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PubMed2006

[Chikungunya on Reunion Island: chronicle of an epidemic foretold].

Chikungunya is a viral disease transmitted by a mosquito of the genus Aedes. It is currently epidemic on Reunion Island, in the Indian Ocean. It is essentially characterized by an influenza syndrome but associated with polyarthralgia and an eruption. The disabling and chronic nature of the arthralgia is the most remarkable clinical aspect of chikungunya infection. Severe and unusual forms have appeared, not previously described in the literature. These forms must be studied to determine whether there is a direct relation between the chikungunya virus and the severity factors. Treatment is solely symptomatic, combining analgesic and/or antiinflammatory agents. There is no vaccine. The epidemic is not limited to Reunion: cases of chikungunya have also been reported in neighboring islands (Maurice, Seychelles, and Madagascar). Travelers planning to visit the region should be counseled.

Adult↗
PubMed1997

[Angiostrongylosis in infants in Reunion and Mayotte. Apropos of 3 cases of eosinophilic meningitis including 1 fatal radiculo-myeloencephalitis with hydrocephalus].

BACKGROUND: Eosinophilic meningitis caused by Angiostrongylus cantonensis is widespread in Southeast Asia and Pacific islands. Adults develop a transient meningitis with a benign course but severe or fatal disease may occur in pediatric patients. CASE REPORT: Case 1. A 11-month-old boy living in Mayotte island was hospitalized a few days with fever and skin rash following by seizure, coma, flaccid quadraplegia, absence of deep tendon reflexes, urinary retention and anal incontinence. Eosinophilia was observed in peripheral blood and cerebrospinal fluid. He further developed a triventricular hydrocephalus treated by ventriculoperitoneal shunt. The child died 3 weeks later. A serodiagnosis of angiostrongylus infestation was restrospectively established. Case reports 2 and 3.-Two infants, 10 and 11-month-old-boys, living in Reunion island, developed fever and vomitings, irritability and, for one of them, unilateral sixth cranial nerve palsy. There was eosinophilia in the peripheral blood and in the cerebrospinal fluid. All symptoms progressively disappeared with complete recovery. The suspected diagnosis of angiostrongylus infestation was confirmed by the serology. CONCLUSION: We report the first case of Angiostrongylus cantonensis infection in the French island of Mayone (Comoro Islands) and we confirm the presence of this disease in Reunion island. In this Indian Ocean area, eosinophilic meningitis occurs most of the time in infants with sometimes severe radiculomyeloencephalitic forms.

Angiostrongylus cantonensis↗
PubMed2002

[Antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori in Reunion Island: therapeutic consequences].

The aims of this paper were to assess resistance of Helicobacter pylori to antibiotics included in the so-called French triple regimens and to identify the possible causes of therapeutic failure in Reunion island. Antibiotic resistance was determined for 109 strains. All the strains were sensitive to amoxicillin and tetracycline, 93.6% were sensitive to ciprofloxacin, 92.7% to erythromycin and 60.6% to metronidazole. Fifty three patients who had previously tested positive for H. pylori received for one week regimen of amoxicillin (1 g bd), clarithromycin (0.5 g bd) and omeprazole (20 mg bd). Eradication rate after therapy was of 73.6%. Therapeutic failure was analysed for 9 patients using random amplified polymorphic DNA and the presence or not of antibiotic resistance. One cause of failure is clarithromycin resistance. These data show that triple therapy can be used in Reunion Island. In case of failure, sensitivity must be detected because the rate of resistance to metronidazole is over 30%.

Amoxicillin↗
PubMed2004

[Rickettsia africae, the agent of African tick-bite fever: an emerging pathogen in the West Indies and Reunion Island (Indian Ocean)].

Rickettsia africae is the agent of African tick bite fever, an emerging disease transmitted by Amblyomma ticks in sub-Saharan Africa. In 1998, we reported the first documented case of R. africae in the New World, in a patient who had returned from Guadeloupe. In order to confirm the presence of R. africae in the West Indies, entomologic surveys were conducted from 1999 to 2003 to collect Amblyomma, which are considered as potential vectors and reservoirs of the bacteria. Ticks were used as epidemiological tools to detect R. africae by molecular tools and/or cultivate the bacteria in shell-vial cell culture. This paper summarizes the results obtained in the West Indies. R. africae was detected and isolated for the first time in Guadeloupe, and then detected by molecular tools in Martinique and St-Kitts and Nevis. These last results confirm our first hypotheses--that is R. africae is prevalent on all the Caribbean islands where A. variegatum ticks have been introduced from Africa in the 18th and 19th centuries. We also present the results of a study conducted on the Reunion Island, a French island in the Indian Ocean. For the first time there, R. africae was detected in A. variegatum ticks, which were probably introduced from the African mainland or Madagascar with the human colonization during the 17th century Thus, clinicians should be aware that patient presenting in the West Indies or on Reunion Island (or after a trip over there) with fever, eschar (often multiple), regional lymphadenopathy and a rash, might be infected by R. africae.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Chikungunya fever in La Reunion Island--2006].

The epidemic of Chikungunya fever that has affected the population of La Reunion since Christmas 2005 will be remembered as the most serious public health crises in the island's history. A number of lessons have been learned from this experience with a disease initially considered as benign. In addition to providing a concise chronological account of epidemiological events from the beginning of the outbreak in March 2005, this article describes what was done, what has been learned up to now, what could have been done and what remains to be done. After this outbreak Chikungunya fever can no longer be considered as transient strictly benign disease. Nor can the population or authorities of La Reunion ever again consider that economic development protects them from the hazards of the tropical environment.

Alphavirus Infections↗
PubMed1996

[Current perinatal and infant mortality at Reunion Island].

UNLABELLED: The mortality rate is an indicator of public health related to social, economic and sanitary conditions. In 1990, the early neonatal and infant mortality rates published by the National Institute of Statistics and Economic Studies (INSEE) for Reunion Island were surprisingly lower than those published for continental France, in spite of a less favourable socio-economic status. Therefore, we considered is useful to try to re-establish the true rates by means of a retrospective survey based first on the vitality and maturité criteria of the French Register Office, then on those of the World Health Organisation (WHO). POPULATION AND METHODS: Among all the childbirths registered in Reunion Island between January 1st and December 31st 1990, we collected the cases of stillbirths and neonatal deaths that occurred in hospital or at home. The vitality and maturity criteria were defined according to all clinical and para-clinical records available. RESULTS: After an adjustment of the vitality criteria based on the medical files, the use of the French Register Office maturity criteria resulted in the following date: stillbirth rate 8.69% (versus 9.89), early neonatal mortality rate 3.88% (versus 2.65%), and infant mortality rate 8.12% (versus 6.7%). Then, using the WHO maturity criteria, we found the following rates: stillbirth 12.7%, early neonatal mortality 5.1%, perinatal mortality 17.74%, infant mortality 9.34%. CONCLUSION: The non-observance of vitality criteria leads to a decrease of early neonatal mortality rate, and consequently of infant mortality rate. On the other hand, the WHO maturity criteria are either ignored or debated. Those two facts contribute to the publication of wrong still birth, early neonatal mortality and infant mortality rates. Therefore, the fetal-infant mortality rate seems to be more reliable than the infant mortality rate.

Fetal Death↗
PubMed1992

Behavioral and physiological response of juvenile sooty mangabeys to reunion with their mothers following a year's absence.

The return of 6 juvenile mangabey monkeys to their social group following an absence of a year resulted in increased basal cortisol secretion for both the offspring and the mothers and in significant decrements in the absolute number of lymphocyte subsets for the offspring. Six 9-month-old sooty mangabeys were removed from their socially housed mothers, subsequently peer housed, and returned to the maternal social group 1 year later. Offspring showed a significant increase in cortisol levels 24 hr following reunion (48 +/- 6%) and this difference persisted through 1 month, while the mothers showed a significant increase only at the 24-hr sample point (18 +/- 3%). Moreover, the offspring, but not the mothers, showed a significant decrease in lymphocyte subsets which were evident through the 1-month sample point. Behavioral data revealed a significant positive correlation between the percent of total scan samples offspring were with their mothers (proximity, contact, huddle) the day of return and the offspring's percent change from baseline in total T cells 24 hr later, r = 0.84. All mother-offspring pairs with the exception of one exhibited frequent affiliative behaviors toward one another by 6 days following the return. These data demonstrate that the reunion of juvenile mangabeys with their mothers after a year's absence is an acute stressor for the mothers and a relatively longer term stressor for the offspring, and that behavioral interactions which characterize the return of individual subjects to the natal group can predict acute physiological responses.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

Infectivity and complete nucleotide sequence of the genome of a genetically distinct strain of maize streak virus from Reunion Island.

A complete infectious genome of an isolate of maize streak subgroup 1 geminivirus from Reunion Island (MSV-R) was cloned and sequenced. Using an Agrobacterium tumefaciens Ti plasmid delivery system, the cloned 2.7 kb circular DNA was shown to be infectious in maize. The agroinfected virus could be transmitted by Cicadulina mbila, the most common vector species of MSV in Reunion. Analysis of open reading frames (ORFs) revealed seven potential coding regions including the 4 ORFs conserved in all geminiviruses infecting monocotyledonous plants, the 2 on the viral "+" strand (MP, CP), and the 2 on the complementary "-" strand (RepA, RepB). The nucleotide sequence of MSV-R was compared to previously determined sequence of three African clones from Nigeria (MSV-N), Kenya (MSV-K), and South Africa (MSV-S). More similarity was found between the African clones (97.0-97.3%) than between these and MSV-R (94.4-95.3%). Nucleotide substitutions were frequent in the large intergenic region, particularly in and around the most likely TATA box for the complementary sense genes, and in the 5' end of ORF V1. The comparison of the predicted peptide sequences of the proteins encoded by ORFs MP, RepA and RepB confirmed the higher similarity between the African clones (97.8-99.3%) than between these and MSV-R (95.1-97.1%). However the amino acid sequences of the protein encoded by ORF CP (capsid protein) were very conserved among all the 4 clones, suggesting a high selection pressure on this ORF.

Base Sequence↗
PubMed2006

Trace elements in three marine birds breeding on Reunion Island (Western Indian ocean): part 1-factors influencing their bioaccumulation.

This work aimed to use seabirds as bioindicators of trace element levels in the tropical waters and food webs of the Western Indian Ocean. The accumulation patterns of selected toxic (Cd and Hg) and essential (Cu, Fe, Mn, Se, and Zn) elements were determined in liver, kidney, and pectoral muscle of 162 marine birds belonging to 3 species collected in Reunion Island between 2002 and 2004. These pelagic seabirds belong to the following species: Barau's Petrel (Pterodroma baraui), Audubon's Shearwater (Puffinus lherminieri bailloni), and White-Tailed Tropicbird (Phaethon lepturus). Hg levels were also measured in breast feathers. Highest mean kidney Cd and liver Hg levels (respectively, 27.79 +/- 13.78 microg x g (-1) dry weight (dw) and 24.31 +/- 14.13 microg x g (-1) dw) were found in the squid-eating Barau's Petrel. Barau's Petrel feather Hg levels fell in the range of 0.6 to 2.7 microg x g(-1) dw previously reported for other petrels and shearwaters. The values of the other elements were also in the same range as those previously reported in the published literature concerning related seabirds, although Se and Zn burdens in the Reunion birds were among the highest values. Levels of Zn, Fe, and, to a lesser extent, Cu appeared to be regulated in seabird tissues. Uptake and pathways of metabolism and storage seemed to be similar for the five essential elements. The reproductive status of the bird did not seem to affect element levels, which, moreover, were not significantly different between male and female birds. However, trace elements in sampled birds varied according to the tissue considered, the age of the animal, and its species. Diet was seemingly a major influencing factor. Health status also appeared to have an impact on element levels.

Age Factors↗
PubMed1996

Affiliation in periadolescent rats: behavioral and corticosterone response to social reunion with familiar or unfamiliar partners.

The aim of this study was to investigate whether the social relationship between periadolescent rats, which is characterized by a high expression of play behavior, resembles attachment or whether it reflects a nonspecific social attraction between peers. Sprague-Dawley rats have been kept in pairs with a conspecific of the same age and sex from the time of weaning (PND 21). On PND 34, the members of each pair were separated for a 24-h period and randomly assigned to one of three groups: a) immediately sacrificed (NT = nontreated); b) reunited for 30 min with their previous cagemate (FAM); or c) with an unfamiliar conspecific of the same age and sex (UNF). During the reunion, the occurrence of both social and nonsocial behaviors was scored. Overall, periadolescent UNF animals spent more time in social investigation than FAM rats, which were conversely more involved in cage-oriented activities. In addition, higher levels of rough-and-tumble play were expressed in encounters between UNF subjects than between FAM rats. Finally, within the female group, UNF rats were more involved in play soliciting and less in digging activity than FAM animals. Blood corticosterone levels, which were measured at the end of the separation period, were higher in females than in males and were significantly lower than following reunion in a novel environment. The degree of familiarity did not affect hormonal changes. Results suggest that periadolescent rats do not form attachment relationships with each other. However, partner familiarity appears to be an important variable affecting social relationships.

Aging↗
PubMed1991

Serological evaluation of Ehrlichia canis infections in military dogs in Africa and Reunion Island.

Sixty-eight dogs from four African countries and Reunion Island were tested for antibodies against Ehrlichia canis. Twenty-six dogs (50%) in Tunisia, Senegal and Chad were found positive using the indirect fluorescence antibody test. Dogs from both the Central African Republic and Reunion Island were all negative. Thus, this preliminary report confirms the presence of E. canis in Africa. Larger studies will be necessary to evaluate the current epidemiologic situation of canine ehrlichiosis in these countries.

Animals↗
PubMed2006

[Twin pregnancies in southern Reunion Island: a three-year cross-sectional study of risk factors and complications].

OBJECTIVES: To describe characteristics of multiples pregnancies in southern Reunion Island. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A three-year [corrected] cross-sectional observational study aimed at describing risk factors, events and [corrcected] complications and associated with twin pregnancies from 22 weeks gestation onward, within a tertiary care hospital centre, the Groupe Hospitalier Sud-Réunion. RESULTS: The study included 241 multiple pregnancies out of 15 837 pregnant women. The regional incidence of multiple pregnancies was 1.5%. Indicators of eligible twin pregnancies (n=234) were mother age up or equal to 35 years (63% of women, OR 8.4; CI95% 6.3-11.1), infertility treatments (15%): ovarian stimulations (OR: 50.2; CI95% 24.7-102) and in vitro-fertilisations (OR: 44.3; CI95% 22.6-86.3). A low maternal corpulence before pregnancy (BMI<20) and celibacy were negatively associated with twin pregnancies. Prenatal cares for twin pregnancies were globally adequate. The need for hospitalisation was 50% (30% of whom for preterm delivery threats). Twin pregnancies increased risks for pre eclampsia (OR: 3.0; CI95% 1.6-5.7) and gestational diabetes (OR: 1.9; CI95% 1.2-2.8). Caesareans and instrumental delivery rates were 50% and 12% (vs 16% and 7%), respectively. Twin infants were preterm for 62% and very preterm for 18%. Last, they were more likely to die than singletons (perinatal mortality: 78 per thousand for monochorionic twins, 57 per thousand for bichorionic twins vs 17 per thousand, p<0.0001, respectively). CONCLUSION: In Reunion Island, the incidence of multiple pregnancies is similar to that seen in Europe, but seems less due to assisted reproduction techniques. In return, they are associated with higher morbidity and mortality rates.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2000

Random breakage and reunion chromosome aberration formation model; an interaction-distance version based on chromatin geometry.

PURPOSE: Using published FISH data for chromosome aberration production in human fibroblasts by hard X-rays to test a breakage-and-reunion model. METHODS: The model assumed pairwise misrejoining, random apart from proximity effects, of DNA double-strand break (DSB) free ends. CAS (chromosome aberration simulator) Monte Carlo computer software implementing the model was modified to use a distance algorithm for misrejoining instead of using DSB interaction sites. The modification (called CAS2) allowed a somewhat more realistic approach to large-scale chromatin geometry, chromosome territories and proximity effects. It required adding a third adjustable parameter, the chromosome territory intersection factor, quantifying the amount of intertwining among different chromosomes. RESULTS: CAS2 gave somewhat better results than CAS. A reasonable fit with a few discrepancies was obtained for the frequencies at three different radiation doses of many different aberration types and of aberrations involving various specific chromosomes in a large data set using one-paint FISH scoring. The optimal average chromosome territory intersection factor was approximately 1.1, indicating that, for an arbitrarily chosen location in the nucleus, on average slightly more than two chromosomes have very nearby loci. Without changing the three parameter values, a fit was also obtained for a corresponding, smaller, two-paint data set. CONCLUSIONS: A random breakage-and-reunion model incorporating proximity effects by using a distance algorithm gave acceptable approximations for many details of hard X-ray aberration patterns. However, enough discrepancies were found that the possibility of an additional or alternate formation mechanism remains.

Algorithms↗
PubMed1999

Serologic and genetic characterization of HIV type 1 subtypes on Reunion Island.

The aim of this study was to determine the HIV subtypes present on Reunion Island, a French island located in the Indian Ocean, where the first case of AIDS was diagnosed in 1987. Paired sera and blood samples were collected between September 1996 and September 1997 from 53 HIV-1-positive patients. Subtyping was performed by serotyping with a previously described subtype-specific enzyme immunoassay (SSEIA) and by genotyping with the heteroduplex mobility assay (HMA). When samples gave uninterpretable results with either of the methods, or discordant results, the V3 env region was sequenced and genetic subtypes were determined by phylogenetic analysis. Genetic subtyping showed that 48 of 53 patients were infected with HIV-1 subtype B (90.5%). This high prevalence of subtype B on Reunion Island is probably due to the regular exchanges with metropolitan France. The other five patients were infected with subtype A (9.5%); they had been directly linked to African populations. Of the 48 subtype B samples, 44 (91.7%) were correctly subtyped by SSEIA and 43 (89.6%) by HMA. However, the SSEIA did not allow the subtyping of A strains in three of five patients. Thus, the SSEIA could be an alternative routine technique for screening subtype B versus nonsubtype B HIV-1 strains.

Amino Acid Sequence↗
PubMed1982

Foodborne hepatitis A at a family reunion use of IgM-specific hepatitis a serologic testing.

A cluster of cases of hepatitis A that occurred among 46 participants in a family reunion in Utah in August 1980 was investigated with epidemiologic and serologic techniques. No index patient with clinical illness had been present at the reunion. Twenty-three cases of hepatitis A were ultimately identified; 14 developed clinical hepatitis. Immunoglobulin M-specific hepatitis A virus antibody testing identified nine recently infected asymptomatic subjects. Eight additional individuals had serologic evidence of prior infection. Detection of these asymptomatically infected and nonsusceptible subjects among presumably well individuals led to the alteration of the food questionnaire analysis, ultimately implicating the green salad. The green-salad maker was identified as an asymptomatically infected individual and was thought to be the probable index case. Determination of hepatitis A virus antibody status of study subjects revealed age-related differences in clinical manifestations and disease susceptibility between individuals exposed to foodborne hepatitis A.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1990

Collagen fiber reunion in wound repair: transmission electron microscopic study of rat gingiva.

The purpose of this study was to characterize connective tissue at the site of reunion following surgical injury of the transseptal fiber system in rat molars. Eight conventional albino rats aged 50 days were incised interdentally and the lesions allowed to heal for 14 days followed by specimen preparation for transmission electron microscopy. Four specimens with identifiable areas of fiber attachment at the light microscopic level of magnification were selected for a detailed ultrastructural examination. Transitional connective tissue consisted of thin (250-375 A) and thick (greater than or equal to 450 A) collagen fibrils at a ratio of 41/59 mainly arranged as aggregates of uniformly sized fibrils. Fibril thickness in the vicinity of fibroblasts (n = 40) varied at a ratio of 65 (thin)/35 (thick). Distribution and spatial arrangement of fibrillar components indicate that the site of reunion is characterized by separate aggregates of fibrils rather than alignment of individual collagen fibrils of varying thickness suggestive of covalent linkage.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Assessment of herbicide leaching risk in two tropical soils of Reunion Island (France).

Application of organic chemicals to a newly irrigated sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) area located in the semiarid western part of Reunion Island has prompted local regulatory agencies to determine their potential to contaminate ground water resources. For that purpose, simple indices known as the ground water ubiquity score (Gustafson index, GUS), the retardation factor (RF), the attenuation factor (AF), and the log-transformed attenuation factor (AFT) were employed to assess the potential leaching of five herbicides in two soil types. The herbicides were alachlor [2-chloro-2',6'-diethyl-N-(methoxy-methy) acetanilide], atrazine [2-chloro-4-(ethylamino)-6-(isopropylamino)-1,3,5-triazine], diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea], 2,4-D [(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) acetic-acid], and triclopyr [((3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridyl)oxy) acetic-acid]. The soil types were Vertic (BV) and Andepts (BA) Inceptisols, which are present throughout the Saint-Gilles study area on Reunion Island. To calculate the indices, herbicide sorption (K(oc)) and dissipation (half-life, DT50) properties were determined from controlled batch experiments. Water fluxes below the root zone were estimated by a capacity-based model driven by a rainfall frequency analysis performed on a 13-yr data series. The results show a lower risk of herbicide leaching than in temperate regions due to the tropical conditions of the study area. Higher temperatures and the presence of highly adsorbent soils may explain smaller DT50 and higher K(oc) values than those reported in literature concerning temperate environments. Based on the RF values, only 2,4-D and triclopyr appear mobile in the BV soil, with all the other herbicides being classified from moderately to very immobile in both soils. The AFT values indicate that the potential leaching of the five herbicides can be considered as unlikely, except during the cyclonic period (about 40 d/yr) when there is a 2.5% probability of recharge rates equal to or higher than 50 mm/d. In that case, atrazine in both soils, 2,4-D and triclopyr in the BV soil, and diuron and alachlor in the BA soil present a high risk of potential contamination of ground water resources.

France↗