HOST-VIRUS INTERACTION IN POXVIRUS INFECTION.
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Inclusion Bodies↗
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Poxvirus infection in a rat (Rattus norvegicus) in Kuwait.
A poxvirus was isolated from skin lesions on the tail of a rat (Rattus norvegicus) in Kuwait in February, 1982. The virus grew on the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) developing chicken embryos and induced small generalized haemorrhagic pock lesions, 72 hours post-inoculation. It grew also with cytopathic effect (CPE) in CER and Vero cell lines. In cultured cells it produced cell rounding and syncytia 48-72 hours post-infection. The virus was resistant to the effect of ether as well as to chloroform, and showed haemagglutinating activity against chicken red blood cells in a low titer (1:16). It induced in the rabbit skin nodular lesions 4-5 days post-infection. Electron microscopy of the negatively stained preparations revealed brick-shaped typical poxvirus virions measuring 220-250 millmicron in diameter. By using vaccinia antiserum the virus antigen was precipitated in the agargel immunodiffusion test and this indicates its relation to the genus Orthopoxvirus.
Animals↗
Poxvirus infection in the white-backed magpie (Gymnorhina hypoleuca) and pox-like conditions in other birds in Australia.
Lesions, grossly and histologically typical of pox infection, occurred in a white-backed magpie from Melbourne, Australia. Electron microscopic examination revealed typical poxvirus particles in lesion material. The disease was experimentally transmitted to other magpies, but chickens, turkeys, pigeons, and canaries were refractory to experimental infection with magpie poxvirus. The epidemiology of magpie pox and the probable occurrence of pox-like disease in other native Australian birds are discussed.
Animals↗
ELECTRON MICROSCOPY IN DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF POXVIRUS INFECTIONS.
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Diagnosis, Differential↗
Cidofovir in the treatment of poxvirus infections.
Cidofovir [(S)-1-(3-hydroxy-2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)cytosine, HPMPC] has since 1996 been licensed for clinical use in the treatment of cytomegalovirus (CMV) retinitis in AIDS patients. Cidofovir has broad-spectrum activity against virtually all DNA viruses, including herpes-, adeno-, polyoma-, papilloma- and poxviruses. Among the poxviruses, vaccinia, variola (smallpox), cowpox, monkeypox, camelpox, molluscum contagiosum and orf have proven sensitive to the inhibitory effects of cidofovir. In vivo, cidofovir has shown high efficacy, even after administration of a single systemic (intraperitoneal) or intranasal (aerosolized) dose, in protecting mice from a lethal respiratory infection with either vaccinia or cowpox. Cidofovir has also demonstrated high effectiveness in the treatment of vaccinia virus infection in severe combined immune deficiency mice. In humans, cidofovir has been used successfully in the treatment, by both the topical and intravenous route, of recalcitrant molluscum contagiosum and orf in immunocompromised patients. Taken together, these data indicate that cidofovir should be effective in the therapy and short-term prophylaxis of smallpox and related poxvirus infections in humans, as well as the treatment of the complications of vaccinia that may arise in immunocompromised patients inadvertently inoculated with the smallpox vaccine (vaccinia).
Administration, Intranasal↗
Recruitment to the cytoplasm of a cellular lamin-like protein from the nucleus during a poxvirus infection.
Monoclonal antibodies (Mabs) directed against core proteins of rabbit poxvirus (RPV) have proven effective in the identification of host cell proteins such as RNA polymerase II (Pol II) that may play a role in the infectious process (D. K. Morrison and R. W. Moyer, 1986, Cell 44, 587-596). In this article we describe a Mab that has allowed the detection and characterization of a lamin-like protein derived from the nucleus of the infected cell, which like Pol II is recruited to the cytoplasm following RPV infection. A portion of the gene encoding this protein has been isolated through the screening of a lambda gt11 expression vector library. Sequence analysis of the gene shows it to be derived from a member of the HindIII 1.9-kb repetitive element, a family of mammalian repetitive sequences that are highly conserved. Immunoblot analysis and sequence analysis of the open reading frame show divergent relatedness to certain nuclear lamins. The protein is not, however, one of the three principal lamins characterized to date, but instead appears to be a perinuclear protein related to the highly conserved nuclear lamins that is recruited to the cytoplasm during the infectious process.
Amino Acid Sequence↗
Poxvirus infection and apoptosis.
The following excellent reviews have been published on poxviruses and apoptosis during the last few years: P.C. Turner and R.W. Moyer, Semin. Virology, 8: 453-469, 1998; J.L. Shisler and B. Moss, Semin. Immunol., 13: 67-72, 2001; and H. Everett and G. McFadden, Curr. Opin. Microbiol., 5: 395-402, 2002. These articles dealt with the viral products and the mechanisms by which they interfere with apoptosis. In this review, we summarize new and old information and also introduce a new approach to explore interactions between the host cell and the replicating virus.
Animals↗
Isolation of early viral proteins from poxvirus-infected chick embryo fibroblasts by DNA-cellulose chromatography and inhibition of their synthesis by chicken interferon.
Up to seven early poxvirus-specific proteins have been isolated from vaccinia-WR-infected and cowpox-virus-infected chick embryo fibroblasts by affinity chromatography on native DNA-cellulose columns. The proteins have been characterized by one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate/polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and by nonequilibrium pH-gradient electrophoresis. The molecular weights of the viral proteins were determined by comparison with proteins of known molecular weight and are comparable to several of the vaccinia-WR-specific DNA-binding proteins isolated previously from infected L-929 cells by Solosky J. M., Esteban M. and Holowczak J.A. [J. Virol. 25, 263-273 (1978)]. The viral proteins binding reversibly to native DNA have been classified as immediate early viral gene products. Synthesis of cowpox-virus-induced early DNA-binding proteins is inhibited in chick cells pretreated with homologous interferon at a concentration of 500--1000 units/ml.
Animals↗
Application of the polymerase chain reaction for the diagnosis of fowl poxvirus infection.
The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to amplify a 578-bp fragment of the fowl poxvirus (FPV) genome and with a set of primers framed a region within the gene coding for 4b core protein. An amplified product was detected with six strains of FPV, whereas none was obtained from uninfected cell cultures, skin tissue or four unrelated avian pathogens. The sensitivity of PCR was tested with nucleic acids from the FPV-infected cell cultures. The detection limit was 10(-1) TCID50 in an ethidium bromide-stained gel. In addition, this assay system was used to detect FPV in tissue specimens of skin and respiratory swabs collected from commercially reared chickens. The identity of the amplification products from the tissue specimen preparations was determined further by using a simple, rapid procedure in which an internally nested, end-labeled probe was used.
Animals↗
Evaluation of a commercial modified live virus fowl pox vaccine for the control of "variant" fowl poxvirus infections.
Three-week-old specific-pathogen-free chickens were vaccinated with either a commercial modified live virus fowl pox vaccine or five "variant" poxvirus field isolates. Immunity engendered by the commercial modified vaccine or field isolates was challenged with either the variant isolates or commercial modified vaccine virus. The commercial modified vaccine did not adequately protect vaccinates against challenge with the variant isolates. The percentages of vaccinated chickens protected following challenge with each of the variant isolates were 70%, 20%, 30%, 20%, and 25%. However, when the isolates were applied as vaccines, 100% of the vaccinates were protected against challenge from the modified vaccine virus. Furthermore, the variant poxvirus isolates offered excellent protection from challenge with homologous variant isolates. The modified live virus vaccine was expected to offer significant protection against challenge from the variant pox isolates, but in this experiment it did not. The variant isolates tested may be good vaccine candidates to prevent the vaccine breaks currently encountered in previously pox-vaccinated flocks.
Animals↗
Evaluation of a commercial quail pox vaccine (Bio-Pox Q) for the control of "variant" fowl poxvirus infections.
Groups of 3-week-old specific pathogen-free chickens immunized with a commercial live-virus quail pox vaccine (Bio-Pox Q) were not protected against challenge with "variant" poxviruses isolated from chickens that were previously vaccinated with commercial fowl pox vaccine. The percentages of vaccinated chickens resistant to challenge with each of the five variant field isolates were 0%, 20%, 0%, 20%, and 10%, respectively. However, when immunity engendered by the variant field isolates was challenged with the commercial quail pox vaccine virus, 80%, 70%, 80%, 50%, and 60% of the vaccinates, respectively, were protected. Results from cross-immunity studies indicate that the commercial quail pox vaccine does share some immunologic relationship with these variant poxvirus field isolates, but not enough to be used in the control of some outbreaks of pox caused by variant poxviruses.
Animals↗
Poxvirus infection rapidly activates tyrosine kinase signal transduction.
Viruses have evolved a number of strategies to gain entry and replicate in host target cells that, for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and the poxvirus, myxoma virus, involve appropriating chemokine receptors. In this report we demonstrate that activation of multiple intracellular tyrosine phosphorylation events rapidly ensues following virus adsorption to NIH 3T3.CD4.CCR5 cells and affects the ultimate level of myxoma virus replication. UV-inactivated myxoma virus induces the rapid phosphorylation of CCR5 on tyrosine residues, the association of CCR5 with Jaks and p56(lck), and their phosphorylation-activation within minutes of virus adsorption. Additionally, we provide evidence for myxoma virus-inducible signal transducers and activators of transcription (Stat) and insulin receptor substrate (IRS) activation. In contrast to CCR5 activation effected by HIV Env protein, these myxoma virus-inducible phosphorylation events are not sensitive to pertussis toxin treatment. Moreover, in cells that are non-permissive for myxoma virus infection, we provide evidence that myxoma virus fails to invoke this tyrosine phosphorylation cascade. Consistent with the observation that infection of CCR5-expressing cells is blocked by herbimycin A and the Jak 2 inhibitor, tyrophostin AG490, we infer that viral infectivity may be dependent on non-G-protein-coupled signal transduction pathways triggered by the infecting myxoma virus particle. This provides a novel post-binding mechanism by which viruses can co-opt a cellular receptor to permit productive virus infection.
3T3 Cells↗
Poxvirus infection of the skin of an eastern grey kangaroo.
A solitary cutaneous papillomatous lesion, present for 6 weeks, was surgically removed from the hind limb of an 18-month old eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus). The lesion did not recur within 6 months of excision. Poxvirus particles were demonstrated in epidermal cells of the lesion by electron microscopy.
Animals↗
[Endemic poxvirus infection in white storks (Ciconia ciconia) and black storks (Ciconia nigra) in Switzerland].
Thirty young white storks (Ciconia ciconia) and black storks (Ciconia nigra) from a stork restocking station in Switzerland suffered from cutaneous, verrucous pox-efflorescences on legs, feet, beak and eyelids. The poxvirus was demonstrated ultrastructurally. As the endemic was in autumn, mosquitos may be a possible vector. It is uncertain, if the disease is connected with the previously imported storks from the Federal Republic of Germany.
Animals↗
Studies on poxvirus infections in irradiated animals.
If rabbits were given total body irradiation and infected wih vaccinia virus (strain Elstree) a severe disease developed with a viraemia lasting up to 12 days. The clearance of the virus from the peripheral blood was severely impaired by x-ray doses above 800 R. The attenuated vaccinia virus strain MV did not turn virulent, if it was injected to irradiated rabbits. With caution it can be assumed that live vaccines, containing attenuated viruses, may be given to immunosuppressed persons. Rats are not susceptible to ectromelia-virus (mouse-poxvirus); overt clinical sympatoms, however, with a mortality of 30 per cent developed in irradiated rats. This proofs that specific poxviruses can be transferred to another species. As the experimental conditions are unnatural, this may occur only rarely in immunosuppressed persons. After intracerebral infection of Balb-C-mice with low doses of vaccinia virus two types of infection were seen: 1. a severe cytocidal infection of leptomeninges, chorioid plexus and vessels; 2. a noncytocidal, latent infection of glial cells and neurons. Several animals developed a picture resembling experimental allergic encephalomyelitis. It seems that irradiation altered the antigenic conditions of the cytoplasmic membranes in non-cytocidally infected cells. The model might explain some processes in the pathogenesis of demylinating diseases.
Animals↗
THE INDUCTION AND REPRESSION OF THYMIDINE KINASE IN THE POXVIRUS-INFECTED HELA CELL.
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Anti-Bacterial Agents↗
Poxvirus infection in Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus).
An outbreak was encountered of numerous yellowish cutaneous nodules in one- to two-year-old farmed Nile crocodiles (Crocodylus niloticus) in Kasaba Bay Crocodile Farm at Lake Tanganyika in Zambia during 1988. Out of 4000 crocodiles of different age groups, 300 yearlings were affected and 82 of those affected died. The lesions were prominent on the head, especially around the eyelids, the nostrils, both sides of the mouth, ventral neck, ventral pale belly, limbs and the root of the tail. Histologically, the epidermal lesions revealed large focal areas of marked acanthosis accompanied by hyperkeratosis and parakeratosis. In the prickle cells, there were multiple small neutrophilic granular inclusions and large eosinophilic homogeneous cytoplasmic inclusions. Electron microscopically, there were numerous poxvirus particles and matrices in the cytoplasm of many prickle cells. Dark blue homogeneous cytoplasmic inclusions in toluidine blue sections consisted of an electron opaque matrix with mature viral particles (160 x 200 x 230 nm). Furthermore, there were clumps of granular matrix containing immature viral particles (200 x 399 nm) in the cytoplasm. Various features of viral developing processes were observed.
Alligators and Crocodiles↗
T-cell-mediated control of poxvirus infection in mice.
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Animals↗