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PubMed1996

Intracellular localization of heat shock mRNAs (hsc70 and hsp70) to neural cell bodies and processes in the control and hyperthermic rabbit brain.

Heat shock proteins are essential cellular proteins that may play important roles in cellular repair and/or protection. This report focuses on the expression of two members of the hsp70 multigene family, namely, constitutive hsc70 mRNA and stress-inducible hsp70 mRNA in the control and hyperthermic rabbit brain. The intracellular localization of these heat shock mRNAs was examined using high-resolution nonradioactive in situ hybridization. The distribution of hsc70 mRNA and hsp70 mRNA was examined in (1) neuronal cell bodies and their dendritic processes and (2) oligodendrocytes and their cellular processes. In control animals, hsc70 mRNA was detected in the apical dendritic processes and cell bodies of cortical layer II and V neurons, CA3 and CA4 neurons, deep cerebellar neurons, and brainstem neurons. A time course analysis of hsc70 mRNA, after a physiologically relevant increase in body temperature of 2.6 degrees C, revealed more distal transport of this constitutive message into dendrites of these neuronal populations. In the same neuronal populations, basal levels of hsp70 mRNA were observed in the cell body; however, this mRNA was not detected in dendritic processes in control or hyperthermic animals. After hyperthermia, hsp70 mRNA was strongly induced in oligodendrocytes and transported to the processes of these glial cells. The localization of heat shock messages in the processes of these neural cell types could provide a mechanism for local control of synthesis of heat shock proteins in cellular compartments that are remote from the cell body.

Animals↗
PubMed1994

Development of Purkinje cell bodies and processes with basic fibroblast growth factor-like immunoreactivity in the rat cerebellum.

The development of basic fibroblast growth factor-like immunoreactivity was investigated in the nuclei, cell bodies and processes of Purkinje cells with attention to basic fibroblast growth factor-containing neuronal input to the deep cerebellar nuclei. Immunoblot analysis with the use of the antisera against basic fibroblast growth factor revealed that crude homogenate of the developing rat cerebellum exhibits a main band with the same molecular weight (18,000 mol. wt) as basic fibroblast growth factor in all the postnasal stages examined. Cerebellar cells were not labeled with the antisera during embryonic life. Under light microscopy, basic fibroblast growth factor-like immunoreactivity was detected initially in cortical cells located close to deep cerebellar fissures of the newborn rat but not in superficial cortical regions. It was difficult to determine whether or not they are Purkinje cells at the fusiform stage. On postnatal day 7, immunoreactive Purkinje cells were identified throughout the cerebellar cortex, and they expressed basic fibroblast growth factor-like immunoreactivity mainly in the apical cytoplasm and proximal dendrites. From postnatal day 14 to postnatal day 28, basic fibroblast growth factor-like immunoreactivity was noted not only throughout the cytoplasm of Purkinje cells but also in the nuclei of the immunopositive cells. Our statistical analysis showed that Purkinje cells with nuclear immunoreaction peaked on postnatal day 21. At these stages, nerve fibers immunoreactive for basic fibroblast growth factor were numerous in the cerebellar medulla and deep cerebellar nuclei. After postnatal day 42, Purkinje cells with intense immunoreactivity in the nuclei showed a marked decrease in number, and immunoreactive structures were distributed in the cerebellum in a fashion similar to that in adult rats. Electron microscopy demonstrated that immunoreactivity was located mainly in the apical cytoplasm of Purkinje cells on postnatal day 7 and throughout the cytoplasm and in the nuclear euchromatin from postnatal day 14 to postnatal day 28, as was expected from light-microscopic observations. Immunoreactivity, even though distributed diffusely in the cytoplasm, was absent from the lumen of endoplasmic reticulum and mitochondria. A small population of Purkinje cell axon terminals forming synapses with the soma and dendrites of deep cerebellar nucleus neurons began to express basic fibroblast growth factor on postnatal day 21. This is much later than the starting age for synaptogenesis between Purkinje cells and deep cerebellar nucleus neurons. The age-dependent changes in the localization of basic fibroblast growth factor within Purkinje cell nucleus, soma and processes suggest a complex transport system of this factor within Purkinje cells during postnatal development.

Aging↗
PubMed2007

Duration and not strength of activation in temporo-parietal cortex positively correlates with schizotypy.

Impaired self- and own body processing in patients with schizophrenia and individuals along the schizophrenia spectrum have been associated with dysfunctional cortical activation at the temporo-parietal junction. Here we investigated whether strength or duration of temporo-parietal junction activation during an own body processing task correlates with level of abnormal self-processing in healthy subjects as measured by the frequency of spontaneously experienced schizotypal body schema alterations (perceptual aberrations) and dissociative experiences. Participants carried out a mental imagery task with respect to their own body. Behavioral data and high density EEG were measured. EEG data were analyzed using evoked potential mapping and electrical neuroimaging. Participants completed two validated self-report questionnaires, one asking about perceptual aberration and one about dissociative experiences. The own body transformation task activated the right temporo-parietal junction at 310-390 ms. Participants' reaction times and duration of activation at the right temporo-parietal junction, but not its strength, were found to correlate positively with perceptual aberration scores. No relationship was found with dissociative experiences scores. Brain activations proceeding and following activation of the right temporo-parietal junction did not correlate with scores on either scale. The positive correlation between performance and right temporo-parietal activation in an own body transformation task with perceptual aberrations scores in our healthy population suggests that disturbances in self- and body processing in individuals along the schizophrenia spectrum might be due to prolonged, rather than stronger activation of the right temporo-parietal junction. We argue that this might reflect local pathology, pathologies in cortico-cortical connections and/or re-entry of top-down processing.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Distribution of serotonin-immunoreactive cell bodies and processes in the abdominal ganglion of mature Aplysia.

Sensitization of the gill withdrawal reflex in Aplysia californica is an elementary form of learning, in part resulting from presynaptic facilitation of the LE mechanoreceptor neurons of the abdominal ganglion. It has previously been established that either application of serotonin or direct stimulation of a group of facilitatory neurons, the L29 cells of the abdominal ganglion, can simulate the effect of physiological stimulation in producing presynaptic facilitation. Because the evidence that serotonin serves as a facilitatory transmitter was indirect, we examined the distribution of serotonin-immunoreactive fibers and cell bodies in the abdominal ganglion in order to answer two questions: (1) do the sensory neurons receive serotonergic innervation and (2) are the L29 cells serotonergic? We observed two distinctive patterns of serotonergic innervation within the ganglion, sparse and dense. The sparse pattern is correlated with a serotonin-stimulated increase in cAMP in identified target cells, while the dense innervation is not. We found a sparse distribution of serotonin-immunoreactive fibers with varicosities close to both cell bodies and processes of identified LE sensory cells. It therefore is likely that the sensory neurons do receive serotonergic innervation. We also mapped the population of serotonergic neuronal cell bodies in the ganglion, and found five clusters of neurons. Cells in one of these clusters, the identified RB neurons, had previously been shown to synthesize serotonin from tryptophan and to contain the neurotransmitter in high concentration. Identified L29 facilitator cells marked by injection with Lucifer Yellow do not contain serotonin immunoreactivity and therefore evidently are not a source of serotonergic input onto sensory cells.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

The developmental timing regulator AIN-1 interacts with miRISCs and may target the argonaute protein ALG-1 to cytoplasmic P bodies in C. elegans.

In metazoans, microRNAs (miRNAs) carry out various regulatory functions through association with multiprotein miRNA-induced silencing complexes (miRISCs) that contain Dicer and Argonaute proteins. How miRNAs regulate the expression of their mRNA targets remains a major research question. We have identified the C. elegans ain-1 gene through a genetic suppressor screen and shown that it functions with the heterochronic genetic pathway that regulates developmental timing. Biochemical analysis indicates that AIN-1 interacts with protein complexes containing an Argonaute protein, Dicer, and miRNAs. AIN-1 shares homology with the candidate human neurological disease protein GW182, shown to localize in cytoplasmic processing bodies that are sites of mRNA degradation and storage. A functional AIN-1::GFP also localizes at the likely worm processing bodies. When coexpressed from transgenes, AIN-1 targets ALG-1 to the foci. These results suggest a model where AIN-1 regulates a subset of miRISCs by localization to the processing bodies, facilitating degradation or translational inhibition of mRNA targets.

Animals↗
PubMed2005

Reproductive/urogenital organ development and molecular genetic cascades: glamorous developmental processes of bodies.

At the beginning of the 21st century, developmental biologists together with medical researchers in a wide range of fields are witnessing rapid progress in molecular developmental biology. For example, conditional gene knockout systems are being designed to tackle questions about organogenesis and body plan formation in experimental mouse models and experimental designs include several compound mutant analyses and genome modification strategies. On the other hand, several fields remain relatively unexplored. Molecular mechanisms of sex differentiation are one of the unexplored huge area. Unanswered questions include the molecular genetic cascade of gonad formation, reproductive organ formation, uterus, external genitalia and mammary gland formation, and also the molecular mechanisms of signal transduction, and gene regulation by nuclear hormone receptors. This special thematic review series entitled, "Reproductive/urogenital organ development and molecular genetic cascades: glamorous developmental processes of bodies," covers such a wide range of topics. For this special issue, I have asked active researchers to contribute reviews of these topics which I believe will be useful not only for molecular developmental biologists, but also for researchers in biochemistry and cell biology. It will be my great pleasure if this special thematic issue encourages scientists to study this exciting research field.

Animals↗
PubMed1989

Moral medicine: symbolic content in 19th century Shaker therapeutics.

This paper presents an analysis of the symbolic meanings implicit in an ostensibly empirical therapeutic system. The Shakers, a celibate communal religious order founded in New York State in the mid 1770s, were practitioners of botanic medicine, as were many other Americans in the nineteenth century. This study analyzes the therapeutic properties of the herbs they produced (such as diuretic, stimulant, narcotic, emetic, astringent), using a classification scheme based on the location of the botanical substance's effect vis-à-vis body boundaries and surfaces. The Shakers' beliefs about the therapeutic properties of their herbs are compared with similar analyses of the properties given by two contemporary nineteenth century New England proponents of herbal medicine, botanist Constantine Rafinesque and sectarian practitioner Samuel Thomson. The comparison shows systematic variation in emphasis given to herbs which regulate internal body processes, or act through the openings of the body or on its surface. In this context Shaker medicine can be characterized as quickening, internal, and purifying in its effects on body processes, effects which are highly consistent with Shaker religious beliefs in active, physical worship, selflessness and spiritual purification by confession.

Body Image↗
PubMed2001

Glial involvement in the degeneration process of Lewy body-bearing neurons and the degradation process of Lewy bodies in brains of dementia with Lewy bodies.

Glial involvement in the degeneration process of Lewy body (LB)-bearing neurons and the degradation process of LBs in the cerebral cortex and amygdala in brains of dementia with Lewy bodies was investigated immunohistochemically. HLA-DR-positive microglia frequently extended their processes to degenerated neurons with alpha-synuclein-positive LBs, while some GFAP-positive astroglial processes attached to weakly alpha-synuclein-positive extracellular LBs. Some intracellular LBs were immunoreactive to anti-C4d antibody, and these LB-bearing neurons were involved by activated microglia. About half of the intracellular LBs were immunoreactive to anti-chromogranin-A (CGA) antibody, and most of CGA-positive LB-bearing neurons were surrounded by microglia. Although we could find no evident participation of TNF-alpha, a candidate cytokine that is up-regulated by microglia following CGA stimulation, in the degeneration process of LB-bearing neurons, some intracellular LBs were immunoreactive to the antibody to NF-kappaB, a transcriptional factor activated by cytokines. These findings suggest that microglia participate in the degeneration process of LB-bearing neurons via varying immunogenic elements including complement proteins, CGA and probably some cytokines, and that astroglia participate in the degradation process of LBs.

Brain↗
PubMed2005

Spiroplasma swim by a processive change in body helicity.

Microscopic organisms must rely on very different strategies than their macroscopic counterparts to swim through liquid. To date, the best understood method for prokaryotic swimming employs the rotation of flagella. Here, we show that Spiroplasma, tiny helical bacteria that infect plants and insects, use a very different approach. By measuring cell kinematics during free swimming, we find that propulsion is generated by the propagation of kink pairs down the length of the cell body. A processive change in the helicity of the body creates these waves and enables directional movement.

Methylcellulose↗
PubMed1998

Arytenoid cartilage sclerosis: normal variations and clinical significance.

PURPOSE: Our purpose was to determine the variation in location, distribution, and sex predilection of arytenoid cartilage sclerosis in a population of patients without laryngeal cancer as an aid to understanding the significance of this entity when seen in patients with laryngeal cancer. METHODS: One hundred CT examinations of patients of different ages and with no history of laryngeal cancer or radiation therapy were evaluated for the presence of arytenoid cartilage sclerosis. The arytenoid cartilage was subdivided into three regions: superior process, body, and vocal process. Each region was assessed on each side separately on bone window scans. RESULTS: Arytenoid cartilage sclerosis was seen in 16% (n = 16) of the patients. Sclerosis was most common in the body (n = 12) and least common in the true vocal process (n = 2); the left side was the preferred location for all three regions. In 50% of the patients, at least two regions were affected. Eighty-one percent of sclerotic arytenoid cartilage was seen in women. CONCLUSION: Knowledge of the frequency and distribution of arytenoid cartilage sclerosis as a normal variant can aid in determining the risk of arytenoid cartilage involvement in patients with laryngeal cancer.

Adolescent↗
PubMedDate not supplied

[Influence of the aging process on body composition of the aged: the SENECA study in Spain].

The maintenance of an adequate proportion of muscular mass in aging, is critical for the quality of life of elderly people. In the face of the lack of longitudinal data, the semi-longitudinal SENECA (Survey in Europe on Nutrition and the Elderly, a Concerted Action) study was proposed, with the aim, among others, of analyzing the influence of the aging process on the body composition. In this study, the results are presented which correspond to the changes in body composition seen between the baseline study and the follow up period (1989-1993), in the participating Spanish population, which was randomly selected, and whose ages were between 70 and 80 years. There is also an analysis of the relation existing in 1993, between different anthropometric measurements and the functionality evaluated objectively by means of the physical and functional capacity test (PPT). Using a standardized methodology, the following were measured: size, breadth, weight, biceps and triceps fold, and the circumference of the waist, hips, and the upper arm. Based on these measurements, we calculated the body mass index (BMI), the waist/hip ratio, the muscular circumference of the arm, the fat mass, and the fat free mass. The longitudinal analysis between 1989-1993 showed a decrease for both sexes, in weight (-3.5 +/- 5.0 in men, and -3.4 +/- 4.0 kg in women: p < 0.001) and body circumferences; and also, in women, in the size and the triceps fold (-0.63 +/- 1.42 cm, p < 0.01, and -3.6 +/- 4.6 mm, p < 0.001, respectively). Consequently, the BMI (-1.4 +/- 1.8 for men and -1.4 +/- 1.8 kg/m2 in women, p < 0.01) decreased, while the waist/hip ratio did not change. A reduction of the fat free mass of -1.6 +/- 2.1 kg (p < 0.01) in men and -1.2 +/- 1.3 kg in women (p < 0.001), was observed, as well as a reduction of the body fat of -1.8 +/- 2.0% and -1.7 +/- 2.6% (p < 0.001), respectively. On the other hand, analyzing the anthropometric measurements of the follow up study, a positive association was detected for men, between the waist and hip measurements and the functionality measured by the PPT.

Aged↗
PubMed2005

Nano-microscale models of periosteocytic flow show differences in stresses imparted to cell body and processes.

In order to understand how local changes in mechanical environment are translated into cellular activity underlying tissue level bone adaptation, there is a need to explore fluid flow regimes at small scales such as the osteocyte. Recent developments in computational fluid dynamics (CFD) provide impetus to elucidate periosteocytic flow through development of a nanomicroscale model to study local effects of fluid flow on the osteocyte cell body, which contains the cellular organelles, and on the osteocyte processes, which connect the cell to the entire cellular network distributed throughout bone tissue. For each model, fluid flow was induced via a pressure gradient and the velocity profile and wall shear stress at the cell-fluid interface were calculated using a CFD software package designed for nano/micro-electromechanical-systems device development. Periosteocytic flow was modeled, taking into consideration the nanoscale dimensions of the annular channels and the flow pathways of the periosteocytic flow volume, to analyze the local effects of fluid flow on the osteocyte cell body (within the lacuna) and its processes (within the canaliculi). Based on the idealized model presented in this article, the osteocyte cell body is exposed primarily to effects of hydrodynamic pressure and the cell processes (CP) are exposed primarily to fluid shear stress, with highest stress gradients at sites where the process meets the cell body and where two CP link at the gap junction. Hence, this model simulates subcellular effects of fluid flow and suggests, for the first time to our knowledge, major differences in modes of loading between the domain of the cell body and that of the cell process.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Preconscious processing of body image cues. Impact on body percept and concept.

OBJECTIVE: There is considerable evidence that body image is an elastic construct, which can be influenced by environmental and internal factors. The present study used a visual subliminal processing paradigm, with the aim of determining the impact of preconscious processing of verbal cues upon body image (percept and concept). METHOD: Forty nonclinical women completed measures of body percept and concept before and after being exposed to very rapid presentations (4 ms) of fatness and thinness cues. RESULTS: The women with relatively unhealthy eating attitudes were influenced by the fatness stimulus, with a worsening of their body percept and concept. In contrast, the women with healthier eating attitudes showed an improvement in their body percept in response to the thinness stimulus. CONCLUSION: The findings support the centrality of body image schemata in eating psychopathology, although there is a need for replication and extension in other groups.

Adult↗
PubMed2006

Photofragment coincidence imaging of small I-(H2O)n clusters excited to the charge-transfer-to-solvent state.

The photodissociation dynamics of small I-(H2O)n(n=2-5) clusters excited to their charge-transfer-to-solvent (CTTS) states have been studied using photofragment coincidence imaging. Upon excitation to the CTTS state, two photodissociation channels were observed. The major channel (approximately 90%) is a two-body process forming neutral I+(H2O)n photofragments, and the minor channel is a three-body process forming I+(H2O)n-1+H2O fragments. Both processes display translational energy [P(ET)] distributions peaking at ET=0 with little available energy partitioned into translation. Clusters excited to the detachment continuum rather than to the CTTS state display the same two channels with similar P(ET) distributions. The observation of similar P(ET) distributions from the two sets of experiments suggests that in the CTTS experiments, I atom loss occurs after autodetachment of the excited [I(H2O)n-]* cluster or, less probably, that the presence of the excess electron has little effect on the departing I atom.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1987

The body owning process in the treatment of anorexia nervosa.

After pointing out that over anorexia nervosa too much attention focused on the severity of developmental pathology in infancy and on current family problems seem to blur the developmental perspectives in adolescence, the author examined the course of treatment of an anorexia nervosa patient, a 17-year-old senior high school girl. He showed that with the development of object-relationships, there occurred a disturbance in the sense of body-ownership: the lower half of the body felt fatty, some change occurred that could not be put into words, and a flesh-mantle was seen in a homosexual partner. It was emphasized that the projective cross-identification (the author's term) played an important role in this process.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Fermi-edge singularities in AlxGa1-xAs quantum wells: extrinsic versus many-body scattering processes

A Fano resonance mechanism is evidenced to control the formation of optical Fermi-edge singularities in multisubband systems such as remotely doped AlxGa1-xAs heterostructures. Using Fano parameters, we probe the physical nature of the interaction between Fermi sea electrons and empty conduction subbands. We show that processes of extrinsic origin like alloy disorder prevail easily at 2D over multiple diffusions from charged valence holes expected by many-body scenarios.

Journal Article↗