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At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources
PubMed1978

Controlled trial of 6-month and 8-month regimens in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. First report.

Four short-course antituberculosis regimens allocated at random were studied; (1) streptomycin, isoniazid, and rifampin given daily for 6 months; (2) these 3 drugs plus pyrazinamide given daily for 2 months, followed by twice-weekly administration of streptomycin, isoniazid, and pyrazinamide; (3) a regimen that differed from regimen 2 only in that ethambutol replaced pyrazinamide, and (4) streptomycin plus isoniazid plus rifampin plus pyrazinamide given 3 times per week for 4 months, followed by streptomycin plus isoniazid plus pyrazinamide administered twice per week. The last 3 regimens were given for 6 or 8 months at random. All except 1 of 680 patients with tubercle bacilli drug-susceptible before treatment had a favorable bacteriologic response during chemotherapy. The relapse rates during the first 6 months after chemotherapy were low, except in the ethambutol series, in which 19 per cent of the patients relapsed after 6 months of treatment, and 8 per cent relapsed after 8 months. A substantial proportion of the patients with strains initially resistant to either isoniazid or streptomycin had a favorable response to their allocated regimen, but the results were not as good for those patients with strains resistant to both drugs. An important finding is that the incidences of immunologic febrile reactions to rifampin and of rifampin-dependent antibodies were very low during the 3-times-weekly regimen.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1975

Reappraisal of the activity of morphazinamide against M. tuberculosis.

Morphazinamide was shown to have an in vitro activity similar to an equimolar concentration of pyrazinamide. This activity was not due, as had been previously assumed, to pyrazinamide formed by hydrolysis from morphazinamide, since it was demonstrated in slide cultures containing tubercle bacilli which were incubated with freshly prepared dilutions of morphazinamide in acid medium for several successive periods of only 1 hour, during which time little hydrolysis occurred. A new method was used for measuring morphazinamide and pyrazinamide separately in plasma. In man, the estimated in vitro antibacterial activity was similar after approximately equimolar oral doses of morphazinamide or pyrazinamide. However, it is uncertain whether the in vivo activity of morphazinamide is the same as its in vitro activity.

Animals↗
PubMed1992

Antimycobacterial activity of a series of pyrazinoic acid esters.

A series of pyrazinoic acid esters has been prepared and evaluated for in vitro antimycobacterial activity. Several of the pyrazinoate esters have substantially better activity than the first-line antituberculous agent pyrazinamide against susceptible isolates of Mycobacterium turberculosis as well as activity against pyrazinamide-resistant isolates. The minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were lower for each organism and at each pH than the MICs for pyrazinamide. The esters have activity against Mycobacterium bovis and Mycobacterium kansasii, two species resistant to pyrazinamide, but not against Mycobacterium avium complex.

Animals↗
PubMed1977

Effect of pharmacological inhibitors on urate transport during induced uricosuria.

1. The effect on urate excretion of administration of probenecid and pyrazinamide was observed in normal subjects under control conditions and after induction of uricosuria by exogenous urate loading by ribonucleic acid feeding in seven subjects, by volume loading with hypertonic sodium chloride solution infusion in 11 subjects and by partial inhibition of net urate reabsorption with uricosuric drugs in 20 subjects. 2. After ribonucleic acid feeding, the uricosuric response to probenecid was intact and ribonucleic acid feeding did not produce uricosuria after pyrazinamide. 3. After volume loading, the uricosuric response to probenecid was again intact, but infusion of sodium chloride solution still produced uricosuria after pyrazinamide administration. 4. After uricosuric drugs, the uricosuric response to probenecid was diminished. 5. These responses to probenecid and pyrazinamide may reflect different mechanisms of uricosuria. Response to pharmacological inhibitors of urate reabsorption or urate secretion may be useful for classification of induced and clinical uricosuric states.

Adult↗
PubMed1991

Treatment of tuberculosis in patients with advanced human immunodeficiency virus infection.

BACKGROUND AND METHODS: Infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) increases the risk of tuberculosis and may interfere with the effectiveness of antituberculosis chemotherapy. To examine the outcomes in patients with both diagnoses, we conducted a retrospective study of all 132 patients listed in both the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and tuberculosis case registries in San Francisco from 1981 through 1988. RESULTS: At the time of the diagnosis of tuberculosis, 78 patients (59 percent) did not yet have a diagnosis of AIDS, 18 patients (14 percent) were given a concomitant diagnosis of AIDS (as determined by the presence of an AIDS-defining disease other than tuberculosis), and the remaining 36 patients (27 percent) already had AIDS. The manifestations of tuberculosis were entirely pulmonary in 50 patients (38 percent), entirely extrapulmonary in 40 patients (30 percent), and both pulmonary and extrapulmonary in 42 patients (32 percent). The treatment regimens were as follows: isoniazid and rifampin supplemented by ethambutol for the first two months, 52 patients; isoniazid and rifampin supplemented by pyrazinamide and ethambutol for the first two months, 39 patients; isoniazid and rifampin, 13 patients; isoniazid and rifampin supplemented by pyrazinamide for the first two months, 4 patients; and other drug regimens, 17 patients. The intended duration of treatment for patients whose regimen included pyrazinamide was six months, and for patients who did not receive pyrazinamide, nine months. Seven patients received no treatment because tuberculosis was first diagnosed after death. Sputum samples became clear of acid-fast organisms after a median of 10 weeks of therapy. Abnormalities on all chest radiographs taken after three months of treatment were stable or improved except for those of patients who had new nontuberculous infections. The only treatment failure occurred in a man infected with multiple drug-resistant organisms who did not comply with therapy. Adverse drug reactions occurred in 23 patients (18 percent). For all 125 treated patients, median survival was 16 months from the diagnosis of tuberculosis. Tuberculosis was a major contributor to death in 5 of the 7 untreated patients and 8 of the 125 treated patients. Three of 58 patients who completed therapy had a relapse (5 percent); compliance was poor in all 3. CONCLUSIONS: Tuberculosis causes substantial mortality in patients with advanced HIV infection. In patients who comply with the regimen, conventional therapy results in rapid sterilization of sputum, radiographic improvement, and low rates of relapse.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome↗