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All visiting nurses are not alike: home health and community health nursing.

This article explores the differences between the practice of home health nursing and the practice of community health nursing which is suggested by the literature. Thirty-two nurses from three metropolitan home health agencies were surveyed; of these, 13 were randomly selected for interview in order to describe the current practice of home health-care nursing. As anticipated, home health nursing and community health nursing were found to differ significantly; the implications of this finding for nursing education are explored.

Aged↗

Computer-aided nursing diagnosis for community health nurses.

The computer program described in this article was primarily designed to be an aid in the clinical reasoning process. It is intended to simplify the use of nursing diagnoses in the practice of community health nursing. However, in its present form, this program has value not only for the clinician, but also for nursing students being taught structured techniques for assessment. A more comprehensive approach to nursing care and the routine use of nursing diagnoses in providing that care will be encouraged. This article questions the necessity for community health nurses to use computers in their diagnostic role. In answering this question, evidence has been presented that both describes some of the benefits of using computer technology as it relates to nursing diagnoses, and the results of efforts by nurses who have experimented with this technology in trying to improve their practice. One of the advantages of trying to merge a new technology with a relatively new role for community health nurses is the absence of tradition. There is no traditional methodology or approach for integrating the two. And, there is no one to say that it cannot be done. An approach can be tried, changed if it does not work, and tried again. An opportunity to create a new dimension for professional practice is offered. The answer, therefore, to the opening question is, "Yes--community health nurses should be concerned with using computers in their diagnostic role."

Artificial Intelligence↗

Preparation of community health nursing leaders for social action.

Indiana University School of Nursing graduate Department of Community Health Nursing has been preparing community health nurses for primary health care practice, as defined by the World Health Organization since 1978. The faculty are committed to preparing community health nursing leaders for social action aimed at improving the health of the community in both the Department's major in the master's programme and its new major in the doctoral programme. The core curricula for these majors in both programmes are presented. The master's curricula is based on integrating public health principles with those of community development. The doctoral major builds on this base of primary health care practice with a curriculum focused on the contribution of community health nursing to public and health policy. The graduates of the master's programme are prepared to work with community groups as a social force in promoting the health of the community. The graduates of the new doctoral major entitled "Health Policy and the Health of the Community" are being prepared as community health nursing leaders with expertise in health care policy and the legislative process with a focus on issues related to nursing and community health. These graduates will be able to function within the broader community, including national and international settings. Based on experiences in graduate education in community health nursing recommendations are made for the response graduate nursing education must make in order to prepare appropriate leaders who can work toward the goal of improving the community's health.

Community Health Nursing↗

Nurse practitioners and community health nurses. Clinical partnerships and future visions.

This article discusses opportunities for nurse practitioner and community health nurse partnerships in patient care. Financial incentives in a restructured health delivery system will increase access to community-based care. The authors argue that case management will be greatly enhanced by clinical partnerships and a direct reimbursement of nurse practitioner and primary care providers.

Community Health Nursing↗

Community-based nursing versus community health nursing: what does it all mean?

These are exciting times in nursing, with great possibilities for reforming nursing as we now know it. The desired outcome is to improve any nurse's ability to care for individuals, families, and communities wherever they are. We believe that articulating CBN and CHN practice is a necessary first step in achieving this outcome; however, it now becomes our challenge to advance this vision. We ask you to join us in this endeavor.

Clinical Competence↗

Specialist practice in community mental health nursing.

Community mental health nurses (CMHNs) work in an increasingly complex health and social care environment. Over recent years, the evolving direction of general health service and specific mental health policy has directed CMHNs towards: the provision of clinically-effective interventions; a closer attention to meeting the needs of people experiencing severe and long-term mental health problems; the simultaneous provision of services to meet the needs of people experiencing a wide range of mental health problems presenting in primary care settings; greater collaboration with workers representing other disciplines and agencies; and the development of active partnerships with mental health service users. This paper explores the context within which CMHNs practise, and within which education programmes preparing specialist practitioners in community mental health nursing have been developed. One recently-validated specialist practice course for CMHNs is described in detail, with the intention of stimulating discussion and debate surrounding the practice of, and the educational preparation for, community mental health nursing.

Community Health Nursing↗

Integrating principles of community-centered practice in a community health nursing practicum.

Using a service learning approach, registered nurse baccalaureate students apply the concepts of community- and population-centered practice through participation in a 10-week clinical practicum. Through this project, students experience community health theories in action, understand the sociopolitical processes that shape health, and think more broadly about clients within their particular clinical practice, and populations beyond those settings.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

An evalutive study of a nursing center for community health nursing student experiences.

The findings from the evaluation study indicated that nursing students were able to accomplish the community health nursing course objectives through a non-traditional entry point. The study also demonstrated that a School of Nursing can successfully initiate and carry out health care (the service program was also evaluated) and that students, challenged and integrated into such efforts can become extremely useful as a resource to the community while simultaneously contributing to their own learning and professional development. The Nursing Services Center approach (nursing clinic that also offers home care) has been able to serve some of the preventive health needs of a population while at the same time providing students with educational experience in the field.

Community Health Nursing↗

The nurse-community health advocate team for urban immigrant primary health care.

PURPOSE: To describe: (a) development and implementation of an urban outreach health program for Latino immigrants; (b) nurse-community-health advocate (CHA) partnership roles in primary health care delivery, and (c) lessons learned from these activities over 7 years in urban community settings. METHODS: Descriptive study of a community-based health project in a large Midwestern American city. Information was gathered from participants and staff, from observing staff, and from a variety of sources to describe the program and its individual, family, and community effects. FINDINGS: Major findings pertain to the project team's ability to address the health promotion needs of Latino immigrant families and to successfully incorporate CHAs in planning and implementing the program. CHAs were a "bridge" between health programs and the community, promoting cultural sensitivity. CHAs and nurses provided a range of services including health education and promotion, outreach through home visits, assessment of family needs for referrals to appropriate resources, and follow-up support. CONCLUSIONS: The nurse-CHA team was an effective strategy for promoting Latino immigrant families' access to needed health care. This framework allowed for flexibility in assisting clients of different cultural backgrounds to obtain appropriate health care.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗

A continuing education model for community health nursing practice.

Although community health nursing standards of practice state that the baccalaureate degree (BSN) is the entry level for practice, the reality is that over 60% of the work-force has less than a bachelor's degree. Furthermore, BSN programs have been criticized for not putting sufficient emphasis on content areas critical for effective entry-level practice. This article presents a continuing education model that could guide agencies in developing programs to correct these deficits, incorporating both initial orientation, ongoing staff development, and formal advanced preparation. The educational background of the nurse determines the clinical activities and degree of supervision required for practice. The non-BSN entering practice should take an intensive course in basic skills identified as essential for practice in the community health setting. Work or professional assignments dictate additional staff development needs. Formal academic preparation at the bachelor's, master's, and doctoral levels is encouraged. Description of the content, course format, and evaluation information regarding the North Carolina course for preparing non-BSN RN's for entry-level community health practice is presented.

Community Health Nursing↗

The evolution of the community health nurse practitioner in Korea.

Community health nursing in Korea has undergone dramatic changes since 1980. These changes arose through the efforts of Mo Im Kim, an internationally known leader in Korean nursing, and colleagues who successfully worked to establish a national community health nurse practitioner program. This article will review these changes with the aim of describing the evolutionary process that culminated in a community health care system that is meeting the needs of Korean citizens who live in rural and isolated areas. The authors believe that the evolution of the community health nurse practitioner in Korea provides a paradigm that can serve as a model for other countries. Health care in Korea is organized differently than that in the United States. However, the plan, process, and political activism can be used for community and public health nursing change in the United States. The information contained in this article is based upon interviews with Mo Im Kim and 20 of her colleagues and associates. Interviewees were selected using a "snowball" sampling technique. Additional data were derived from various professional and personal documents of these individuals. The first author conducted the interviews in both Korea and in the United States.

Community Health Nursing↗