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PubMed1950

Prenatal influences.

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Congenital Abnormalities↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Factors influencing prenatal class attendance among immigrants in Ottawa-Carleton.

A longitudinal study, examining predictors of infant care behaviours among 283 immigrants in Ottawa-Carleton, included an analysis of factors predicting prenatal class attendance. On bivariate analysis, significant predictors among primiparas included mother's age and education, official language comprehension ability, average number of years resident in Canada, and current immigration status. Using logistic regression analysis, the odds ratio for prenatal class attendance was 7.36 for mothers with excellent or very good official language comprehension compared with mothers who self-rated their ability as fair or poor. Compared with primiparas who were 35 years or older, young mothers (< 25 years) were less likely to have attended prenatal classes (OR = .28) and mothers aged 30 to 34 years were more likely to have attended (OR = 2.22). Among multiparas, maternal age was the only significant predictor of prenatal class attendance. Findings suggest the need for new approaches to prenatal education for immigrant mothers.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1995

Influence of prenatal photoperiod on postnatal plasma concentrations of progesterone and prolactin in female red deer (Cervus elaphus) reared in constant equatorial photoperiod.

Prenatal photoperiod influences postnatal prolactin secretion and the timing of reproductive development in male red deer reared from birth in a constant equatorial photoperiod (12:12 light:dark). The present trial investigated whether a similar phenomenon occurs in female red deer. Female deer whose mothers had been exposed for the last 14 weeks of gestation to long (group L, 18:6 light:dark) or short day length (group S, 6:18 light:dark) were kept from birth in constant equatorial day length with food available ad libitum. Both groups showed similar live-weight gain to 90-100 weeks of age. Blood samples taken once or twice weekly were analyzed for progesterone and prolactin. Progesterone concentrations indicated that there was no difference between the groups in the timing of the first incidence of ovarian (luteal) activity, which occurred at a normal or late age for natural puberty (67 weeks or older). Only one individual per group exhibited normal repeated luteal cyclicity since there was a high incidence of irregular or abnormal luteal function. Plasma prolactin concentrations at birth were higher in group L than group S (P < 0.001). Thereafter, although the mean and peak values did not differ significantly between the groups, there was a significant difference in the pattern of secretion; deer in group L showed significant clustering of prolactin peaks (P < 0.01) at a mean age of 48 weeks, whereas deer in group S showed a random distribution of peaks. Therefore, for female red deer raised in constant equatorial photoperiod, prenatal long day lengths did not advance timing of puberty.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Animals↗
PubMed1998

The influence of prenatal dexamethasone treatment on urinary excretion of adrenocortical steroids in newborns.

UNLABELLED: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency suspected in 14 newborns (5 F, 9 M), was treated prenatally with dexamethasone from weeks 7-9 of gestation. The 24 h urinary excretion of selected adrenocortical steroids derived from fetal and definitive adrenal zones was evaluated in these newborns at the age of 3 9 days. Among 11 babies born healthy, in one of six treated until confirmation of male karyotype in gestational weeks 12-17 and in four of five treated until delivery, suppression of fetal adrenal zone steroids was observed, accompanied additionally in three by a diminished excretion of tetrahydrocortisone. In three babies born affected (2 male, 1 female), excretion of 17alpha-hydroxyprogesterone and 21-deoxycortisol metabolites did not differ from 12 affected, age-matched controls, not treated prenatally. However, some influence on suppression of the fetal adrenal zone metabolite 16alpha-hydroxypregnenolone was observed in two newborns treated until delivery. CONCLUSIONS: Heterogeneity in the fetal adrenal response to maternal dexamethasone treatment was confirmed. Suppression of fetal adrenals, especially within the fetal adrenal zone, can be observed in some babies born healthy until at least 1 week after birth.

Adrenal Hyperplasia, Congenital↗
PubMed1976

[Influence of prenatal malnutrition on later body-weight gain in guinea pigs].

In prenatally underfed guinea pigs the following data were obtained: 1. On the 1st day of life the mean body weight of 18 underfed animals was significantly reduced as compared to that of 18 control animals. This difference was not compensated by postnatal feeding ad libitum but persisted up to the 36th week of life (day of sacrificing). 2. The mean food intake per day estimated over 10 days during the 5th month of life was also significantly diminished in the prenatally underfed animals. 3. A significant positive correlation was found between the body weight at birth and the adult body weight, adult body length and adult body weight/body length, when the parameters of the experimental plus control animals were evaluated together. These findings suggest that in guinea pigs, which are born in a relatively mature stage, the prenatal nutrition can influence body weight, body length and body weight/body length ratio as well as food intake in adulthood.

Animals↗
PubMed1986

Influence of prenatal ethanol exposure on hormonal responses to clonidine and naloxone in prepubescent male and female rats.

The expression of sexually dimorphic behavior has been found to be altered in adult animals following prenatal alcohol exposure. The present study examined whether such exposure would alter the sexually dimorphic response of luteinizing hormone (LH) to clonidine and naloxone observed in normal prepubescent animals. Both LH and corticosterone (CS) were measured in 16 day old male and female rats 30 min after injection of naloxone (2 mg/kg) or clonidine (0.1 mg/kg). Prenatal alcohol exposure did not influence the LH response to either drug in females. An LH response to clonidine in normal males did not occur, but it was present in the males exposed to alcohol in utero and in the pair-fed controls. Prenatal alcohol exposure influenced the CS response to both drugs. CS levels were depressed in the naloxone-treated males prenatally exposed to alcohol compared to their saline-injected counterparts. The CS levels of other groups following naloxone administration were unchanged compared to saline injection. Normal animals of both sexes exhibited an elevation in CS levels following clonidine. However, this stimulatory effect of clonidine on CS release was absent in both female and male animals prenatally exposed to alcohol. The results of this study indicate that prenatal alcohol exposure may alter noradrenergic and opioid modulation of corticosterone and possibly of LH in young animals.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The role of Taiwan's National Health Insurance program in influencing adequate prenatal care.

This paper reviews achievements in the utilization of prenatal care by pregnant women in Taiwan by analysing the 1989 and 1996 National Maternal and Infant Health Survey data. More precisely, it identifies and examines the programmatic and non-programmatic factors that influence prenatal care utilization, thus determining the areas that require further attention from the programe. Logistic regression results show that the adequacy of prenatal care use was significantly associated with the implementation of the National Health Insurance (NHI). A higher likelihood of adequate care utilization was found among women who were married or employed, had a higher level of education, had more experience with regard to pregnancy and were at higher risk in terms of obstetrics. The effect of facility choice showed variations after the implementation of the NHI programme. Prior to NHI, no differences were noted between the use of clinics and hospitals. After the implementation of NHI, on the other hand, women who received most of their care from clinics had a higher likelihood of receiving more adequate prenatal care than those who received care from hospitals. Regional differences in seeking adequate prenatal care were also evident. Mothers who were living in southern areas were less likely to receive adequate prenatal care despite the implementation of NHI. The Bureau of NHI, therefore, still needs to work on mechanisms to ensure that more attention is given to the distribution of its medical resources and that additional health care accessibility is provided to pregnant women in these areas.

Female↗
PubMed2005

Influence of prenatal noise and music on the spatial memory and neurogenesis in the hippocampus of developing rats.

During the prenatal period, the development of individual is influenced by the environmental factors. In the present study, the influence of prenatal noise and music on the spatial memory and neurogenesis in the hippocampus of developing rats was investigated. The exposure to the noise during pregnancy caused growth retardation, decreased neurogenesis in the hippocampus, and impaired spatial learning ability in pups. The exposure to music during pregnancy, on the other hand, caused increased neurogenesis in the hippocampus and enhanced spatial learning ability in pups. The present study has shown the importance of the prenatal environmental conditions for the cognition and brain development.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Factors influencing the prenatal detection of structural congenital heart diseases.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the factors influencing the prenatal detection rate of structural congenital heart diseases (CHDs). METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted at a major obstetric hospital in Australia between 1 January 1996 and 30 June 1999. The medical records of all fetuses and infants born with CHD, except those with isolated patent ductus arteriosus or secundum atrial septal defect, were reviewed. Only pregnancies that had prenatal ultrasound scan assessments for morphological surveys were included. The following factors that may influence the detection rate were assessed: complexity of the lesions; experience of the sonographers (performance in tertiary versus non-tertiary institutions); presence of other structural or chromosomal anomalies; and maternal body mass index (BMI). RESULTS: The incidence of structural CHD in this series, excluding cases referred from other hospitals, was 7.0 per 1000 (179/25 529). Of the 179 pregnancies with CHD, 151 had prenatal ultrasound scans and were included in the study. The overall detection rate for CHDs in this series was 40.4%. The detection rate for isolated septal defects was poor (13.7%). The detection rates were significantly higher for complex lesions (54%), for lesions with concomitant septal defects (66.7%), and for lesions with abnormal four-chamber views (62.9%). The detection rate was also higher if the scan was performed in the tertiary institution, and if there were other chromosomal or structural anomalies. Maternal BMI did not affect the detection rate in the current series. Stepwise logistic regression analysis showed that three independent variables affecting the detection rate were complexity of the cardiac lesion, experience of the operator, and the detection of chromosomal anomalies. CONCLUSION: A high detection rate for major CHDs can be achieved in a screening setting but there is still room for improvement in scanning skills in the four-chamber view and great-artery analysis in both tertiary and local centers.

Down Syndrome↗