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PubMed2001

Subclinical, non-erythematous irritation with an open assay model (washing): sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) versus sodium laureth sulfate (SLES).

Compared to exaggerated hand washing procedures, an open non-exaggerated assay better approximates consumer surfactant use. Our goal was to observe skin surface modifications induced by an open test with regard to discriminating between surfactant solutions. This human in vivo assay provided information about the effect of only three washes at the laboratory and a week of at-home use. Dorsal hand and volar forearm were compared. The results demonstrated that this clinical model permits exploration of subclinical surfactant-induced irritation. Both the volar forearm and the dorsal hand are capable of discriminating between the effects of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) and sodium laureth sulfate (SLES). Squamometry proved to be a sensitive assessment technique for detecting surfactant-induced subclinical skin surface alterations and for differentiating surfactant effects in this open application assay, in as few as three washes.

Adult↗
PubMed2001

Effect of different moisturizers on SLS-irritated human skin.

Moisturizers are widely used to treat irritant contact dermatitis (ICD). Their use is, however, not well-documented and standardized models for testing skin care products are needed to acquire documentation of their efficacy. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of 6 commonly-used moisturizers on the recovery of irritated human skin. No commercial interests were involved in the study. 36 healthy volunteers had patch tests with SLS 0.5% applied on their forearms/upper arms for 24 h. After irritation of the skin, all volunteers had a moisturizer applied on one forearm/upper arm, respectively, 3 x daily for the following 5 days. The other forearm/upper arm served as an untreated control. Each moisturizer was tested on 12 volunteers and each volunteer tested 2 moisturizers at the same time. Evaluation was done on days 1, 3 and 8 by transepidermal water loss, electrical capacitance, laser Doppler flowmetry, DermaSpectrometry and clinical scoring. All 6 moisturizers were found to accelerate regeneration of the skin barrier function when compared to irritated non-treated skin. The most lipid-rich moisturizers improved barrier restoration more rapidly than the less lipid-rich moisturizers. We suggest this experimental model for further moisturizer efficacy testing.

Dermatitis, Contact↗
PubMed1989

Post-application occlusion substantially increases the irritant response of the skin to repeated short-term sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) exposure.

Occlusion often, but not always, enhances percutaneous absorption and thus may facilitate skin irritation. Quantitative data about the impact occlusivity may have on minimal irritant stimuli to which the skin is exposed in daily life, and which may lead to chronic irritant contact dermatitis, are however lacking. Irritant stimuli were administered by repeated application of sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS) in an open application procedure. After the open exposure, the skin was either left open or occluded with plastic. Skin irritancy was assessed by means of visual grading and by transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measurements. Post-exposure occlusive treatment markedly enhanced the irritant response. 5 consecutive daily applications produced more irritation, with or without occlusion, than alternate day application. Occlusion may be a relevant factor in the development of irritant contact dermatitis from certain chemicals.

Administration, Cutaneous↗
PubMed1998

Keratin 17 is expressed during the course of SLS-induced irritant contact dermatitis, but unlike keratin 16, the degree of expression is unrelated to the density of dividing keratinocytes.

The aims of this study were to utilize quantitative immunocytochemical techniques to determine the densities of keratin 16 (K16) and keratin 17 (K17) expressed by keratinocytes during the course of acute patch test reactions to sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), and to relate these to the proliferative state of the epidermis, as assessed by Ki-67 immunolabelling. Significantly increased numbers of dividing keratinocytes were present in 48h and 96h reactions, concurrent with high levels of expression of K16 and more moderate expression of K17. Statistical analysis indicated a good correlation between K16 expression and the density of Ki-67+ keratinocytes present in the epidermis (r=0.843). This was not the case for K17 (r=0.396). The results demonstrate that both K16 and K17 expression are features of acute irritant contact dermatitis reactions, but suggest that the factors which influence and control their expression differ.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Inhomogeneity of pulmonary perfusion during sustained microgravity on SLS-1.

We studied the effects of gravity on the inhomogeneity of pulmonary perfusion in humans by performing hyperventilation-breath-hold single-breath measurements before, during, and after 9 days of continuous exposure to microgravity during the Spacelab Life Sciences-1 (SLS-1) mission. In microgravity the indicators of inhomogeneity of perfusion, especially the size of cardiogenic oscillations in expired CO2 and the height of phase IV, were markedly reduced. Cardiogenic oscillations were reduced to approximately 60% of their preflight standing size, and the height of phase IV was between 0 and -8% (a terminal fall became a small terminal rise) of the preflight standing value. The terminal change in expired CO2 was nearly abolished in microgravity, indicating more uniformity of blood flow between lung units that close and those that remain open at the end of expiration. A possible explanation of this observation is the disappearance of gravity-dependent topographic inequality of blood flow. The residual cardiogenic oscillations in expired CO2 imply a persisting inhomogeneity of perfusion in the absence of gravity, probably in lung regions that are not within the same acinus.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Short communication: characterization of streptolysin s (sls): storage and stability.

The stability of streptolysin S during storage under different conditions has been studied. It is completely stable in 0.1% (w/v) bovine serum albumin supplemented with 20% (v/v) glycerol at -20 degrees C for more than 6 months. The in vitro study suggests that removal of SLS from cellular environment subjects it to variety of conditions and processes that can lead to loss of activity.

Journal Article↗
PubMed1994

ANP binding sites are increased in choroid plexus of SLS-1 rats after 9 days of spaceflight.

Specific alpha-rat 28-amino acid atrial natriuretic peptide [ANP(99-126)] (rANP) binding sites in choroid plexus and meningia of rats flown for 9 days on the mission STS-40 (SLS-1) carried on the space shuttle Columbia in June 1991 were analyzed after incubation of brain sections with 125I-rANP and autoradiography, using computer-assisted microdensitometric image analysis. The number of 125I-rANP binding sites (expressed by Bmax values) in the choroid plexus of lateral and third ventricles of these rats was significantly increased (x 1.5-2.5 times), as compared with that found in ground control rats. No differences in the binding affinity (deducible from Kd values) were observed at the level of these structures. The choroid plexus from the fourth ventricle of the same rats displayed no changes in the binding capacity or affinity after the spaceflight. Meningia from the rats flown in space did not demonstrate any significant modifications of the number of 125I-rANP binding sites, but displayed a significant increase in Kd values, which suggested a reduced affinity of the meningeal ANP receptors during a 9-d spaceflight. The possibility that atrial natriuretic peptide may be involved in the regulation of fluid and electrolyte fluxes in the brain, during adaptation to microgravity, through modified expression of specific high affinity receptors, mainly in choroid plexus from forebrain or in meningia, must be considered.

Animals↗
PubMed1993

Norepinephrine content in discrete brain areas and neurohypophysial vasopressin in rats after a 9-d spaceflight (SLS-1).

The norepinephrine (NE) content in discrete brain areas and the vasopressin content in the neurohypophysial system were assessed in rats after a 9-d spaceflight and after a recovery period (9 d). The NE content in the locus coeruleus decreased significantly in spaceflight rats (2.9 +/- 0.3 vs. 8.9 +/- 0.7 pmol.structure-1 for control rats, p < 0.001), but showed no difference between control and flight animals after a 9-d recovery. These findings were probably due to an acute stress undergone during landing. The NE content was unchanged in the A2 and A5 cell groups. In rats flown aboard SLS-1, the vasopressin content was increased in the posterior pituitary (1.47 +/- 0.1 vs. 0.86 +/- 0.1 micrograms.structure-1, for control rats, p < 0.01), and was significantly decreased in the hypothalamus (8.95 +/- 2.0 vs. 17.6 +/- 2.2 ng.structure-1, for control rats, p < 0.05). We conclude that the NE depletion in the locus coeruleus and the alteration in vasopressin release were consistent with an acute stress, likely occurring during and/or after landing. These changes tend to mask the actual neuroendocrine modifications caused by microgravity.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

[A morphological study of skeletal muscles of rats flown aboard the space laboratory SLS-2].

M. soleus and m. gastrocnemius in rats flown aboard SLS-2 during 14 days have been studied histologically and electron-microscopically. It is found that the stay in a weightless environment causes muscular atrophy which is more pronounced in m. soleus. In rats killed on Day 13 of the flight and in five hours post-flight the morphological picture of the muscles was similar although in rats killed postflight the number of dystrophic changed fibers was greater. The availability of the active satellite cells, myoblasts and muscular tubes was indicative of a preserved regenerative capacity of the muscles. After a lapse of 14 days of readaptation to terrestrial gravity the size of muscular fibers in the rats of flight group has reached the level of control animals although the contractile apparatus of m. soleus did not restore completely. In the rats of this group m. soleus had the foci of small newly forming muscular fibers evidently appeared at the sites of fiber destruction as a result of hemodynamic disorders accompanying the transition from microgravity to terrestrial gravitation. Total number and number of functioning capillaries in the rats of flight groups did not change.

Adaptation, Physiological↗
PubMed1995

The effects of spaceflight on open-loop and closed-loop postural control mechanisms: human neurovestibular studies on SLS-2.

Stabilogram-diffusion analysis was used to examine how prolonged periods in microgravity affect the open-loop and closed-loop postural control mechanisms. It was hypothesized that following spaceflight: (1) the effective stochastic activity of the open-loop postural control schemes in astronauts is increased; (2) the effective stochastic activity and uncorrelated behavior, respectively, of the closed-loop postural control mechanisms in astronauts are increased; and (3) astronauts utilized open-loop postural controls schemes for shorter time intervals and smaller displacements. Four crew members and two alternates from the 14-day Spacelab Life Sciences 2 Mission were included in the study. Each subject was tested under eyes-open, quiet-standing conditions on multiple preflight and postflight days. The subjects' center-of-pressure trajectories were measured with a force platform and analyzed according to stabilogram-diffusion analysis. It was found that the effective stochastic activity of the open-loop postural control schemes in three of the four crew members was increased following spaceflight. This result is interpreted as an indication that there may be in-flight adaptations to higher-level descending postural control pathways, e.g., a postflight increase in the tonic activation of postural muscles. This change may also be the consequence of a compensatory (e.g., "stiffening") postural control strategy that is adopted by astronauts to account for general feeling of postflight unsteadiness. The crew members, as a group, did not exhibit any consistent preflight/postflight differences in the steady-state behavior of their closed-loop postural control mechanisms or in the functional interaction of their open-loop and closed-loop postural control mechanisms. These results are interpreted as indications that although there may be in-flight adaptations to the vestibular system and/or proprioceptive system, input from the visual system can compensate for such changes during undisturbed stance.

Humans↗
PubMed2006

Drosophila rolling pebbles colocalises and putatively interacts with alpha-Actinin and the Sls isoform Zormin in the Z-discs of the sarcomere and with Dumbfounded/Kirre, alpha-Actinin and Zormin in the terminal Z-discs.

The rolling pebbles gene of Drosophila encodes two proteins, one of which, Rols7, is essential for myoblast fusion. In addition, Rols 7 is expressed during myofibrillogenesis and in the mature muscles. Here it overlaps with alpha-Actinin (alpha-Actn) and the N-terminus of D-Titin/Kettin/Zormin in the Z-line of the sarcomeres. In the attachment sites of the somatic muscles, Rols7 and the immunoglobulin superfamily protein Dumbfounded/Kin of irreC (Duf/Kirre) colocalise. As Duf/Kirre is detectable only transiently, it may be involved in establishing the first contact of the outgrowing muscle fiber to the epidermal attachment site. We propose that Rols7 and Duf/Kirre link the terminal Z-disc to the cell membrane by direct interaction. This is supported by the fact that in yeast two hybrid assays the tetratricopeptide repeat E (TPR E) of Rols7 shows interaction with the intracellular domain of Duf/Kirre. The colocalisation of Rols7 with alpha-Actn and with D-Titin/Kettin/Zormin in the Z-dics is reflected in interactions with different domains of Rols7 in this assay. In summary, these data show that besides the role in myoblast fusion, Rols7 is a scaffold protein during myofibrillogenesis and in the Z-line of the sarcomere as well as in the terminal Z-disc linking the muscle to the epidermal attachment sites.

Actinin↗
PubMed1992

Dose rate, dose-equivalent rate, and quality factor in SLS-1.

A tissue-equivalent proportional counter (TEPC) sensitive to the lineal energy range of 0.26-300 keV micrometer-1 was flown on STS-40 (39 degrees x 278 km x 296 km) inside the Spacelab. This instrument was previously flown on STS-31 but was modified to provide a finer resolution at lower lineal energies to better map the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) protons. The instrument was turned on 6 June 1991, and operated for 7470 min (124.5 h). The flight duration was characterized by a very large number of X-ray solar flares and enhanced magnetic field fluctuations; however, no significant dose from the solar particles was measured at the location of this instrument. The flight data can be separated into trapped and galactic cosmic radiation parts. The dose rate, dose-equivalent rate and quality factor for trapped radiation were 4.21 +/- 0.03 mrad day-1, 7.72 +/- 0.05 mrem day-1, and 1.83 +/- 0.1, respectively. The dose rate, dose-equivalent rate, and quality factor for galactic cosmic radiation were 5.34 +/- 0.03 mrad day-1, 14.63 +/- 0.06 mrem day-1, and 2.74 +/- 0.1, respectively. The overall quality factor for the flight was 2.38. The dose from the GCR is higher than from SAA protons because of the high inclination and low altitude of this flight. The AP8MAX model of the trapped radiation gives a dose rate of 2.43 mrad day-1 and a quality factor of 1.77. The CREME solar maximum model of galactic cosmic radiation gives a dose rate of 2.54 mrad day-1 and a quality factor of 2.91. Thus the AP8MAX model underestimates the dose by a factor of 1.8 whereas the CREME model leads to an underestimation of the dose by a factor of 2. A comparison of the LET spectra using the AP8MAX model and galactic cosmic radiation transport codes shows only a qualitative agreement.

Computer Simulation↗
PubMed2002

Effect of rice starch as a bath additive on the barrier function of healthy but SLS-damaged skin and skin of atopic patients.

Rice starch added to bath water was studied for its possible beneficial effects on impaired barrier function as evaluated by transepidermal water loss measurements. The forearm skin of healthy volunteers was irritated by sodium lauryl sulphate. Exposure to rice-starch-containing bath water--twice daily for 15 min--led to a 20% improvement on the healing capacity of damaged skin. The beneficial effect was also observed for a rice-starch-containing lipid-free bath formulation, and an oil-in-water bath lotion enriched with evening primrose oil. Skin barrier function in patients with atopic dermatitis also improved after the addition of starch powder to bath water. Rice starch in powder or formulated in a bath product can therefore be recommended as a skin repair bathing additive for barrier damaged skin, particularly in the case of atopic dermatitis patients.

Adult↗
PubMed2002

Topically applied aspirin decreases histamine-induced wheal and flare reactions in normal and SLS-inflamed skin, but does not decrease itch. A randomized, double-blind and placebo-controlled human study.

Topically applied aspirin has recently been reported to decrease histamine-induced itch in human volunteers. Our aim is to confirm this and to study the antipruritic ability of topical aspirin in inflamed skin. In 24 non-atopic volunteers, an inflammatory skin reaction was induced in forearm skin at 5 different sites by sodium lauryl sulphate contained in Finn Chambers. Aspirin 10%, aspirin 1%, mepyramine 5% and vehicle were applied to the inflamed and corresponding non-inflamed areas 20 min before itch induction with intradermal histamine injection. Itch and pain were scored on a visual analogue scale at regular intervals. Wheal and flare areas were measured. No difference in itch intensities was found after application of aspirin, mepyramine and vehicle, but more itch was induced in aspirin and mepyramine pretreated sites in inflamed skin compared to normal skin (p<0.05). In normal skin, flare areas were smaller after pretreatment with aspirin 10% (p<0.05) and mepyramine (p<0.001), as were wheal areas after mepyramine (p<0.01), compared to vehicle pretreatments. In inflamed skin, flare areas were smaller after pretreatment with aspirin 10% (p<0.01) and mepyramine (p<0.001), as were wheal areas after aspirin 10% (p<0.01), aspirin 1% (p<0.05) and mepyramine (p<0.001). We conclude that despite a significant skin penetration as measured by the influence on wheal and flare reactions, topically applied aspirin did not decrease histamine-induced itch in the model used.

Administration, Topical↗