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PubMed2005

Gene flow and inbreeding depression inferred from fine-scale genetic structure in an endangered heterostylous perennial, Primula sieboldii.

We estimated the gene dispersal distance and the magnitude of inbreeding depression from the fine-scale genetic structure in the endangered heterostylous perennial Primula sieboldii. We indirectly estimated the neighbourhood size (Nb) and the standard deviation of gene dispersal distance (sigma(g)) from the detected genetic structure by using 10 microsatellite markers. We also estimated the fitness reduction in mating among neighbouring individuals caused by biparental inbreeding according to the genetic structure. We found clear fine-scale genetic structure (a significantly positive kinship coefficient within 42.3 m), and the indirect estimates of sigma(g) and Nb were 15.7 m and 50.9, respectively. These indirect estimates were similar to the direct estimates (18.4 m and 44.0). The slightly larger indirect estimate of Nb may reflect that inbreeding depression and genetic structure or rare long-distance dispersal that were overlooked in the direct estimate have elongated the long-term average of gene dispersal distance. P. sieboldii is also likely to suffer about 19% fitness reduction in progenies from mating among individuals 5 m apart. Our results suggest that biparental inbreeding and genetic structure can affect the range of gene dispersal and seed reproductive success in P. sieboldii.

DNA, Plant↗
PubMed2006

Spatio-temporal variation in pollen limitation and reproductive success of two scape morphs in Primula farinosa.

In plant populations where reproductive output is limited by pollinator visitation, plants with attractive floral displays should have a selective advantage. We examined the effect of inflorescence height on pollination success in Primula farinosa, which is dimorphic for scape length. To test the hypothesis that fruit and seed initiation are more strongly pollen-limited in the short-scaped than in the long-scaped morph, and that this difference is affected by spatio-temporal variation in pollen limitation, we conducted a hand-pollination experiment in four populations over 2 yr. Pollen limitation of fruit initiation varied among populations and years, and was stronger in the short-scaped than in the long-scaped morph. The results suggest that interactions with pollinators will need to be considered for a full understanding of the maintenance of this striking polymorphism. The study also shows that, although pollen limitation is likely to vary in space and time in many plant species, such variation is not necessarily associated with variation in selection on floral characters.

Flowers↗
PubMed2006

Analysis of late stage flower development in Primula vulgaris reveals novel differences in cell morphology and temporal aspects of floral heteromorphy.

Heterostyly in Primula is characterized by the development of long-styled pin and short-styled thrum flowers, with anthers midway down the corolla tube in pin flowers, and at its mouth in thrum flowers. Other differences include pollen size and stigmatic papillae length. Several linked genes at the S locus control these differences. In this study we have analyzed pin and thrum flowers through the temporal development of heteromorphy.These studies indicate that the S locus linked genes that orchestrate heteromorphic flower development act in coordination, but with different temporal and spatial dynamics. Style length is differentiated by longer style cells in pin than thrum. However, our studies on cell shape and size within the corolla tube show that a different mechanism mediates the dissimilar elevation of anthers between pin and thrum types. These studies have also revealed that upper corolla tube cells in thrum flowers are wider than those in pin flowers. This results in a larger corolla tube mouth in thrum flowers and represents a new and previously undocumented heteromorphic variation between pin and thrum flowers.

Cell Shape↗
PubMed2006

Evolution of biogeographic patterns, ploidy levels, and breeding systems in a diploid-polyploid species complex of Primula.

Primula sect. Aleuritia subsect. Aleuritia (Aleuritia) includes diploid, self-incompatible heterostyles and polyploid, self-compatible homostyles, the latter generally occurring at higher latitudes than the former. This study develops a phylogenetic hypothesis for Aleuritia to elucidate the interactions between Pleistocene glacial cycles, biogeographic patterns, ploidy levels and breeding systems. Sequences from five chloroplast DNA loci were analyzed with parsimony to reconstruct a phylogeny, haplotype network, and ancestral states for ploidy levels and breeding systems.The results supported the monophyly of Aleuritia and four major biogeographic lineages: an amphi-Pacific, a South American, an amphi-Atlantic and a European/North American lineage. At least four independent switches to homostyly and five to polyploidy were inferred. An Asian ancestor probably gave origin to an amphi-Pacific clade and to a lineage that diversified on the European and American continents. Switches to homostyly occurred exclusively in polyploid lineages, which mainly occupy previously glaciated areas. The higher success of the autogamous polyploid species at recolonizing habitats freed by glacial retreat might be explained in terms of selection for reproductive assurance.

Biological Evolution↗
PubMed2006

Habitat change and demography of Primula veris: identification of management targets.

Although the effects of deterministic factors on population viability often are more important than stochasticity, few researchers have dealt with the effect of deterministic habitat changes on plant population demography. We assessed population viability for the perennial herb Primula veris L. and identified targets for management based on demographic data from five different habitat types representing different degrees of canopy closure. We conducted replicate studies at the border of the distribution area and in more central parts. Demographic patterns were similar between the two regions. Most study populations had a positive population growth, and only populations in late phases of forest succession showed consistently negative trends. The populations of open habitats had high seedling recruitment, and the populations of early and middle forest succession had high seed production. The importance of survival for population growth rate increased with increasing habitat closure, whereas the importance of growth and reproduction decreased. Results of the elasticity analysis suggested that the best method to manage decreasing late-successional populations is to increase survival of the largest individuals. The life-table response experiment (LTRE) analysis, however showed that survival of the largest individuals contributed little to differences in population growth rates of different habitats, whereas seed production and growth of small individuals were more important. Moreover direct perturbation of the performance of the largest stages showed that late-successional populations would not attain positive population growth even if the largest stages had no mortality at all. We conclude that restoration of recruitment is the only possibility for positive population growth in late-successional populations of P. veris, although the elasticities of recruitment transitions are low. Our results also suggest that retrospective demographic methods such as LTRE constitute an important and necessary complement to prospective methods such as elasticities in identifying management targets.

Conservation of Energy Resources↗
PubMed2006

Miconidin and miconidin methyl ether from Primula obconica Hance: new allergens in an old sensitizer.

Several chemical and clinical observations have suggested the presence of at least one more allergen in addition to primin in Primula obconica. The aim of this study was to investigate the allergenicity of the primin precursor miconidin and the related miconidin methyl ether, both isolated from P. obconica. 12 primin-positive persons were patch tested with miconidin 0.01% petrolatum (pet.), miconidin in 96% ethanol incorporated into 0.01% pet., and miconidin methyl ether 1.0% pet. All persons were positive to miconidin 0.01% pet., with the strength of reactions very similar to those of the individual primin reactions, and remained inexplicably negative while testing with miconidin in 96% ethanol and pet., while miconidin methyl ether elicited 7 positive reactions. Although both miconidin and miconidin methyl ether may be allergenic only due to their conversion to primin in the skin, the presence of these substances nevertheless has to be taken into account when assessing the allergenicity of new P. obconica cultivars.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Primula allergic dermatitis simulating occupational contact dermatitis induced by metals, oils and greases.

A case of the hands and face dermatitis in a patient employed in a store with motor-car spare parts is presented. Both the patient and her doctor were convinced that skin lesions were caused by the contact with metals, oils and greases. After detecting allergy to primine (after 48 and 96 h, + +), the patient recalled that two months earlier she had started to grow primrose (Primula obconica) at home. Patch tests with the primrose leaf and flower were also positive (+ +). The presented case provides evidence that routine primine testing is essential in all patients with suspected contact allergy dermatitis. In Poland like in the majority of countries, primina is not included in the standard kit.

Dermatitis, Occupational↗
PubMed1983

5,8-dihydroxyflavone (primetin) the contact sensitizer of Primula mistassinica Michaux.

5,8-Dihydroxyflavone (primetin) has been shown to be the sensitizer in Primula mistassinica Michaux and probably the source of allergic contact dermatitis in four milkers. Its sensitizing properties as determined in guinea-pigs, are strong. As far as is known this is the first experimental demonstration of the sensitizing potency of a flavone. Presumably the flavone, with its uncommon 5,8-arrangement of hydroxy groups, is oxidized in the skin to the corresponding quinone (primetinquinone). Quinone was prepared from primetin and used for experimental sensitization of guinea-pigs. It also revealed strong sensitizing properties. Cross-reactions were obtained not only with the synthetic quinone in the flavone-sensitive animals but also with primetin in primetinquinone-sensitive guinea-pigs. Preliminary sensitization tests with other flavones have demonstrated that the whole group of flavonoid components should be taken into consideration as potential sensitizers.

Allergens↗
PubMed1993

Macrophyllicin, a saponin from Primula macrophylla.

A new triterpenoid saponin, macrophyllicin has been isolated from the methanolic extract of the whole plant of Primula macrophylla. On the basis of chemical and spectral evidence, the structure of macrophyllicin was determined as 3-O-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl- (1-->2)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta-D-glucuronopyranosyl] -6 beta,16 alpha,28-trihydroxy-olean-12-ene. The 2D NMR experiments were useful in providing complete information on the structure of macrophyllogenin, a new sapogenin.

Carbohydrate Sequence↗
PubMed1993

Macrophyllicinin, a saponin from Primula macrophylla.

A new triterpenoid saponin, designated macrophyllicinin [1], has been isolated from the MeOH extract of the whole plant of Primula macrophylla. Its structure was established by chemical and spectroscopic means as 3 beta-O-[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(-->2)-beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(-->2)- beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(-->2)-beta-D-glucuronopyranosyl]-6 beta,16 alpha-dihydroxyolean-12-en-28-acetate. The aglycone 2 of this saponin is also a new compound.

Carbohydrate Sequence↗
PubMed2000

Direct emission of the allergen primin from intact Primula obconica plants.

The allergen primin and its precursor miconidin were collected by dynamic headspace technique from Primula obconica Hance and quantified and identified by gas chromatography (GC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The primin concentrations in leaves/stems and flowers (including pedicel and calyx) of P. obconica were 262 microg and 531 microg (g fresh plant material)(-1), respectively, whereas miconidin concentrations were 92 microg (g fresh plant material)(-1) in leaves/stems and 194 microg (g fresh plant material)(-1) in flowers. The amounts of primin released from unchopped leaves/stems and flowers were 65.3 ng and 18.8 ng (g fresh plant material)(-1) h(-1), respectively. Dynamic headspace analysis of intact P. obconica plants showed that primin is also directly emitted from undamaged plants, although in smaller concentrations (6.2 ng (g fresh plant material)(-1) h(-1)), whereas miconidin was only emitted in minute amounts (less than 0.4 ng (g fresh plant material)(-1) h(-1)) both from intact plants and from unchopped plant parts. The possibility that primin from P. obconica could be a potential airborne allergen and therefore a source of airborne contact dermatitis is discussed.

Allergens↗
PubMed1998

Structures of the two saponins isolated from commercially available root extract of Primula sp.

The two main saponins of commercially available extract of Primula sp. were isolated by HPLC. Their structures were elucidated by spectroscopic methods as already known primulasaponin (1) and the new 3-O-¿[alpha-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-->2)-beta- galactopyranosyl-(1-->3)-[beta-xylopyranosyl-(1-->4)-beta-glucopyranosyl - (1-->2)]-beta-glucuronopyranosyl]¿-protoprimulagenin A (2).

Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy↗
PubMed1990

Triterpenoid Saponins from Primula denticulata.

Two triterpene glycosides denticin ( 1) and denticulatin ( 2) have been isolated from the whole plant of PRIMULA DENTICULATA Sm. and their structures were established by spectral and chemical studies as 3beta-{ O-beta- D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4)-[ O-beta- D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->2)]- O-(beta- D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4)-[ O-beta- D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->2)]-alpha- L-arabinopyranosyloxy}-16alpha-hydroxy-13beta, 28-epoxyolean-30-al and 3beta-{ O-beta- D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->2)- O-beta- D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4)-[ O-beta- D-xylopyranosyl-(1-->2)]- O-beta- D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->4)-[ O-beta- D-glucopyranosyl-(1-->2)]-alpha-L-arabinopyranosyloxy}-16alpha-hydroxy-13beta,28-epoxyolean-30-al, respectively.

Journal Article↗
PubMed2001

Triterpenoid saponin from Primula elatior subsp. meyeri.

A new triterpenoid saponin, protoprimuloside B (2), has been isolated from the roots of Primula elatior subsp. meyeri and its structure deduced as 3beta-O-[[alpha-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-2)-beta-D-galactopyranosyl-(1-3)]-[beta-D-glucopyranosyl-(1-2)]-beta-D-glucopyranosyl]-protoprimuloside B by means of spectral data, especially NMR (400 MHz), including 1H, 13C, DEPT, COSY, HMBC, HMQC, NOESY techniques and (+)FAB-MS spectrum.

Chromatography, Gel↗
PubMed1981

Studies on heteromorphic self-incompatibility systems: the cytochemistry and ultrastructure of the tapetum of Primula obconica.

This paper describes the cytochemistry and ultrastructure of the developing tapetum in Primula obconica, a plant with a heteromorphic, sporophytic self-incompatibility system. The tapetum is of the secretory type and cytochemical tests have shown that when it breaks down proteinaceous (esterase) and lipidic components are deposited on the developing pollen grains. Acid phosphatase, a marker of gametophytic enzyme activity, is confined to the cytoplasm and intine of the developing pollen. Ultrastructural studies show that prior to its dissolution the tapetum undergoes a number of changes. In the early stages of development the tapetum is rich in ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum, but following the breakdown of the tapetal cell wall the main components of the cytoplasm are densely staining spherical bodies surrounded by ribosomes and orbicular bodies, which appear to be confined to the cell periphery. As the cells break down, rod-like fibrils can be seen amongst the degenerate organelles and within the bacular cavities of the pollen. On dehiscence the pollen has a lipidic coating in addition to the fibrillar material in the pollen wall and the remnants of the tapetum can be seen adhering to the fibrous layer of the anther wall. Thus the mature, binucleate pollen of P. obconica is demonstrated to carry wall materials of sporophytic origin.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1998

Routine testing for Primula obconica: is it useful in the United States?

Allergic contact dermatitis to Primula obconica has long been established. It is considered a significant allergen in Europe and has been included in standard screening there. The allergen is much less common in the United States. The frequency of allergy to P obconica in the United States is difficult to assess because no series of routine testing to this allergen has been reported. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the frequency of primin allergy in routine testing in a referral patch test center. A series of 567 consecutive patch tests was performed that included primin as part of the standard screening. Only one patient had a positive reaction. Although it is frequently missed and often difficult to diagnose, the frequency of primin allergy in this series was too low to indicate including this allergen as part of routine testing.

Benzoquinones↗