stored alongside semantic information in a general-purpose long-term memory store.

Anomia↗

PubMed1999

Effects of structural similarity and name frequency on picture naming in Alzheimer's disease.

Impairments to either perceptual or word-retrieval processes have been hypothesized to explain confrontation naming impairments in patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD). This study measured the effects of structural similarity, which affects perceptual processing, and name frequency, which affects word retrieval, on naming latency and accuracy in 16 AD patients and 16 age-matched controls. AD patients named pictures more slowly and made more errors than control participants. Their naming accuracy was disproportionately affected by name frequency, but not by structural similarity. The findings indicate that the processing of structural properties of objects is unaffected in early-stage AD, and suggest that word-retrieval impairments underlie the naming deficit in AD.

Aged↗

PubMed2004

Modality-specific naming deficit: cognitive and neural mechanisms implicated in naming to definition.

We report the case of an anomic patient who had a significantly greater impairment in naming to definition than in picture naming. His difficulty did not depend on the number of semantic attributes (two vs. four) or type of information (visual vs. non-visual) carried in the definition. When asked to visualize the perceptual characteristics of the stimulus by means of drawing, his performance on the naming to definition task improved significantly. We first discuss this performance pattern in terms of the debate between the modality access deficit hypothesis and the multiple semantics position. The patient's more severe impairment in naming to definition suggests that his dissociation may be due to a more selective involvement of verbal semantics. In line with recent PET findings indicating that top-down semantic-to-visual sensory neural feedback improves the retrieval of semantic information in naming to definition tasks, we hypothesize that the patient's difficulty in retrieving the name was due to his inability to automatically activate this pathway. Picture drawing facilitated his naming because it activated the visual system directly (through the structure description level), implementing the retrieval of semantic information.

Acoustic Stimulation↗

PubMed2003

Female advantage in speeded colour naming: a special naming factor or superior motor sequencing?

Women name colours more quickly than men do, and our recent research suggests that the female advantage for colour naming extends to speeded naming of shapes. The female advantage could reflect a superiority in producing and execuring the motor sequences underlying the required vocal response. Or, women could have faster access to or retrieval of colour labels. The present study tested these two possibilities by administering 3 speeded colour-naming tasks. In the first task, participants named a patch of colour as quickly as possible after it was presented. In the second task, participants made manual (instead of vocal) responses. In the third task, vocal responses were required but a randomly varying delay period was introduced between the presentation of the colour patch and the required response. Females reponded more quickly on the first task but there was no such advantage in the manual or delayed conditions. Taken together, these results suggest that the female advantage for speeded naming tasks reflects an advantage for sequencing movements rather than a special naming ability.

Adult↗

PubMed1998

Adjectives that have different meanings in various Latin anatomical names, and expression of these adjectives in Japanese anatomical names.

In order to understand the role of Latin adjectives, international anatomical names containing the same adjectives were chosen from among the names of structures in the head and neck: these names were assorted into groups according to the actual meanings of the adjectives. When the Latin adjectives indicated the name of the structure, they signified: belonging to the structure, entering into the formation of the structure, articulating with the structure, transmitting the structure, giving attachment to the structure, or some other relationship to the structure. And, furthermore, the structures that were indicated by the same Latin adjectives might be different. In the Japanese language, those adjectives that have different meanings in other internationally accepted anatomical names were sometimes translated into different words. Because of this, some Japanese anatomical names were more concrete than the corresponding Latin anatomical names. It seemed that compound words and abbreviations, which can be formed easily in the Japanese language, made such expression possible.

Anatomy↗

PubMed2003

A probabilistic model for identifying protein names and their name boundaries.

This paper proposes a method for identifying protein names in biomedical texts with an emphasis on detecting protein name boundaries. We use a probabilistic model which exploits several surface clues characterizing protein names and incorporates word classes for generalization. In contrast to previously proposed methods, our approach does not rely on natural language processing tools such as part-of-speech taggers and syntactic parsers, so as to reduce processing overhead and the potential number of probabilistic parameters to be estimated. A notion of certainty is also proposed to improve precision for identification. We implemented a protein name identification system based on our proposed method, and evaluated the system on real-world biomedical texts in conjunction with the previous work. The results showed that overall our system performs comparably to the state-of-the-art protein name identification system and that higher performance is achieved for compound names. In addition, it is demonstrated that our system can further improve precision by restricting the system output to those names with high certainties.

Artificial Intelligence↗

PubMed2000

The name game: using retrieval practice to improve the learning of names.

In medium-sized groups such as classes, it is often desirable that the members become acquainted with one another. Toward this end, various methods of introducing group members are often used, with only anecdotal evidence for their effectiveness. The name game is a method for introducing group members that is based on the principles of retrieval practice. The authors compared 2 versions of the name game with a widely used introductory method--pairwise introductions--and found that the name game participants were much better at remembering one another's name after 30 min, 2 weeks, and 11 months. A second experiment tested the contribution of retrieval practice by comparing 2 versions of the name game with a procedure that was matched for number of repetitions and time spent on the task. Again, the name games were superior.

Adult↗

PubMed1998