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PubMedDate not supplied

Preliminary observations on steroid metabolism in isolated epithelum of guinea pig seminal vesicle.

The metabolism of nine radioactively labeled steroids in the epithelium of the seminal vesicle of the mature guinea pig has been studied. The rapid assimilation and metabolism of these steroids demostrate the very active biochemical nature of this tissue. Based on the use of several thin-layer chromatography systems and comparison with the locations of known standards, the following have been disclosed. Testosterone was rapidly converted to dihydrostestosterone and androstanediol. The latter was the major metablolite of dihydrotestosterone and of androsterone. Androstenedione was readily converted to androstanedione, testosterone, and dihydrostestosterone, although it formed little androstanediol. Dehydroepiandrosterone was converted to small amounts of androstenediol and androstanediol. Pregnenolone was rapidly converted to an unidentified highly polar compound only. Progesterone was converted to 5alpha-pregnane-3beta-ol-20-one and its 3alpha-isomer. Dehydroepiandrosterone and progesterone were also significantly converted to unidentified highly polar compounds. The major metabolites of 17-hydroxyprogesterone co-chromatographed with standard androstanediol, testosterone, and unidentified metabolite possessing intermediate chromatographic mobility. In addition, 17-hydroxyprogesterone was converted to small amounts of compounds possessing identical Rf values as standard androstenedione and dihydrostestosterone. The identification of the products of 17-hydroxyprogesterone metabolism and their physiologic significance must await critical evaluation. Because of its homogeneity, isolated epithelium of guinea pig seminal vesicle shows promise as a tissue preparation for use in future studies that might elucidate the role(s) of individual androgens in secretory tissues of the male accessory sex organs. Our demonstration of extensive steroid interconversions in this tissue is a logical prerequisite to such studies.

Androgens↗
PubMed1979

The relation between plasma oestrogen, progesterone and prolactin concentrations and the efficacy of vaginal prostaglandin E2 gel in initiating labour.

In an attempt to relate the efficacy of treatment to endogenous hormone levels, plasma oestrogen, progesterone and prolactin levels were analysed in women at term following the vaginal administration of prostaglandin E2 gel to induce labour. Patients who went into labour after treatment had significantly higher oestradiol-17 beta levels before treatment compared with those requiring formal surgical induction the following day. No difference could be demonstrated in levels of progesterone or prolactin in the two groups of patients. The significance of these results is discussed.

Estradiol↗
PubMed1979

Hormonal profiles in lactating and non-lactating women immediately after delivery and their relationship to breast engorgement.

Prolactin, human placental lactogen (HPL), oestrone, oestradiol and progesterone levels in plasma were measured before and during the first seven days after delivery in women who did not breast feed. The results confirmed the rapid clearance of placental steroids from the circulation after delivery. Plasma prolactin levels remained elevated during the early puerperium and the range of values were the same in non breast-feeding women and a group of breast feeding women. Of the 25 women studied, six developed breast engorgement. No difference in hormonal profiles were found leading to the conclusion that there is no endocrine basis for breast engorgement in non-breast feeding women.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Hormone serum levels and hormone receptor contents of endometria in women with normal menstrual cycles and patients bearing endometrial carcinoma.

Serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin (HPRL), 17 beta-estradiol (E2) and progesterone (P) were estimated in 46 subjects with normal menstrual cycles in whom hysterectomies were performed. Estrogen (ER) and progesterone receptor (PgR) levels in endometrial samples of these patients were estimated, and histological dating of the cycle day was carried out. Similarly, hormone serum levels and ER as well as PgR were estimated in 17 patients with endometrial carcinoma. No correlation between LH, FSH, HPRL and ER as well as PgR was noted in the normal subjects. Correlation between P and ER was observed in this group. Parallel variations between E2 and PgR were recorded in the normal females. In the carcinoma group no correlations between hormone serum levels and receptor contents were found, but ER and PgR correlated with each other. Receptor levels was highest in the well-differentiated group of endometrial carcinoma. The present experiments provide a rationale for progestagen therapy of carcinoma of the endometrium.

Endometrium↗
PubMed1978

Serum levels of FSH, LH, estradiol-17 beta and progesterone following the administration of a combined oral contraceptive containing 20 micrograms ethinylestradiol.

An oral contraceptive containing 20 micrograms of ethinylestradiol and 250 micrograms of levonorgestrel was given to 5 normally menstruating women for two consecutive cycles. Peripheral serum levels of FSH, LH, estradiol-17 beta and progesterone were determined during the treatment period and during two control cycles, one immediately before, and one immediately after treatment. In all 5 women studied there were no LH peaks and no luteal phase levels of progesterone during the treatment cycles indicating complete inhibition of ovulation. 4 of the 5 women showed no biphasic estradiol pattern. Posttreatment control cycles showed reestablished ovulatory pattern in 4 of the 5 subjects.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1977

Serum medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) concentrations and ovarian function following intramuscular injection of depo-MPA.

A sensitive radioimmunoassay measuring serum medroxyprogesterone acetate (MPA) has been developed in order to measure and correlate serum MPA concentrations and ovarian function in women following im administration of deop-MPA (DMPA), employing goat anti-MPA-3-(O-carboxymethyl) oxime-bovine serum albumin and MPA-3-(O-carboxymethyl) imino-125I-iodohistamine. In the 3 women studied, im injection of 150 mg of DMPA yielded brief initial serum MPA concentrations ranging from 1.5 to 3 ng/ml for a few days. Serum MPA concentrations gradually declined and remained relatively constant at about 1 ng/ml for 2 to 3 months, declined gradually thereafter reaching 0.2 ng/ml during the 6th month and became undetectable (less than 0.02 ng/ml) about 7-1/2 to 9 months following administration. Serum estradiol remained at early to midfollicular phase levels for 4 to 6 months after DMPA injection and rose to preovulatory levels when serum MPA levels fell below 0.5 to 0.25 ng/ml. Ovulation, however, as evidenced by serum progesterone concentrations did not occur, apparently due to suppression of the LH peak by positive feedback inhibition. Prolonged inhibition of cyclic ovarian function following DMPA injection is caused by slow MPA absorption and persists until serum MPA levels have decreased below 0.1 ng/ml or become undetectable about 7 to 9 months after DMPA administration.

Adult↗
PubMed1977

Hormonal evaluation of the intrauterine progesterone contraceptive system.

Nine women were studied for one menstrual cycle prior to the insertion of an intrauterine progesterone contraceptive system (IPCS) delivering 65 microng progesterone/day into the uterus and again at 1 month after its insertion. Eight of these women were again studied between 6-8 months after the insertion of the IPCS. Luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), estradiol-17beta, progesterone, prolactin and relaxin were measured in each plasma sample. The data from each study were combined according to the day of the LH peak. Ovulation occurred in all the cycles studied in spite of an elevation in plasma estradiol-17beta and a depression of prolactin and relaxin immunoactivities at the 6-8 month follow up. Menstruations noted at the 6-8 month of use occurred while levels of estradiol-17beta and progesterone were elevated.

Adult↗
PubMed1978

Pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein and chorionic gonadotropin-like immunoreactivity during the latter half of the cycle in women using intrauterine contraception.

In a cross-sectional study, the serum levels of pregnancy-specific beta 1-glycoprotein (PSBG), hCG, human LH, and progesterone were measured by RIAs during 94 mid or late luteal phases of 69 women using oral contraceptives. Subsequent spontaneous menstruation took place in every cycle. None of the women using oral contraceptives had any PSBG or hCG-like immunoreactivity in serum. In women with intrauterine devices, PSBG was found in six cycles (6.4%) and hCG-like immunoreactivity was demonstrated in one cycle only, where PSBG also was present. In two out of six PSBG-positive cycles, menstruation was delayed by 5 and 16 days. Although rare, the transient occurrence of trophoblastic antigens in women using intrauterine contraception is taken as evidence for an occult pregnancy in these apparently infertile cycles.

Chorionic Gonadotropin↗
PubMed1978

The relationship of changes in serum estradiol and progesterone during the menstrual cycle to the thyrotropin and prolactin responses to thyrotropin-releasing hormone.

The responses of serum TSH and PRL to TRH (500 microgram) were studied in normal young women in the early follicular, periovulatory, and midluteal phases of the menstrual cycle in order to examine the relationship of these responses to the levels of estradiol relationship of these responses to the levels of estradiol (E2) and progesterone. Each woman was studied twice in each phase in order to assess intraindividual variability. There was no significant difference in either the TSH or PRL responses among the phases of the menstrual cycle nor was either response affected by the periovulatory rise in E2 or by the luteal rise in both E2 and progesterone. Thus, the interpretation of the TSH and PRL responses to TRH in normal women is not affected by the menstrual cycle although both responses are greater in women that in men. Both the peak TSH and peak PRL after TRH were highly correlated with the basal levels of TSH (r = 0.85; P less than 0.01) and PRL (r = 0.67; P less than 0.01), respectively, indicating that the TSH and PRL responses to TRH in women are directly proportionate to the basal levels of the respective hormones, as previously shown for the TSH response in men. The mean intraindividual variability (coefficient of variation) of the TSH response to TRH was 18%, but ranged as high as 56%, while that of the PRL response was 16% and ranged up to 31%; variability was not affected by the phase of the menstrual cycle. The normal range of the peak TSH after TRH in women is 7-33 microU/ml (mean +/- 2 SD); however, because of the variability, a normal woman may sometimes have a peak TSH after TRH as low as 4 microU/ml. Repeating the test will result in a normal value if the woman is truly normal. Similarly, the normal peak PRL after TRH in women is 22-111 ng/ml (mean +/- 2 SD); usually, however, the lower limit is 30 ng/ml with lower values due to intraindividual variation. The data suggest that the higher average level of E2 in women compared to women, but that the cyclic changes in serum E2 or progesterone in women have little or no additional effect.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Failure of estrogen-induced discharge of luteinizing hormone in lactating women.

Pituitary-ovarian relationships were studied in seven lactating women by measuring the basal plasma concentrations of pituitary and ovarian hormones and their responses to an estrogen provocation test at 7, 30, and 100 days after delivery. The results were compared to a similar group of seven women who did not breast feed. The first ovulation occurred in five of the nonlactating women beteen 43-87 days after delivery, as judged by the urinary excretion of total estrogen and pregnanediol. In all lactating women, ovarian cyclicity was suppressed for at least 150 days after delivery or until weaning. The basal concentration of PRL in lactating women was significantly higher than in the nonlactating women at all three times measured. At 30 and 100 days, the concentration of estradiol was significantly lower in the lactating women, although the basal concentrations of FSH were similar in the two groups. After an injection of 1 mg estradiol benzoate, the concentrations of FSH and LH in plasma were suppressed to a greater extent in lactating than in nonlactating women. In addition, fewer of the lactating group (one of seven and none of seven at 30 and 100 days, respectively) than the nonlactating group (two of seven and five of seven) subsequently showed a rise in the concentration of LH 58--96 h after the estrogen injection (positive feedback). These results suggest that during lactation the hypothalamic-pituitary system is more sensitive to the negative feedback and relatively insensitive to the positive feedback of estrogen.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Estrogen and progestin regulation of the progesterone receptor concentration in human endometrium.

The concentration of the progesterone receptor (PR), both cytosol and nuclear, has been measured in the endometrium of 31 normal menstruating women during the 2 phases of their menstrual cycle and compared with the plasma 17 beta-estradiol and progesterone concentrations. There was no relationship between PR concentrations and the plasma steroid levels when the 2 phases of the cycle were considered; however, a statistically significant correlation (r = 0.70; P less than 0.005) was observed between PR concentration and plasma 17 beta-estradiol when only the follicular phase was considered. PR was then measured in the endometrium of 14 postmenopausal patients treated with ethinylestradiol at increasing doses with or without association of chlormadinone acetate. Ethinylestradiol was shown to increase PR concentration (P less than 0.05), and chlormadinone acetate was found to prevent this increase. These data suggest that in humans, as in other mammalian species, the endometrial PR concentration is under estrogen and progestin control.

Chlormadinone Acetate↗
PubMed1975

[Effect of cyclic AMP and Ca++ on steroidogenesis by rat adrenal mitochondrial fraction. Studies on the mechanism of ACTH action (I) (author's transl)].

Despite the accumulation of a number of studies, the mechanism of action of ACTH remains to be clarified. Although it is now clear that cyclic AMP acts as a intracellular mediator of ACTH action, the mechanism of its action on the stimulation of steroidogenesis is not known. The present studies were carried out to test the hypothesis that cyclic AMP might act directly on adrenal mitochondrial fraction to stimulate the metabolism of cholesterol to pregnenolone and progesterone, and to determine whether Ca++ might modulate the action of cyclic AMP. Adrenal mitochondria were obtained from male Sprague-Dawley rats pretreated with dexamethasone. Steroidogenesis by the mitochondrial fraction from cholesterol-4-14C (0.2-0.25 muCi, 3.6-4.5 mmumole/sample) were measured in a system containing 20 mM tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.4), 11.5 mM NaCl, 15.4 mM KCl, 70 mM sucrose, 10 mM sodium succinate and mitochondrial fraction (0.16-0.22 mg protein/sample). Incubations were performed at 37 degrees C, with shaking, in the presence or absence of cyclic AMP, cyclic GMP and cycloheximide. After incubation, the medium was extracted with chloroform, and the extracts were analyzed by thin-layer chromatography. And the radioactivity of the separated steroids was measured. The products from cholesterol-4-14C were mainly pregnenolone and progesterone, and the other products were almost negligible. Cyclic AMP effected the formation of pregnenolone and progesterone by mitochondria. Cyclic AMP exerted its effect even at low concentrations (5 X 10(-6) approximately 5 X 10(-5)M), which was presumably near the intracellular level. On the other hand, cyclic GMP (5 X 10(-5) M) failed to enhance steroidogenesis. The effect of Ca++ on the action of various concentrations (5 X 10(-6) approximately 3 X 10(-3) M) of cyclic AMP was also clearly demonstrated. Addition of Ca++ (1 mM) to the incubation medium intensified the stimulatory effect of cyclic AMP in each concentration. And in the presence of Ca++, the most effective level of cyclic AMP was shifted from 5 X 10(-4) approximately 3 X 10(-3)M to the lower concentration (5 X 10(-5)M). In addition, cyclic AMP action was modified by the changes in the concentration of Ca++ in the medium. At concentration of 10(-6) M of Ca++, steroid formation of mitochondria was maximally activated by cyclic AMP. These observations suggest that cyclic AMP enhances steroidogenesis by acting directly on adrenal mitochondria to stimulate pregnenolone and progesterone formation from cholesterol, and that Ca++ plays a significant role in its action.

Adrenal Glands↗