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At least 55 records · Page 3Linked to original sources

PubMed1997

Trial of a capripoxvirus-rinderpest recombinant vaccine in African cattle.

Cattle were vaccinated with differing doses of an equal mixture of capripox-rinderpest recombinant viruses expressing either the fusion protein (F) or the haemagglutinin protein (H) of rinderpest virus. Animals vaccinated with 2 x 10(4) p.f.u. or greater of the combined viruses were completely protected against challenge, 1 month later, with both virulent rinderpest and lumpy skin disease viruses. Vaccination with any of the doses did not induce any adverse clinical response in the animals or transmission of the vaccine virus between animals. All cattle challenged 6 or 12 months after vaccination with 2 x 10(5) p.f.u. of the mixture of recombinant viruses were protected from severe rinderpest disease. Ten out of 18 were completely protected while the remaining 8 developed mild clinical signs of rinderpest. Cattle vaccinated with the recombinant vaccines after prior infection with the parental capripox virus showed more marked clinical signs of rinderpest after challenge with virulent rinderpest, but 9 out of 10 recovered, compared with 80% mortality in the unvaccinated controls.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

Use of the polymerase chain reaction in differentiating rinderpest field virus and vaccine virus in the same animals.

In 1991, a disease with clinical signs indicative of rinderpest was reported in yaks in the former Soviet Union, near the border with Mongolia. At the peak of the epizootic, mortality among affected yaks was 32-42% in adults and 65% in animals less than one year old. Pathological samples were examined independently at two institutes in Russia. Both institutes confirmed the presence of rinderpest using complement fixation, agar gel diffusion and immunoassays. Since vaccination had been initiated to control an outbreak of a similar disease several months earlier, the later cases were possibly due to the vaccine and field rinderpest may not have been present. However, the disease had occurred in non-vaccinated animals and these were then vaccinated against the disease. Tissue samples obtained from these animals, which were examined at the Pirbright Laboratory using gel diffusion assays and specific nucleic acid probes, were found to be positive for rinderpest antigen and nucleic acid. Ribonucleic acid derived from the post-mortem tissue samples was amplified using the polymerase chain reaction and rinderpest-specific primers. Sequence analysis of the amplified deoxyribonculeic acid from the samples revealed the presence of two distinct virus strains, one identical to the Plowright rinderpest tissue culture vaccine and the other related to field strains of rinderpest virus circulating in Asia and the Middle East.

Animals↗

PubMed1993

The use of thermostable Vero cell-adapted rinderpest vaccine as a heterologous vaccine against peste des petits ruminants.

The thermostable Vero cell-adapted rinderpest vaccine was evaluated in terms of immunogenicity as a heterologous vaccine against peste des petits ruminants. A titration to establish the minimum immunising dose was performed in American mixed breed goats by vaccinating test subjects with dilutions of Vero cell-adapted rinderpest vaccine and then challenging 26 days later with virulent peste des petits ruminants virus. All animals were followed for virus neutralising antibodies against both rinderpest and peste des petits ruminants virus after vaccination and challenge. The antibody response to vaccination was primarily against rinderpest virus with very low levels of cross-reactivity to peste des petits ruminants virus. Following challenge, animals which possessed anti-rinderpest neutralising antibodies remained clinically normal but mounted strong anti-peste des petits ruminants virus neutralising antibody responses indicating that replication of challenge virus took place without the induction of illness. The 50 per cent minimum goat immunising dose was 3 tissue culture infectious doses 50 per cent (TCID50) as established by serological response and protection against challenge. The thermostable Vero cell-adapted rinderpest vaccine is a suitable immunogen for the protection of goats against peste des petits ruminants.

Animals↗

PubMed1989

Immunization with a vaccinia recombinant expressing the F protein protects rabbits from challenge with a lethal dose of rinderpest virus.

A cDNA clone containing the complete coding sequence of the rinderpest fusion protein (F) gene was inserted into the thymidine kinase gene of vaccinia virus (WR strain) under the control of the 7.5K early/late vaccinia virus promoter. All forms of the F protein, i.e., the glycosylated F0 precursor, the unglycosylated F1 protein, and the glycosylated F2 protein, were detected in cells infected with the recombinant virus. Vaccination of rabbits with the recombinant virus induced antibodies which reacted in an ELISA system specific for rinderpest. The rabbit sera contained neutralizing antibodies against rinderpest virus and precipitated the F protein from lysates of rinderpest infected cells. Rabbits vaccinated with the recombinant rinderpest F gene vaccinia virus were protected from a lethal challenge with the lapinized Nakamura 3 strain of rinderpest virus. Variations in the severity of clinical symptoms correlated with the level of anti-F protein antibodies produced.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Interference in the vaccination of cattle against rinderpest virus by antibodies against peste des petits ruminants (PPR) virus.

The ability of the attenuated vaccine 75/1 of peste des petits ruminants to interfere with rinderpest vaccination in cattle was investigated experimentally. Young cattle (93) were selected and tested as being negative for antibodies against RP or PPR viruses. These were vaccinated with the peste des petits ruminants attenuated vaccine strain PPR75/1. All animals produced specific antibodies against the peste des petits ruminants vaccine after one or two doses. The cattle were then vaccinated with attenuated rinderpest vaccine. Two months later, 88 of these animals were sampled and 21/88 were positive for antibodies specific for rinderpest. The 67 negative animals received a second rinderpest vaccine dose after which 31seroconverted. The 36 animals which failed to seroconvert were re-vaccinated, of these 28 seroconverted. This study highlights the interference by peste des petits ruminants vaccination, presumably through production of antibodies that cross react with the live rinderpest virus in the vaccine used. This interference is also observed after vaccination against rinderpest followed by subsequent administration of peste des petits ruminants vaccine.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

A rapid chromatographic strip test for the pen-side diagnosis of rinderpest virus.

Rinderpest is a contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed domestic and wild animals. Eradication of the virus following outbreaks depends on rapid and accurate diagnosis of infection and the implementation of control measures. Reporting and confirmatory diagnosis precede the implementation of control measures. A number of techniques have been used for diagnosis such as agar gel immunodiffusion, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), molecular biological techniques such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and virus isolation in tissue culture. Many of these methods are both time consuming and require skilled personnel. The development of a rapid pen-side test for the detection of rinderpest virus (RPV) antigen in lachrymal fluid of cattle is described using the Clearview chromatographic strip test technology (Unipath, Bedford). Optimum conditions for binding monoclonal antibody to nitrocellulose and latex microspheres were determined and a prototype device was developed. The device detected viral antigen in lachrymal fluids from experimentally and naturally infected cattle and showed no cross-reactivity with other related viruses. A field trial was carried out at the Landhi Cattle Colony (LCC), Pakistan, to assess the performance of the rinderpest test under field conditions. Ninety-seven animals, some of which were showing various clinical signs, at LCC and neighbouring colonies were sampled and tested at the pen-side by Clearview and later by immunocapture ELISA (IC-ELISA) at IAH, Pirbright. Nineteen animals were positive by Clearview and/or IC-ELISA. Seventeen out of 19 rinderpest positive animals were positive by Clearview and 15 out of 19 were positive by IC-ELISA. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) confirmed the 19 animals to be rinderpest positive. This simple, rapid, specific test allows for the first time, accurate pen-side diagnosis of rinderpest.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

A reassessment of the dual vaccine against rinderpest and contagious bovine pleuropneumonia.

In the light of the recent outbreaks of rinderpest in Africa a further assessment of the efficacy of the simultaneous inoculation of rinderpest virus vaccine and contagious bovine pleuropneumonia vaccine was undertaken. Groups of cattle were inoculated with a dual preparation of rinderpest vaccine virus and Mycoplasma mycoides subspecies mycoides or M mycoides alone. These groups were then challenged with M mycoides, first unsuccessfully by an in-contact challenge method and then by subcutaneous challenge. All animals were examined clinically after challenge for evidence of contagious bovine pleuropneumonia and serologically for rinderpest virus and M mycoides mycoides antibodies. There was no evidence that the serological response to the dual vaccine was in any way less than that to either agent given alone and no clinical disease was detected in these animals after in-contact challenge. However, after subcutaneous challenge, the dual vaccinated groups reacted similarly to an unvaccinated control group and unlike the group vaccinated only with M mycoides. This would indicate that the rinderpest virus component of the dual vaccine interfered with the ability of the M mycoides component to induce a fully effective immune response. In the pan African rinderpest campaign the use of the dual vaccine in areas where contagious bovine pleuropneumonia occurs should be carefully considered; in areas where the disease does not occur it is contraindicated.

Animals↗

PubMed1994

Progress in the development of a heat-stable recombinant rinderpest vaccine using an attenuated vaccinia virus vector.

Rinderpest is a fatal infectious disease of cattle and buffalo, and is prevalent in many parts of the developing world. Eradication campaigns are at present under way in Africa, the Middle East and South Asia. As these regions have very hot climates, it is difficult and expensive to establish reliable cold chains to deliver heat-sensitive vaccines and, for this reason, many previous vaccination/eradication campaigns have been ineffective. To overcome the problem of vaccine heat-lability, a recombinant rinderpest vaccine (RRV) has been developed by inserting the haemagglutinin gene of rinderpest virus into the attenuated smallpox vaccine (vaccinia virus) and using this as heat-stable vaccine vector system to deliver the foreign antigens. This rinderpest vaccine, as with the smallpox vaccine, could be used for the global eradication campaign, without the need to establish a cold chain. Both the efficacy and the safety of the RRV have been confirmed in experiments in cattle. In addition to heat stability, the RRV has several other advantages over the current rinderpest tissue-culture vaccine. DNA viruses have greater genetic stability than RNA viruses (this may be easily checked by restriction enzyme analysis), and the use of RRV enables vaccinated animals to be distinguished from naturally-infected animals, as the vaccine generates a more restricted antigenic response to rinderpest virus. The current situation in relation to the efficacy and safety of the RRV is discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed2000

Development and evaluation of a monoclonal antibody based competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the detection of rinderpest virus antibodies.

A competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay has been standardised for the detection of antibodies to rinderpest virus in sera from cattle, sheep and goats. The test uses a neutralising monoclonal antibody (MAb) directed against the haemagglutinin protein of rinderpest virus. The test is specific for rinderpest, as it failed to detect antibodies to peste des petits ruminants virus in convalescent goat sera. A 45% inhibition of the binding of the MAb to the antigen was used as the cut-off point for deciding the rinderpest status of the test samples. The specificity and sensitivity of the test and the stability of the test reagents were determined and compared to the results obtained using a commercial kit with approximately 1,200 serum samples from cattle, sheep and goats in India. The current test compared very well with the commercial kit. The test is expected to be extremely useful for sero-monitoring and sero-surveillance of rinderpest in countries which are actively pursuing a rinderpest eradication programme.

Animals↗

PubMed1996

[Epidemiology of rinderpest and cattle plague in Mali: serological surveys].

Within the epidemiological surveillance of rinderpest in Mali a serological survey has been carried out on 58 herds of small ruminants. Out of 567 tested sera for the detection of antibodies against rinderpest 2 were positive. These sera were collected from two animals over 6 years old, probably infected during the last outbreak of rinderpest in Mali in 1986. Therefore, it can be assumed that the rinderpest virus has not circulated in Mali since that year. However, the infection rate among goats and sheep due to the PPR virus seemed to be high: 74% of herds had already been infected. The prevalence of individual infection is 32%. A similar serological survey was conducted on 450 cattleheads, without antibodies against the rinderpest virus and showed that 1.78% of these animals had been in contact with the PPR virus. With such a low infection rate in cattle, the PPR virus probably has no incidence in the epidemiology of rinderpest in Mali.

Animals↗

PubMed2006

Re-infection of wildlife populations with rinderpest virus on the periphery of the Somali ecosystem in East Africa.

We report surveillance for rinderpest virus in wildlife populations in three major ecosystems of East Africa: Great Rift Valley, Somali and Tsavo from 1994 to 2003. Three hundred and eighty wild animals were sampled for detection of rinderpest virus, antigen or genome and 1133 sampled for antibody in sera from Kenya, Uganda, Ethiopia and Tanzania from 20 species. This was done modifying for wildlife the internationally recommended standards for rinderpest investigation and diagnosis in livestock. The animals were selected according to susceptibility and preference given to gregarious species, and populations were selected according to abundance, availability and association with livestock. Rinderpest virus, antigen and/or genome were detected in Kenya; within Tsavo, Nairobi and Meru National Parks. Serological results from 864 animals (of which 65% were buffalo) from the region were selected as unequivocal; showing the temporal and spatial aspects of past epidemics. Recent infection has been only in or peripheral to the Somali ecosystem (in Kenya). Our evidence supports the hypothesis that wildlife is not important in the long-term maintenance of rinderpest and that wildlife are infected sporadically most likely from a cattle source, although this needs to be proven in the Somali ecosystem. Wildlife will continue to be a key to monitoring the remaining virus circulation in Africa.

Africa, Eastern↗

PubMed1994

The detection of antibodies against peste des petits ruminants virus in cattle, sheep and goats and the possible implications to rinderpest control programmes.

Monoclonal antibody-based competitive ELISA (C-ELISA) have been used for the specific measurement of antibodies to both rinderpest and peste des petits ruminants (PPR) viruses in cattle, sheep and goats. Examination of serum samples from sheep and goats in Gambia, before and after vaccination with rinderpest vaccine, suggested that antibodies to PPR virus could prevent an immune response to the rinderpest vaccine. Cattle sera from Nigeria and Ghana showed a high prevalence of antibody against PPR virus which may explain the difficulty experienced in some countries in achieving high post-vaccination immunity levels against rinderpest. Because antibodies against PPR virus are both cross-neutralizing and cross-protective against rinderpest virus further vaccination in the presence of antibodies against PPR virus may be a waste of national resources. This paper presents serological evidence for the transmission of PPR virus from sheep and goats to cattle and highlights the need to include PPR serology in the sero-monitoring programme to give a better indication of national herd immunity.

Animals↗

PubMed1987

Continuing presence of rinderpest virus as a threat in East Africa, 1983-1985.

The re-emergence of rinderpest virus in East Africa in 1979 caused widespread outbreaks of disease and subclinical infection throughout the region until mid-1983. Subsequent massive emergency vaccination campaigns have been successful in eliminating clinical rinderpest from Tanzania and preventing its spread southwards. Unfortunately the virus is still endemic in north-eastern Uganda and has recently caused epidemic outbreaks with high mortality in cattle in that country. In Kenya, buffaloes (Syncerus caffer) in and around the Masai Mara game reserve have developed antibodies to rinderpest virus as recently as late 1984. Although there have been no outbreaks of clinical disease in Tanzania or Kenya from April 1983 to the end of 1985 this serological evidence plus the increasing incidence of clinical outbreaks in Uganda indicate that rinderpest virus still threatens East Africa. The substantial aid which has been provided to the region for rinderpest control must be maintained.

Animals↗

PubMed1997

Preliminary seromonitoring of rinderpest among cattle raised under different husbandry systems in Saudi Arabia.

Using the competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for the seromonitoring of rinderpest in Saudi Arabia, antibodies were detected in 30% of the sera of 1,018 cattle slaughtered at Riyadh abattoir during June and July 1995. The correlation between the detection of antibodies and the origins of the slaughtered animals was analysed. All the culled dairy cows had detectable antibodies. The proportions of bulls giving serologically positive results were as follows: 57% for animals imported from rinderpest-free countries and vaccinated upon arrival in Saudi quarantine, 20% for native breeding animals and 17% for five- to ten-month-old bull calves born on commercial dairy farms and then raised on separate feedlot farms. In addition, of 105 native cattle sacrificed during the Hajj season in May 1994, 77% had antibodies against rinderpest virus. On the other hand, testing of 17 groups of dairy heifers (from 1 week to 24 months of age), born to immune dams and vaccinated against rinderpest at the ages of six and ten months, revealed the absence of detectable antibodies in the sera of some animals which were between two and ten months of age. Results are interpreted in relation to evaluation of the continuing vaccination programmes and their efficacy as an element of the national programme for the control of rinderpest.

Abattoirs↗

PubMed1996

[Evaluation of vaccinal protection against rinderpest in Cameroon. III. General evaluation].

The national veterinary Laboratory, Garoua (Cameroon) has been carrying out rinderpest sero-surveillance since 1989 as part of an effort made by the Panafrican Rinderpest Campaign (PARC) to control rinderpest in Africa. In 1993, 8517 serum samples collected from 286 cattle herds (from 0 to 3 years old) randomly chosen from six provinces with large cattle population (Far-North, North, Adamaoua, East, West, North-West) were tested using the rinderpest competitive ELISA technique; the herd immunity level was 54%. Out of 2010 serum samples from 68 non-protected cattle herds tested using the peste des petits ruminants (PPR) ELISA technique, 91 samples were positive (4.5%): this does not significantly increase the cattle immunity level against rinderpest. Significant differences in the immunity rates between provinces were observed. Suggestions to increase the immunity level are discussed.

Animals↗

PubMed1992

Improved isolation of rinderpest virus in transformed bovine T lymphoblast cell lines.

Bovine T lymphoblast cell lines transformed by the protozoan Theileria parva were compared with bovine kidney (BK) and Vero cells for their ability to isolate various strains of rinderpest virus from tissues and infected secretions. All of the strains of rinderpest virus that were tested, including attenuated cell-culture, caprinised and lapinised vaccines, and both mild and virulent pathogenic strains, readily induced syncytial cytopathic effect (cpe) in T lymphoblasts. The cpe could often be detected within one day of inoculation of lymphoblasts, whereas it took three to 14 days to appear in Vero and BK cells. Using lymphoblasts it was possible to reisolate rinderpest virus from nine of 42 swabs collected from three cattle experimentally infected with an isolate from a recent outbreak of mild disease whereas the same swabs yielded only one reisolate on BK cells. It was also possible using the lymphoblasts to detect infectious virus in the ocular, nasal and oral secretions of goats and rabbits infected with caprinised and lapinised virus, respectively. Peste des petits ruminants virus appeared to grow as rapidly as rinderpest virus in the lymphoblasts whereas canine distemper virus readily induced cpe on first passage but less readily on subsequent passage. Measles virus induced relatively little cpe when inoculated into lymphoblasts and did not appear to passage in these cells. The lymphoblasts are easy to maintain in culture and since they rapidly recovered 11 isolates from 37 diagnostic samples could prove useful in laboratories carrying out rinderpest diagnosis.

Animals↗

PubMed1988

Cloning and sequence analysis of the hemagglutinin gene of the virulent strain of rinderpest virus.

We have cloned the cDNA of the hemagglutinin (HA) gene of the virulent (Kabete O) strain of rinderpest virus and produced a comparative analysis of its sequence with that of the HA genes of rinderpest (lapinized strain) and measles viruses. The gene has an open reading frame of 1827 nucleotides, and the derived protein is 609 amino acids long with a calculated molecular weight of 68,006. The Kabete O HA polypeptide is identical in length to the HA of the lapinized strain of rinderpest virus and has a similar hydropathy profile. The nucleotide divergence between the lapinized and the Kabete O HA genes is 11.4% within the coding region, and 34.3% in the 3' untranslated region. The two rinderpest HA polypeptides differ at 74 amino acid residues for a divergence of 12.2%. Three-way comparison of the two rinderpest HA molecules with the measles virus HA polypeptide indicates that 56.6% of the residues are conserved.

Amino Acid Sequence↗

PubMed2000

Diagnosis of rinderpest in Tanzania by a rapid chromatographic strip-test.

A simple chromatographic strip-test based on Clearview technology, is under development as a pen-side test for the detection of rinderpest antigen in eye swabs taken from cattle in the field. An outbreak of rinderpest occurred in the northern zone of Tanzania from late February to June 1997. The affected cattle exhibited very mild clinical signs, which made clinical diagnosis difficult. One hundred and seven eye swabs were collected from cattle suspected of infection with rinderpest. These were tested in the field using a prototype of the pen-side test and 13 (12.15%) of the samples were found to be positive for the presence of rinderpest antigen. These were confirmed by ICE. The positive cases were predominantly found in the Ngorongoro district. This demonstrates the usefulness of such a simple, rapid pen-side diagnostic assay, particularly when clinically 'mild' strains of rinderpest are present.

Animals↗