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At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed2007

Frequent card playing and pathological gambling: the utility of the Georgia Gambling Task and Iowa Gambling Task for predicting pathology.

The current investigation examined performance on two laboratory-based gambling tasks, the Georgia Gambling Task (GGT; Goodie, 2003. The effects of control on betting: Paradoxical betting on items of high confidence with low value. Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition, 29, 598-610) and the Iowa Gambling Task (IGT; Bechara, Damasio, Damasio, & Anderson, 1994. Insensitivity to future consequences following damage to human prefrontal cortex. Cognition, 50, 7-15), as well as self-reported markers of gambling pathology using the Diagnostic Interview for Gambling Severity (DIGS; Winters, Specker, & Stinchfield, 2002. The downside: Problem and pathological gambling (pp. 143-148). Reno, NV: University of Nevada, Reno) among a sample of undergraduate students who are frequent card players. Two hundred twenty-one participants (55 female and 166 male; mean age 19.21 years) who self-classified as playing cards at least once per month completed these measures. Performance on GGT and IGT systematically related to gambling-related pathology in several ways. Overconfidence and bet acceptance on the GGT, and myopic focus on reward on the IGT, predicted gambling related pathology. GGT and IGT performance correlated with each other, but both contributed independently to predicting gambling pathology. Card playing frequency predicted gambling pathology but not GGT or IGT performance. Discussion focuses on the role of biases of judgment and risky decision making in pathological gambling.

Behavior, Addictive↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Pathological gambling: a clinical and therapeutic-evolutive study of a group of pathologic gamblers].

Gambling dependence or pathological gambling is a psychiatric disorder, recognised as such by the North American Psychiatric Association since 1980. Since 1981 we are carrying out a treatment program for patients who suffer from pathological gambling at the Psychiatric Service of "Ramón y Cajal" Hospital. There is an individualized treatment for each patient and their inclusion in group therapy discussions. We present a descriptive study of the most representative socio-demographic, clinical and therapeutic-evolutive data of 46 patients following treatment in our program. All fulfill the diagnostic criteria of DSM III-R for pathological gambling. They were 37 males and 9 females, with an average age of 39 years. More than half of the patients (58%) were consumers of alcoholic beverages; the drug consumption index found was 4% and practically they all were smokers (87%). The excessive drinking and pathological gambling incidence found among family were 35% and 20% respectively. Our therapeutic results support the idea that pathological gambling is a treatable disorder. After an average of two years following treatment 46% of our patients stopped or notably reduced its impulse to gamble. The high incidence of alcohol or drugs consumption among pathological gamblers and their families suggest a biological and psychological relationship between pathological gambling and the classical addictive disorders.

Adult↗
PubMed1986

[Continuing eco-pathological survey: 4. Demonstration of pathologic associations in dairy cow stock: herd data].

Data concerning frequencies of 17 main diseases in 59 dairy farms from continual eco-pathological survey, are analyzed by classical regression test, principal components analysis and analysis of variance. Thirty-three statistical relations (positive simple correlations) are shown. Clinical mastitis and retained placenta are associated to nine diseases each, metritis, stillbirth and non-infectious foot disorders to six, dystocia and infectious foot disorders to four, pathology of calf and abortion to three, mammary edema and appetite disorders to two. Ovarian pathology, digestive disorders and teat lesions are "isolated", being associated to only one other disease. The pathological frequencies in dairy farms seem to change in the same way, indicating the existence of common risk factors, and leading to propose a global hygienic prevention. The pathological associations allow to definite some groups of dairy farms showing one or other dominant pathological complex. In the frame of our sample of dairy farms, two groups seem to be determined: one with calving disorders and calf pathology centred on retained placenta, the other with foot disorders, infectious and metabolic troubles, centred on mastitis, as dominant diseases.

Abortion, Veterinary↗
PubMed1996

European Centre of Pathology as a basis of progress of European pathology in the future.

Nowadays the time is ripe to create a European Centre for Pathology which could function as a stimulating pathological centre and office of the European Society of Pathology. The process of organizing the European Centre for Pathology is proposed in the form of brief considerations and outlines for scrutiny and analysis, followed by a thorough discussion. The creation of such a European Centre for Pathology, having no counterpart in the world of pathoanatomical practice, will undoubtedly be a powerful breakthrough in European Pathology.

Europe↗
PubMed2002

Group for research in pathology education online resources to facilitate pathology instruction.

BACKGROUND: The Group for Research in Pathology Education (GRIPE) is an organization of pathology educators whose purpose is to promote and facilitate excellence in pathology education. One important function of GRIPE is the maintenance of image and multiple-choice test question data banks. These resources have recently been made available online via the GRIPE Digital Library Web site. The purpose of the GRIPE Digital Library project was to develop an online searchable database that would facilitate access to the GRIPE resources for pathology education. DESIGN: The GRIPE image bank--containing approximately 3000 peer-reviewed gross and microscopic pathologic images along with textual descriptions--was linked with the GRIPE test question bank using Gossamer Thread's DBMan Web database management program. The search and display templates create a functional user interface that integrates images, image descriptions, and test questions into a single online digital library. Using any Web browser, faculty can access the GRIPE Digital Library and search for images and/or test items that can be used in teaching. RESULTS: In the first 18 months (February 2000 through July 2001), users at 40 GRIPE member institutions signed up and used the GRIPE Digital Library to perform more than 6000 individual searches and view more than 37500 images. These digital images were used to produce lectures and laboratory modules that were posted on Web pages and made available to students remotely. CONCLUSIONS: The GRIPE Digital Library provides a unique resource that can facilitate development of educational materials for pathology instruction and helps to fulfill the educational mission of GRIPE.

Computer Communication Networks↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Experience at cooperation between the Moscow Municipal Center of Pathology Research and the Chair of Pathology of the Russian Medical Academy of Postgraduate Training].

Pathology service in Moscow, unlike in other cities of Russia, is not centralized and consists of 57 pathology departments of hospitals for adults and 5 departments of children hospitals of municipal subordination; 30 federal pathology departments of hospitals, 20 departments and laboratories of research medical centers and 5 pathology chairs of medical institutes. In spite of high professional levels of the pathologists, the lack of a centralized city service is a negative aspect. Cooperation between Moscow City Pathology Center and Chair of Pathology of Russian Medical Academy for Postgraduate Education illustrates positive trends to consolidation of Moscow pathologists.

Academies and Institutes↗
PubMed2001

[Molecular pathology: applications of molecular biology in pathological anatomy].

The rapid development of molecular biology techniques as well as recent progress in the understanding of genetic and molecular basis of human diseases have had enormous impact in the practice of clinical pathology. Since new diagnostic (molecular) tools are now available, the concept of Molecular Pathology is emerging. Molecular Pathology is defined by the use of molecular biology techniques and the type of specimens that are involved in its practice, basically ARN and ADN, extracted from cytological and tissue specimens. Although most methods used in molecular pathology and their applications are still under investigation and clinical validation they have great potential in several areas of pathological diagnosis, particularly on infectious and neoplastic diseases. Introduction of these techniques in pathology laboratories in our country should significantly enhance the diagnostic and research skills in the field.

Genetic Techniques↗
PubMed1994

A SNOMED analysis of three years' accessioned cases (40,124) of a surgical pathology department: implications for pathology-based demographic studies.

Pathology departments devote considerable energy toward indexing diagnoses. To date, there have been no detailed tabulations of the results of these efforts. We have thoroughly analyzed three years' surgical pathology reports (40,124) generated for 29,127 different patients from the University of Florida at Gainesville between Jan 1, 1990, and December 31, 1992. 64,921 SNOMED code entries (averaging 1.6 codes per specimen and 1.4 specimens per patient) were accounted for by 1,998 distinct SNOMED morphologies. A mere 21 entities accounted for 50% of the morphology code occurrences. 265 entities accounted for 90% of the morphology code occurrences, indicating that the diagnostic efforts of pathology departments are contained within a small fraction of the many thousands of morphologic entities available in the SNOMED nomenclature. One of the key problems in using SNOMED data collected from surgical pathology reports is the redundancy of lesions reported for single patients (i.e., a patient's disease may be coded on more than one specimen from the patient, leading to false conclusions regarding the incidence of disease in the population). In this study, redundant SNOMED data was removed by eliminating repeat morphology/topography pairs whenever they occur for a single patient. SNOMED data can be stratified on the basis of age and sex (data fields included on every surgical pathology report). This analysis represents the first published analysis of SNOMED data from a large pathology service, and demonstrates how SNOMED data can be compiled in a form that preserves patient privacy.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Quantitative biopsy pathology for the prediction of pathologically organ-confined prostate carcinoma: a multiinstitutional validation study.

BACKGROUND: Quantitative biopsy pathology with prostate specific antigen significantly improves the prediction of pathologic stage in patients with clinically localized prostate carcinoma (PCa). The authors recently reported a computational model for predicting patient specific likelihood of organ confinement of PCa using biopsy pathology and clinical data. The current study validates the initial models and presents an new, improved tool for clinical decision making. METHODS: The authors assessed 10 biopsy pathologic parameters and 2 clinical parameters using data from two institutions. Of 1287 patients, 798 men had pathologically organ confined (OC) PCa, 282 men had nonorgan-confined disease with capsular penetration (NOC-CP) only, and 207 men showed seminal vesicle or lymph node invasion (NOC-AD) after undergoing pelvic lymphadenectomy and radical prostatectomy. Patient input data were evaluated by ordinal logistic (OLOGIT) and neural network (NN) models; and the likelihood of developing OC, NOC-CP, or NOC-AD disease was calculated for the combined and separate data sets and was compared with the results from original presentation. In addition, a new two-output model was constructed (OC/NOC-CP vs. NOC-AD). RESULTS: The three-output OLOGIT and NN models predicted OC disease with 95.0% and 98.6% accuracy, respectively, for the combined data set and with 93.0% and 98.6% accuracy, respectively, on subset analysis. The combined accuracy for predicting OC, NOC-CP, and NOC-AD disease in the entire validation set was 66.7% for OLOGIT model and 66.0% for the NN model. The two-output OLOGIT and NN models correctly predicted 94.9% and 100.0% of all OC/NOC-CP disease, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Both computation models predicted OC PCa with an accuracy of 93.0-98.6% when they were validated with two different data sets. The OLOGIT and NN-based, two-output model permitted an appropriate treatment decision for 85.2-90.2% of patients. These data support the use of quantitative pathology and clinical data-based decision modeling to manage patients with clinically localized PCa.

Biopsy↗
PubMed2003

Lewy body pathology is a frequent co-pathology in familial Alzheimer's disease.

Our institution is currently engaged in ongoing genetic studies of familial Alzheimer's disease (AD), which include clinical ascertainment and brain autopsy of both affected and non-affected family members. Here we describe the analysis of 22 AD families, each with at least one family member with a postmortem diagnosis of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB). For this study, 47 brains were examined according to NINCDS-Reagan Institute criteria for the diagnosis of AD. Lewy body pathology was evaluated with alpha-synuclein immunohistochemistry. Four families, with either one or two autopsies showing Lewy body pathology, demonstrated linkage to 12p. Five families had two or more autopsies with Lewy body pathology, but their linkage status was unknown. The remaining 13 families had one autopsy demonstrating Lewy bodies. These findings suggest that at least one pathological form of DLB may be familial. In some families, the pathological phenotype is identical in all examined affected family members; but in others, there may be several pathologies that coexist. Careful neuropathological examination of affected family members may prove critical for future genetic analysis of AD and DLB.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Alcohol's effects on video lottery terminal (VLT) play among probable pathological and non-pathological gamblers.

This study tested whether alcohol increases behaviors associated with video lottery terminal (VLT) play, particularly among probable pathological gamblers. Forty-four regular VLT players were designated either probable pathological gamblers or non-pathological gamblers on the basis of scores on the South Oaks Gambling Screen (SOGS); [Lesieur & Blume (1997). American Journal of Psychiatry, 144, 1184-1188] Gamblers from each SOGS category were randomly assigned to either a moderately intoxicating alcohol dose or a control beverage condition (n = 11 per cell in the 2 x 2 between-subjects design). Following beverage consumption and absorption, participants played a video poker VLT game for up to 30 minutes. Four behaviors were measured: "power-bets" (doubling bet after viewing only two cards of the five-card poker hand); total money spent; mean bet magnitude; and number of minutes played. Alcohol increased time spent playing and rate of power-bets, particular among the probable pathological gamblers. Post hoc analyses revealed that alcohol also influenced the proportion of losing hands played--increasing them among the probable pathological gamblers while decreasing them among the non-pathological gamblers. Clinical and policy implications of the findings are discussed.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Assessment of clinical and pathologic characteristics predisposing to disease recurrence following radical prostatectomy in men with pathologically organ-confined prostate cancer.

OBJECTIVE: To identify risk factors for biochemical failure after radical prostatectomy (RP) in men with pathologically organ-confined (OC) prostate cancer (PCa). METHODS: Clinical and pathological characteristics of 331 consecutive men with pT2N0 PCa treated solely with RP were used in Cox proportional hazard models to identify independent predictors of prostate specific antigen (PSA) failure (PSA > or = 0.1 ng/ml). All pathologic specimens were step sectioned at 3 mm. RESULTS: Twelve patients (3.6%) failed at a median follow-up of 26 months (range 0.2-99.6 months) and 120 men remained at risk 3 years after RP. In univariate Cox models PSA (P < 0.001), percentage of high-grade cancer (P < 0.001) total and high-grade cancer volume (P = 0.001 and P < 0.0001, respectively) and RP Gleason sum (P = 0.003) represented significant predictors of PSA failure. Clinical stage (P = 0.4), surgical margin status (P = 0.3), age (P = 0.2), and pathologic evidence of unilateral versus bilateral PCa (P = 0.6) failed to reveal significance. In receiver operator curve (ROC) analyses, high-grade cancer volume achieved highest outcome predictive accuracy (area under the curve (AUC 0.93)), which was not exceeded by Cox regression-based nomogram combining serum PSA, RP Gleason sum, margin status and pathologic evidence of unilateral versus bilateral PCa (AUC 091). Predictive accuracy of this multivariate nomogram was not enhanced by adding total cancer volume (AUC 0.93), high-grade cancer volume (AUC 0.90), or percentage of high-grade cancer (AUC 0.90). CONCLUSIONS: In pT2N0 PCa high-grade cancer volume appears to represent the most important pathologic factor for prediction of outcome following RP. However, similar predictive accuracy may be achieved by combining routinely available tumor characteristics.

Area Under Curve↗
PubMed2006

Cause and effect considerations in diagnostic pathology and pathology phenotyping of genetically engineered mice (GEM).

Over the next several decades, biology is embarking on its most ambitious project yet: to annotate the human genome functionally, prioritizing and focusing on those genes relevant to development and disease. Model systems are fundamental prerequisites for this task, and genetically engineered mice (GEM) are by far the most accessible mammalian system because of their anatomical, physiological, and genetic similarity to humans. The scientific utility of GEM has become commonplace since the technology to produce them was established in the early 1980s. Conceptually, however, an efficiently coordinated high-throughput approach that permits correlation between newly discovered genes, functional properties of their protein products, and biological relevance of these products as drug targets has yet to be established. The discipline of veterinary anatomical pathology (hereafter referred to as pathology) is not immune to this requirement for evolution and adaptation, and to address relationships and tissue consequences between tens of thousands of genes and their cognate proteins, novel interdisciplinary technologies and approaches must emerge. Although many of the techniques of pathology are well established, in the context of pathology's contribution to functional annotation of the genome, several conceptually important and unresolved issues remain to be addressed. While an ever-increasing arsenal of genetic and molecular tool-sets are available to evaluate and understand the function of genes and their pathophysiological mechanisms, pathology will continue to play an essential role in confirming cause and effect relationships of gene function in development and disease. This role will continue to be dependent on keen observation, a systematic but disciplined approach, expert knowledge of strain-dependent anatomical differences and incidental lesions, and relevant tissue-based evidence. Miniaturization and high-throughput adaptation of these methods must also continue so that they can complement parallel phenotyping efforts, provide pathology-based data in pace with concurrent phenotyping efforts, and continue to find new utility in the collective effort of functional annotation.

Animals↗
PubMed1988

Multicenter validation study of real-time ultrasonography, arteriography, and pathology: pathologic evaluation of carotid endarterectomy specimens.

The morphologic description and measurements of endarterectomy specimens are usually believed to be accurate and are used as the gold standard against which the findings of diagnostic procedures are judged. Pathology data on 289 endarterectomy specimens from five participating centers and the corresponding angiography and B-mode ultrasonography data provided a basis for scrutinizing the validity of using the morphologic measurements as a standard. Discrepancies of greater than 1 mm between pathology and angiography measurements of minimum residual lumen occurred in 35% of the cases and between pathology and B-mode ultrasonography measurements in 64% of the cases. Discrepancies of greater than 1 mm between pathology- and angiography-measured lesion width occurred in 81% of the cases and between pathology and B-mode ultrasonography measurements in 64% of the cases. The cases representing mismatches of greater than 1 mm at one participating center were subjected to a rigorous review, with remeasurement of all morphologic features, in an attempt to explain the discrepancies. Various types of artifactual distortion of the specimens, the presence of slit-like and occluded lumens that were likely related to loss of perfusion pressure, and an inability to match planes of interrogation used in angiography and B-mode ultrasonography with pathology planes contributed significantly to the existence of mismatches. On the other hand, fixation and decalcification produced minimal and insignificant distortional changes. We conclude that the acquisition of quantitative data from endarterectomy specimens and the acceptance of morphologic data as a standard are limited by a number of problems that can be defined but have been difficult to resolve.

Carotid Arteries↗