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PubMed1973

Floral stimulus movement in perilla and flower inhibition caused by noninduced leaves.

Photoperiodic control of flowering in the short day plant Perilla involves the transmission of a floral stimulus from induced leaves to the shoot apex. We have studied the basipetal movement of this stimulus and of (14)C-labeled assimilates in plants with an induced leaf (donor) grafted into the uppermost internode of a vegetative plant in which the axillary shoots at various nodes along the stem function as receptors.In agreement with earlier autoradiographic studies by Chailakhyan and Butenko (Transl. Fiziol. Rast. 1957, 4:426-438), a quantitative relationship was found between flower formation and the transport of labeled assimilates from the donor leaf into receptor shoots. The presence of noninduced leaves (i.e., leaves maintained on long day) on the receptor plant prevents flowering and assimilate import by shoots in the axils of the long day leaves and by shoots at nodes in the same orthostichy lower down on the stem. All these vegetative shoots import assimilates from the long day leaves.Both the floral stimulus and the inhibitory effects of long day leaves are translocated basipetally over long distances and in specific parts of the vascular system which correspond to specific orthostichies of the stem. Movement in the xylem of the stain safranin indicates that assimilates from the long day leaves and from the donor can be transported in distinct regions of the vascular bundles in the stem. The pattern of assimilate distribution evidently depends on the pattern of vascular anatomy and on the relative contribution by the various sources of assimilates.A light intensity close to that saturating for photosynthesis saturates long day inhibition of flowering. Moreover, under the appropriate experimental conditions, inhibition is not only caused by leaves in long day, but also by those in short day or darkness.Apparently the floral stimulus moves in parallel with the assimilates in the phloem of Perilla, so that the pattern of assimilate distribution from different leaves determines the pattern of movement of the floral stimulus. It is, therefore, concluded that long day inhibition of flowering in Perilla is the result of competition between assimilate streams originating in the donor and long day leaves. A specific transmissible inhibitor is most likely not involved in the control of flowering in Perilla.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2000

Effects of perilla seed oil supplementation on leukotriene generation by leucocytes in patients with asthma associated with lipometabolism.

BACKGROUND: Dietary sources of alpha-linolenic acid, such as perilla seed oil, may have the capacity to inhibit the generation of leukotrienes (LTs) by leucocytes in patients with asthma, as has been reported with the consumption of other long-chain n-3 fatty acids. METHODS: The factors affecting the suppression of leukotriene (LT) C4 generation by leucocytes were examined by comparing the clinical features of patients with asthma who had been given dietary perilla seed oil (n-3 fatty acids). Group A consisted of patients in whom the leucocyte generation of LTC4 was suppressed by dietary perilla seed oil. Group B consisted of those in whom LTC4 generation was not suppressed. RESULTS: LTC4 generation by leucocytes decreased significantly in group A after 2 (p < 0.05) and 4 weeks (p < 0.05); conversely, it increased significantly in group B after 4 weeks (p < 0.05). The two study groups differed significantly in terms of LTC4 generation by leucocytes after 4 weeks of dietary supplementation (p < 0.05). Ventilatory parameters such as peak expiratory flow (PEF), forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1)) increased significantly after 4 weeks of dietary supplementation in group A (p < 0.05). Values of PEF, FVC, FEV(1) and maximum expiratory flow at 25% of the forced vital capacity (V(25)) differed significantly between groups A and B prior to dietary supplementation. Serum levels of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and phospholipid were significantly decreased by dietary supplementation in group A after 4 weeks. Serum levels of total cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and phospholipid differed significantly between the two study groups prior to dietary supplementation. Serum levels of triglyceride and LDL cholesterol differed significantly between the two study groups after 4 weeks of dietary supplementation. CONCLUSIONS: Dietary supplementation with perilla seed oil in selected patients with asthma suppresses the generation of LTC4 and is associated with clinical features such as respiratory function and lipometabolism.

Adult↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Phospholipid fatty acid composition and diamine oxidase activity of intestinal mucosa from rats treated with irinotecan hydrochloride (CPT-11) under vegetable oil-enriched diets: comparison between perilla oil and corn oil.

BACKGROUND: Irinotecan hydrochloride (CPT-11), a topoisomerase I inhibitor highly effective for various cancers, has its dosage limited by diffuse mucosal damage with increased prostaglandin (PG) E(2). However, an analysis of intestinal phospholipid fatty acid composition after CPT-11 treatment has not been reported. This study aimed to evaluate intestinal phospholipid fatty acid composition in relation to intestinal mucosal integrity and plasma and mucosal PGE(2) levels after CPT-11 treatment. The effect of dietary vegetable oil supplementation, perilla oil vs corn oil, was also evaluated. METHODS: Intestinal phospholipid fatty acid composition, PGE(2) level, mucosal diamine oxidase (DAO) activity, diarrhea, and blood tests were evaluated in rats injected with CPT-11 under a conventional diet. The same parameters were compared among 3 different dietary vegetable oil supplementations: perilla oil, corn oil, and a 1:3, respectively, mixture with a semisynthetic diet during 14 days. RESULTS: CPT-11 treatment caused severe diarrhea, and intestinal mucosal fatty acid composition changed with increased PGE(2) level and decreased DAO activity. Decreases in eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and EPA/arachidonic acid (AA) ratio in colonic mucosa were observed. Perilla oil increased omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, alpha-linolenic acid, EPA, and EPA/AA ratio and decreased plasma PGE(2). But the amounts used were not enough to attenuate intestinal damage from CPT-11 treatment. CONCLUSIONS: CPT-11 induced changes of intestinal mucosal fatty acid composition with increased PGE(2) level and decreased intestinal integrity; perilla oil shows the possibility of being able to attenuate those changes.

Amine Oxidase (Copper-Containing)↗
PubMed2004

Agrobacterium-mediated genetic transformation of Perilla frutescens.

A reproducible plant regeneration and an Agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated genetic transformation protocol were developed for Perilla frutescens (perilla). The largest number of adventitious shoots were induced directly without an intervening callus phase from hypocotyl explants on MS medium supplemented with 3.0 mg/l 6-benzylaminopurine (BA). The effects of preculture and extent of cocultivation were examined by assaying beta-glucuronidase (GUS) activity in explants infected with A. tumefaciens strain EHA105 harboring the plasmid pIG121-Hm. The highest number of GUS-positive explants were obtained from hypocotyl explants cocultured for 3 days with Agrobacterium without precultivation. Transgenic perilla plants were regenerated and selected on MS basal medium supplemented with 3.0 mg/l BA, 125 mg/l kanamycin, and 500 mg/l carbenicillin. The transformants were confirmed by PCR of the neomycin phosphotransferase II gene and genomic Southern hybridization analysis of the hygromycin phosphotransferase gene. The frequency of transformation from hypocotyls was about 1.4%, and the transformants showed normal growth and sexual compatibility by producing progenies.

Agrobacterium tumefaciens↗
PubMed2004

Rosmarinic acid inhibits epidermal inflammatory responses: anticarcinogenic effect of Perilla frutescens extract in the murine two-stage skin model.

Perilla frutescens extract showed marked reduction on tumorigenesis in a murine, two-stage skin carcinogenesis model. In this model, cancer is initiated by application of 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA) and promoted by application of 12-tetradecanoylphorbol 13-acetate (TPA). Following tumor initiation with DMBA, topical application of a perilla-derived fraction (PF) at doses of 2 mg/mouse/application resulted in significant inhibition of tumorigenesis. The efficacy of each fraction was correlated with rosmarinic acid (RA) and luteolin concentration. Topical application of perilla extract (PE) that contained 68% RA or an equivalent amount of commercially available RA showed nearly identical antiinflammatory activity 5 h after TPA treatment. Application of luteolin had less anti-inflammatory activity. Marked neutrophil infiltration was observed in TPA-challenged skin by histological examination using hematoxylin-eosin. This change was greatly reduced by pre-treatment with PE or RA. Myeloperoxidase activity, a marker of neutrophil recruitment, was also increased in TPA-challenged skin and was significantly decreased in the PE and RA treated groups. Intercellular adhesion molecule 1 and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 mRNA expression levels were reduced by pre-treatment with PE or RA. TPA-induced increases in synthesis of the chemokines KC and macrophage inflammatory protein-2 were significantly decreased by pre-treatment with PE or RA. Prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene B4 levels were slightly increased 5 h after TPA treatment. These levels were only numerically decreased in the PE and RA treated groups. However, induction of cyclooxygenase-2 mRNA expression was obviously reduced by pre-treatment with PE or RA. Reactive oxygen radical production, detected as thiobarbituric acid reactive substance and lipid peroxide, by double treatment of TPA was reduced by pre-treatment with PE or RA. Production of 8-hydroxy-2'deoxyguanosine, which was detected immunohistochemically, was also induced by double treatment with TPA. This adduct was barely visible in PE or RA treated mice. Thus, we conclude that part of the anticarcinogenic effects of P.frutescens extract is due to RA via two independent mechanisms: inhibition of the inflammatory response and scavenging of reactive oxygen radicals.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
PubMed2004

Triterpene acids from the leaves of Perilla frutescens and their anti-inflammatory and antitumor-promoting effects.

Nine triterpene acids, viz., six of the ursane type, ursolic acid (1), corosolic acid (2), 3-epicorosolic acid (3), pomolic acid (4), tormentic acid (5) and hyptadienic acid (6), and three of the oleanane type, oleanolic acid (7), augustic acid (8) and 3-epimaslinic acid (9), among which 1 constituted the most predominant triterpene acid, were isolated and identified from ethanol extracts of the leaves of red perilla [Perilla frutescens (L.) Britton var. acuta Kudo] and green perilla [P. frutescens (L.) Britton var. acuta Kudo forma viridis Makino]. These eight compounds, 1, 2, 4-9, were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced inflammation (1 microg/ear) in mice. All the compounds tested showed a marked anti-inflammatory effect, with a 50% inhibitory dose (ID50) of 0.09-0.3 mg per ear. In addition, an evaluation against the Epstein-Barr virus early antigen (EBV-EA) activation induced by TPA showed five compounds, 1-3, 5 and 9, with a potent inhibitory effect on EBV-EA induction (91-93% inhibition at 1x10(3) mol ratio/TPA). Furthermore, compound 5 exhibited strong antitumor-promoting activity in an in vivo two-stage carcinogenesis test of mouse tumor by using 7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene (DMBA) as an initiator and TPA as a promoter.

9,10-Dimethyl-1,2-benzanthracene↗
PubMed2006

Isolation and characterization of anthocyanin 5-O-glucosyltransferase in Perilla frutescens var. crispa by differential display.

The glucosylation of 5-position of anthocyanin molecules is one of most important modification step, which is responsible for the stability and color hue of anthocyanin molecules. However, anthocyanin 5-O-glucosyltransferase (5-GT) is unstable and it had been difficult to purify this enzyme by biochemical methods. The isolation of cDNA encoding 5-GT was succeeded first by mRNA differential display (DD) of red and green chemotypes of Perilla frutescens var. crispa. The full-length cDNA was isolated by the screening of perilla cDNA library with cDNA fragments, which was displayed specifically in red perilla. The biological characters of this enzyme were investigated by using the recombinant protein expressed in yeast. We have shown an example of the application of DD technique to the molecular biology in plant secondary metabolisms.

Anthocyanins↗
PubMed2003

[Direct identification of Perilla frutescens seeds from its confusable varieties by FTIR].

The IR of kernel and boil. cortex of perilla frutescens seeds and its confusable varieties were obtained directly, quickly and accurately by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results show that IR characteristics of different peaks and intensities of kernel and boil. cortex of Perilla frutescens(L). Britt. seeds and its confusable varieties, such as Mosla scabra (Thunb.) C. Y. Wu et H. W. Li, and M. Soochouensis Matsuda, and Mosla dianthera (Buch. Ham.) Maxim., are different. Obvious characteristics for its identification with different chemical compounds in FTIR were revealed, which can be used to identify Perilla frutescens(L.) Britt. seeds and its confusable varieties. Furthermore, the approach can be achieved quickly and accurately without extraction and separation of samples.

Drug Contamination↗
PubMed2000

Molecular cloning and expression analysis of 3-ketoacyl-ACP synthases in the immature seeds of Perilla frutescens.

We report the isolation and expression analysis of two cDNAs encoding 3-ketoacyl-acyl carrier protein synthases (KAS) that are involved in the de novo synthesis of fatty acids in plastids of perilla (Perilla frutescens L.). The cDNAs, designated PfFAB1 and PfFAB24, encoded polypeptides with high sequence identities to those of KAS I and KAS II/IV, respectively, of various plants. Genomic Southern blots revealed that there was a single PfFAB1 gene but two PfFAB24 genes in the perilla genome. Of interest is that the expression of both genes was developmentally regulated in seeds. Their mRNA expression patterns in seeds were also discussed in comparison with the profile of fatty acid accumulation.

3-Oxoacyl-(Acyl-Carrier-Protein) Synthase↗
PubMed1998

Suppressive effect of low amounts of safflower and perilla oils on diethylnitrosamine-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in male F344 rats.

We have investigated the modulating effects of low amounts of dietary oils rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) on diethylnitrosamine (DEN)-induced hepatocarcinogenesis in male F344 rats. A total of 112 animals were divided into eight groups. Groups 1-4 were given drinking water containing 40 ppm DEN for five weeks. Groups 5-8 served as controls without DEN treatment. Groups 1 and 5 were fed a basal diet containing 5% beef tallow, Groups 2 and 6 were fed a 5% olive oil diet, Groups 3 and 7 were fed a 5% safflower oil diet, and Groups 4 and 8 were fed a 5% perilla oil diet for 21 weeks, starting 1 week before DEN exposure. Beef tallow, olive oil, safflower oil, and perilla oil are rich in saturated fatty acids, a monounsaturated fatty acid, n-6 PUFA, and n-3 PUFA, respectively. All rats were killed 20 weeks after the start of the experiment. Incidences of hepatocellular adenoma and carcinoma were 100% in DEN-treated groups, irrespective of dietary oils. Multiplicities of adenomas in Groups 3 and 4 were significantly (p < 0.05) lower than in Groups 1 and 2. Multiplicity of carcinoma in Group 3 was significantly (p < 0.05) lower than in Group 1. Mean volumes of placental glutathione S-transferase-positive foci per liver and the number of argyrophilic nucleolar organizer region proteins per nucleus in the liver tumors were significantly (p < 0.05) lower in Groups 3 and 4 than in Groups 1 and 2. ras mRNA expression in liver neoplasms was also suppressed significantly (p < 0.05) in Groups 3 and 4 compared with Groups 1 and 2. Significantly (p < 0.05) higher levels of n-6 and n-3 PUFA in the phospholipid fraction of the liver were found in Groups 3 and 4, respectively, than in the other groups. In contrast, a significantly (p < 0.05) decrease in monounsaturated fatty acid was observed in Groups 3 and 4 compared with Groups 1 and 2. These results suggest that safflower oil and perilla oil, rich in n-6 and n-3 PUFA, respectively, alter the membrane fatty acid composition of the liver and suppress the development of liver cell carcinoma in rats.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Comparison of photoperiodic sensitivity of green-leafed and red-leafed perilla.

The flowering responses of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt. (green-leafed Perilla) and P. crispa (Thunb.) Tanaka (red-leafed Perilla) to different 24-hour photoperiodic regimes were compared quantitatively. Although both taxa are short-day plants, P. frutescens was less strict in its short-day requirement, forming macroscopically visible inflorescence primordia and open flowers even in continuous light after 77 to 85 and 132 days, respectively, compared to 12 and 22 days in 8-hour days. P. crispa took only 4 days longer to reach the same stages in 8-hour short days, but exhibited a sharply defined critical day-length between 14 and 16 hours. Two-hour light-breaks in the middle of a 16-hour night were more effective in inhibiting floral development in P. crispa than in P. frutescens, for which they had a small effect compared to true long-days, particularly on the formation of inflorescence primordia. The number of short days needed to obtain the flowering in P. frutescens plants raised in continuous light decreased in a linear manner with the age of the plants upon transfer to short days.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1984

Perilla ketone toxicity: a chemical model for the study of equine restrictive lung disease.

Perilla ketone was assessed for its usefulness as a model of equine restrictive pulmonary disease. Three ponies were given 18 mg/kg bodyweight synthetic perilla ketone in dimethyl-sulphoxide. Within 24 h of administration, respiratory rate, peak inspiratory and expiratory flow rates and minute volume were increased. By 48 h there was a significant decrease in tidal volume, and blood pH and base excess were also decreased but not outside normal limits. At necropsy there was congestion and oedema of the lungs. Histologically there was diffuse alveolar injury but no evidence of significant obstruction in bronchial or bronchiolar lumina. It is assumed that perilla ketone toxicity in ponies produces a restrictive disease without a significant obstructive component.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Effects of dietary tea catechins on alpha-tocopherol levels, lipid peroxidation, and erythrocyte deformability in rats fed on high palm oil and perilla oil diets.

The effects of dietary tea catechins on the levels of alpha-tocopherol and lipid peroxidation in both plasma and erythrocytes, as well as their effects on erythrocyte deformability, were examined in rats fed on high palm and perilla oil diets. The decrease in alpha-tocopherol concentration and the increase in lipid peroxidation level were much more pronounced in the perilla oil group than in the palm oil group. The addition of tea catechins to these diets significantly prevented the alpha-tocopherol concentration from decreasing. These results suggest that tea catechins may counteract a decrease in alpha-tocopherol by acting as an antioxidant in vivo. Furthermore, the lipid peroxidation in the plasma of rats fed perilla oil was slightly but significantly reduced by the supplemented tea catechins. However, no measurable differences were observed in the deformability of the erythrocytes in any of the groups. It is therefore likely that the erythrocytes are not severely enough affected by the lipid peroxidation to influence their deformability.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Dietary high-linoleate safflower oil is not hypocholesterolemic in aged mice after a long-term feeding--comparison with lard, perilla oil and fish oil.

Aged mice (6 months of age) fed a conventional diet were shifted to diets containing 10% lard, high-linoleate safflower seed oil, high alpha-linolenate perilla seed oil or high-docosahexaenoate fish oil. A significant increase in whole body cholesterol (/g wt) was seen within 30 d after the shift (rapid response), followed by a gradual decrease in 60 to 120 d (slow response); similar changes occurred in all the dietary groups. Shortly after the shift, the serum cholesterol concentrations increased to higher levels in the lard and safflower oil groups than in the other groups, and the levels at 120 d were in the group order of safflower oil > lard > perilla oil > fish oil. Rapid and slow responses to dietary shifts were also seen in hepatic cholesterol levels (/g wt), which were higher in the lard group than in the other groups at 120 d. The arterial cholesterol contents of the fish oil group tended to be less than in the other groups at 120 d. Thus in aged mice after a relatively long-term feeding (> one tenth of the life-span), safflower oil was not hypocholesterolemic as compared with lard and other omega 3-rich oils. Long-term feeding of fish oil maintained serum cholesterol concentrations at lower levels than feeding with safflower oil or lard and without accumulating cholesterol in the aorta, liver or whole body; perilla oil was also hypocholesterolemic but to a lesser degree than fish oil.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Aging↗
PubMed2000

Perilla citriodora from Taiwan and its phytochemical characteristics.

Perilla citriodora Nakai, the wild species of Perilla, was collected from Taiwan and its essential oil analyzed. GC-MS analysis of its oil showed that it has a novel composition of limonene (23.5%) and elemicin (17.8%). In Japanese Perilla, a monoterpene (limonene) and a phenylpropanoid (elemicin) have not been detected in the same plant. To compare the sequence similarity of a secondary metabolic enzyme between P. frutescens and P. citriodora, the nucleic acid sequence of the limonene synthase in this P. citriodora was analyzed using the reverse transcript-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. Primers for PCR were designed by employing the known sequence of the limonene synthase cloned from P. frutescens. It was found that the limonene synthase in P. citriodora and that in P. frutescens share a high sequence identity, probably indicating that both enzymes evolved from a common ancestor.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed2001

Anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic actions by oral administration of a perilla leaf extract in mice.

The anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic activity of perilla leaf extract was investigated. The oral administration of perilla leaf extract to mice inhibited two types of acute inflammatory models, arachidonic acid-induced ear edema and 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-induced ear edema. Oral administration of perilla leaf extract also inhibited the contact dermatitis model, oxazolone-induced ear edema, by affecting sensitization.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2006

[Determination of alpha-linolenic acid in perilla oil by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography coupled with evaporative light-scattering detector].

A method for the determination of alpha-linolenic acid in perilla oil was developed using the reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography coupled with evaporative light-scattering detector (RP-HPLC-ELSD). The perilla oil was saponified by 0.5 mol/L KOH-CH3OH solution for 20 min in a 60 degrees C water bath, then acidified by 6 mol/L HCl and finally the dissociative fatty acids, including alpha-linolenic acid, was extracted by anhydrous ether. After the ether was blown out by nitrogen, the residuals were dissolved by 10 mL methanol. The calibration curve was found to be linear over the range of 6.2 - 45.4 microg (r = 0.997 3, n = 5) and the detection limit was 0.11 microg (S/N = 3). The average recovery was 102% and their relative standard deviation (RSD) was 6.3% (n = 5). The content of alpha-linolenic acid in the determined perilla oil was 6.79% which is consistent with the previous report.

Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid↗