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PubMed2003

Prevalence of chronic wasting disease and bovine tuberculosis in free-ranging deer and elk in South Dakota.

Heads of hunter-harvested deer and elk were collected throughout South Dakota (USA) and within established chronic wasting disease (CWD) surveillance areas from 1997-2002 to determine infection with CWD and bovine tuberculosis (TB). We used immunohistochemistry to detect CWD-infected individuals among 1,672 deer and elk sampled via geographically targeted surveillance. A total of 537 elk (Cervus elaphus nelsoni), 813 white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus), and 322 mule deer (O. hemionus) was sampled for CWD. Estimated overall prevalence and associated confidence intervals (95%) in white-tailed deer was 0.001% (0-0.007%). Similarly, estimated overall prevalence in elk and mule deer was 0.0% (0-0.004%) and 0.0% (0-0.011%), respectively. A total of 401 elk, 1,638 white-tailed deer, and 207 mule deer was sampled for TB. Estimated overall prevalence of infection with TB in elk harvested in South Dakota was 0.0% (0-0.009%). Similarly, estimated overall prevalence of TB in white-tailed deer and mule deer harvested throughout South Dakota was 0.0% (0-0.002%) and 0.0% (0-0.018%), respectively.

Animals↗

PubMed1999

Use of molecular subtyping to document long-term persistence of Corynebacterium diphtheriae in South Dakota.

Enhanced surveillance of patients with upper respiratory symptoms in a Northern Plains community revealed that approximately 4% of them were infected by toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae of both mitis and gravis biotypes, showing that the organism is still circulating in the United States. Toxigenic C. diphtheriae was isolated from five members of four households. Four molecular subtyping methods-ribotyping, multilocus enzyme electrophoresis (MEE), random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD), and single-strand conformation polymorphism-were used to molecularly characterize these strains and compare them to 17 archival South Dakota strains dating back to 1973 through 1983 and to 5 isolates collected from residents of diverse regions of the United States. Ribotyping and RAPD clearly demonstrated the household transmission of isolates and provided precise information on the circulation of several distinct strains within three households. By MEE, most recent and archival South Dakota strains were identified as closely related and clustered within the newly identified ET (electrophoretic type) 215 complex. Furthermore, three recent South Dakota isolates and eight archival South Dakota isolates were indistinguishable by both ribotyping and RAPD. All of these molecular methods showed that recent South Dakota isolates and archival South Dakota isolates were more closely related to each other than to the C. diphtheriae strains isolated in other parts of the United States or worldwide. The data also supported the improbability of importation of C. diphtheriae into this area and rather strongly suggest the long-term persistence of the organism in this region.

Bacterial Typing Techniques↗

PubMed1994

Mycobacterium tuberculosis epidemiology in South Dakota.

Tuberculosis incidence in the United States has recently increased from its rate of decline resulting in an excess of cases nationwide. The increase has been attributed largely to the HIV epidemic. Although tuberculosis incidence in South Dakota has increased similar to the national trend, South Dakota has not reported a single HIV-associated case of tuberculosis. Tuberculosis incidence in South Dakota has decreased in younger individuals. As a result, the percentage of tuberculosis cases in the elderly has increased. Though the reported cases of pulmonary tuberculosis have decreased, the reported cases of extrapulmonary tuberculosis have not changed. Furthermore, the percentage of extrapulmonary tuberculosis occurring in the elderly has increased. Tuberculosis incidence in South Dakota is, in part, increasing because of the persistence of extrapulmonary tuberculosis in the elderly.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2006

The state of South Dakota's child: 2005.

In 2004, the total number of births increased again in South Dakota with the percent of minority births 21.3%) surpassing the national rate (21.1%). The national trend of increasing rates of low birth weight is also noted in South Dakota. Though the state's rates of low birth weight (<2500 grams) and very low birth weight (<1500 grams) are lower than national rates, they have reached their highest level since an unusual peak in 1974. In 2004, 1.23% of all newborns weighed less than 1500 grams and nearly 7% had a birth weight of less than 2500 grams. In 2004, the state's infant mortality rate increased by 24% over the previous year to 8.2 per 1000 live births, exceeding the national rate of 7.0. The South Dakota increase is entirely accounted for by increases in the white neonatal (less than 28 day) mortality rate. Analyses of these observations suggest that an increase in deaths due to congenital anomalies and perinatal causes may be associated with white neonatal loss. Deaths due to Sudden Infant Death Syndrome have decreased and are now more closely approaching national rates.

Birth Rate↗

PubMed1989

Accessing the biomedical literature: the South Dakota Med-Fax Network.

Librarians developed a plan for a medical information network based upon the needs of South Dakota physicians as revealed in a 1984 survey. The South Dakota Med-Fax Network received private funding in 1987 and became operational in 1988. The Network incorporates interactive simultaneous remote on-line database searching (ISRS) and telefacsimile transmission to expedite the identification and delivery of medical literature to South Dakota physicians. At present, the Network is composed of sixteen institutional sites. Individual physicians may establish their own sites if they provide an IBM compatible personal computer with a modem and purchase a telecommunications software package. The Network will provide training and follow-up support. Use patterns to date demonstrate that telefacsimile transmission is instrumental in reducing significantly the time necessary to deliver journal literature and that ISRS searching is the method of choice in the Network's remote sites.

Humans↗

PubMed1994

The practice of chiropractic in South Dakota: a survey of chiropractors.

OBJECTIVE: To identify the professional and demographic characteristics of the chiropractors in South Dakota. DESIGN: Mail survey that covered four major areas: 1) demographics of the chiropractors, 2) population served, 3) factors influencing the economic aspects of the practice, and 4) practice characteristics. A reminder was sent 1 month following the first mailing. SETTING: The state of South Dakota. SUBJECTS: The questionnaire was mailed to all licensed chiropractors in South Dakota (n = 157). RESULTS: The response rate was 68%. Chiropractors responding to the survey were mostly (96%) males and the average age was 41.4 yr with an estimated average of 15 yr of experience. The chiropractors surveyed spent just less than 40 hr/wk at work averaging 128 patient visits with the majority (47%) complaining of low back pain. Data regarding income, the sources of payment, type of community of practice, and the diagnostic as well as treatment techniques were also analyzed. Further analysis was also done to compare rural to urban areas. CONCLUSION: Rural communities have fewer chiropractors than nonrural areas. Future research needs to be directed toward rural area chiropractic care delivery, with special emphasis on factors influencing recruitment and retention of chiropractors in rural areas. The study also showed a need for more involvement with the younger patient groups (18 yr and under). Health services researchers and chiropractic colleges each has an important role in the advancement of pediatric and adolescent health care.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2004

Congenital hypotrichosis in a white-tailed deer fawn from South Dakota.

On 1 October 2001, a 4-mo-old male white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) fawn was collected in Day County, South Dakota (USA), by South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks personnel. The fawn had sparse hair development on the ventral thorax, the lateral caudal and caudal aspects of the rear legs, the muzzle, around the eyes, and inside the ears. Remaining skin surfaces were devoid of hair. Histologic examination revealed normal hair follicle density although follicles were empty or contained keratin debris and fragments of hair shaft. The epidermis of the fawn was mildly thickened and melanin pigment was prominent within deep layers of the epidermis. Based on histologic examination, the deer was diagnosed with congenital hypotrichosis. Although this condition has been reported in domestic species and humans, this specimen represents the first documented case of congenital hypotrichosis in a cervid.

Alopecia↗

PubMed2000

Epidemiology of diphtheria in South Dakota.

Respiratory diphtheria was one of the most common causes of death among children in the pre-vaccine era. Since the introduction of diphtheria toxoid vaccine in 1920s, and its widespread use by the late 1940s, diphtheria became increasingly rare in the United States. However, through the 1970s diphtheria remained endemic in some states, with reported incidence rates > 1.0 per million population in six states (Alaska, Arizona, Montana, New Mexico, South Dakota, and Washington). Starting in 1980, less than five cases have been reported each year in the United States. The majority of culture-confirmed cases have been associated with importation from other countries. Toxigenic Corynebacterium diphtheriae, the organism causing diphtheria, was thought to have become rare or even have disappeared from previously endemic areas such as South Dakota. However, during four months in 1996, 11 persons (one index case, six patients and four household contacts) in an American Indian community in South Dakota were found to be infected by C. diphtheriae; six of these isolates were toxigenic. The findings in this report indicate that despite 20 years without reported respiratory diphtheria cases, toxigenic C. diphtheriae is still present in South Dakota. The continuous circulation of toxigenic strains of C. diphtheriae emphasizes the need for health care providers throughout South Dakota to promote timely vaccination against diphtheria among persons of all ages and ethnic groups, to be aware of the clinical signs and symptoms of diphtheria so that cases can be promptly diagnosed and treated, and further public health measures can be taken to contain this serious disease.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1989

Practice location factors influencing South Dakota School of Medicine graduates (1977-85).

Physician numbers and placement continue to be major health delivery concerns in the rural state of South Dakota. This study of four-year graduates (1977-1985) of the South Dakota School of Medicine looks at current factors affecting physician placement and compares placement and location selection factors to a previous study of graduates of the medical school when it was a two-year program (1969-1973). Factors influencing physicians locating in South Dakota were: closeness to their home town and or spouses' home town, residency training in small towns, payment of educational loans, medical school clerkships, time of decision, etc. Factors influencing physicians locating in rural communities (less than 5,000) were: growing up in small communities, residency training in small communities, early location decisions, payment of loans, and high medical need.

Career Choice↗

PubMed2005

South Dakota pain surveys: results from 2001.

Concerns about pain management in South Dakota generated survey research in 2001. Knowledge of and attitudes toward pain management were assessed through a survey of health care professionals, and standards of practice and education efforts in the area of pain management were evaluated by a questionnaire sent to South Dakota health care facilities. Results show gaps in knowledge, attitudes that hamper adequate treatment of acute and chronic pain, and the need for a seamless approach to standards of practice in pain management for health care facilities. Results and recommendations for interventions and future research are discussed.

Acute Disease↗

PubMed2000

State of South Dakota's child: 1999.

The Surgeon General's Year 2000 health goals for the nation are presented and data from South Dakota and the United States that measure progress toward achieving them are discussed. The percentage of low-birth weight babies (LBW) in South Dakota is lower than observed nationally, but, similar to the national trend, has increased in the past few years. Between 1996-1998, 1.1% of all newborns in the state weighed less than 1500 grams, and 5.7% weighed less than 2500 grams. There has been continuing progress observed in the survival rate of the very low birth weight infant. In 1996 the state experienced a precipitous drop in its infant mortality rate (IMR) that has not been sustained in the past two years. The state's 1998 IMR of 9.0 per 1000 live births, however, is less than the mean rate of 10 that persisted over the previous decade. The IMR for white babies (5.7) has achieved the Year 2000 Goal. The rate of Sudden Infant Death in South Dakota is significantly higher (p < .001) than that observed nationally and speaks to the importance of placing babies on their backs to sleep and education regarding the risks associated with exposing a fetus and baby to smoking. The special topic of this year's report is breast-feeding. The benefits of breast-feeding to babies and mothers are described, as well as the need for it to be advocated by the health care community. This advocacy must emphasize breast-feeding's importance, how women can be assisted as they begin to nurse, and how community efforts can be taken to enable breast-feeding continuation when women return to work following delivery.

Birth Rate↗

PubMed1996

Latex allergy: a South Dakota problem.

Latex allergy has become a major problem nationally and in South Dakota. It manifests itself with a range of presentations including anaphylaxis, asthma, allergic rhinitis, and contact urticaria. This is an immunoglobulin E mediated disease. Healthcare workers, spina bifida patients, and others with a high exposure to latex are at the greatest risk of developing this allergy. In South Dakota, 1,170 healthcare workers are likely afflicted. Diagnosis is mainly by a history of symptoms with exposure. Confirmatory allergy testing is now available. Avoidance of latex products is essential and is the main treatment. This predominantly will involve the patient, co-workers and healthcare providers using non-latex gloves. Patients must be identified in their records and with MedicAlerts. As do patients with other allergies, they may also need medical care involving epinephrine, bronchodilators, corticosteroids and antihistamines. Physicians have a dual role in latex allergy--recognizing it in patients and, potentially, being patients themselves.

Anaphylaxis↗

PubMed1990

Hepatitis transmission among the Sioux Indians of South Dakota.

Hepatitis A continues to occur in cyclical community-wide epidemics on the Indian reservations of South Dakota. In June 1985 a population-based serosurvey for viral hepatitis involving 120 households was conducted at the Pine Ridge and Rosebud Sioux Indian reservations in South Dakota. The serosurvey was performed shortly after a large hepatitis A epidemic on the Pine Ridge reservation in 1983-84, and immediately before a large hepatitis A epidemic on the Rosebud reservation in 1985-86. The overall seroprevalence for antibodies to hepatitis A virus (anti-HAV) was 76.2 percent (Pine Ridge reservation 80.5 percent, Rosebud reservation 72.0 percent, relative risk = 1.12, 95 percent confidence interval = 1.01, 1.24). For age groups 0 to 4 years, 54.2 percent and 36.1 percent of children were seropositive at Pine Ridge and Rosebud, respectively. Seropositivity rose rapidly with age; by age 40, more than 90 percent of persons at both Pine Ridge and Rosebud were anti-HAV positive. Only 1.1 percent of persons tested were positive for hepatitis B markers. Anti-HAV seroprevalence rates in both communities are similar to rates observed in developing countries. The surprisingly high anti-HAV seroprevalence among young children at Rosebud, where clinical hepatitis A had been virtually absent in the previous seven years, indicates that high-grade silent transmission was taking place during the interepidemic period.

Adolescent↗

PubMed2003

State of South Dakota's child: 2002.

In 2001, for the second consecutive year, there was an increase in births in South Dakota that also included the highest rate of low birth weight infants born in 28 years. The infant mortality rate also increased from its exceptionally low rate in 2000. The rate of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome in South Dakota is over twice that noted nationally and emphasizes the need for vigilant efforts to promote substance free pregnancies and safe sleeping for infants. The special topic of this year's report is emergent literacy. This concept reveals the continuum of experiences that begin in infancy and contribute to a child's learning how to read and write. Efforts that have successfully promoted reading with well-baby and child health care visits are described.

Adolescent↗

PubMed1982

Sarcocystis of deer in South Dakota.

The prevalence of Sarcocystis in white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and mule deer (O. hemionus) in South Dakota was determined through microscopic examination of tongue samples. The percentage of Sarcocystis infection for both species of deer was determined for prairies east of the Missouri River, west of the Missouri River, and Black Hills of western South Dakota. Sixteen percent (N = 62) of the white-tailed deer tongues from East River, 69% (N = 42) from West River, and 74% (N = 23) from the Black Hills were infected. Prevalence for mule deer was 88% (N = 24), 78% (N = 63), and 75% (N = 12) from East River, West River, and the Black Hills, respectively. Of 50 tongue samples obtained from both species of deer during a special antlerless deer hunt in the Black Hills in 1978, 66% were infected. Coyotes (Canis latrans), dogs (Canis familiaris), red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), a gray fox (Urocyon cinereoargenteus), bobcat (Felis rufus), and raccoon (Procyon lotor) were fed muscle from white-tailed deer and mule deer naturally infected with Sarcocystis to determine their role as definitive hosts. All coyotes, dogs, and the gray fox shed sporocysts, while none were recovered from the other animals. Sporocysts shed by coyotes were counted and concentrated into an inoculum and administered to a white-tailed deer fawn, which was necropsied 85 days after inoculation. Sections of heart, tongue, esophagus, diaphragm, and skeletal muscle were found to be heavily infected with sarcocysts, while sarcocysts were not detected in a control fawn.

Animal Population Groups↗

PubMed2002

Nursing home case-mix reimbursement in Mississippi and South Dakota.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of nursing home case-mix reimbursement on facility case mix and costs in Mississippi and South Dakota. DATA SOURCES: Secondary data from resident assessments and Medicaid cost reports from 154 Mississippi and 107 South Dakota nursing facilities in 1992 and 1994, before and after implementation of new case-mix reimbursement systems. STUDY DESIGN: The study relied on a two-wave panel design to examine case mix (resident acuity) and direct care costs in 1-year periods before and after implementation of a nursing home case-mix reimbursement system. Cross-lagged regression models were used to assess change in case mix and costs between periods while taking into account facility characteristics. DATA COLLECTION: Facility-level measures were constructed from Medicaid cost reports and Minimum Data Set-Plus assessment records supplied by each state. Resident case mix was based on the RUG-III classification system. PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Facility case-mix scores and direct care costs increased significantly between periods in both states. Changes in facility costs and case mix were significantly related in a positive direction. Medicare utilization and the rate of hospitalizations from the nursing facility also increased significantly between periods, particularly in Mississippi. CONCLUSIONS: The case-mix reimbursement systems appeared to achieve their intended goals: improved access for heavy-care residents and increased direct care expenditures in facilities with higher acuity residents. However, increases in Medicare utilization may have influenced facility case mix or costs, and some facilities may have been unprepared to care for higher acuity residents, as indicated by increased rates of hospitalization.

Diagnosis-Related Groups↗

PubMed2001

State of South Dakota's child: 2000.

For the second consecutive year, 1999 brought an increase in the total number of births in South Dakota. Low birth weight newborns also increased during this year to 5.9%, representing the highest rate observed since 1974. Although the total percent of low birth weight increased, the percent of very low birth weight slightly decreased. Also observed is an increase in the use of prenatal care in the first trimester of pregnancy. The infant mortality rate for the state decreased slightly but remains higher than what is noted nationally. The rate of neonatal mortality is also slightly higher than the national rate. South Dakota's rate of post neonatal mortality remains considerably higher than the national rate but did decrease in 1999. The special topic of this year's report is brain development and the role of early experience. The state's new Bright Start program for pregnant women and their infants is described.

Birth Rate↗

PubMed2002

State of South Dakota's child: 2001.

In the year 2000, there was a reversal of the previous year's increase in births in South Dakota, with the total number of births decreasing by 170. There also was an increase in the percentage of low birth weight newborns (< 2500 grams), but a slight decrease in the percent of babies born weighing less than 1500 grams. Most dramatic, was the drop noted in the year 2000 in the state's infant mortality, achieving its lowest ever rate of 5.5 per thousand live births. This drop was observed in both the neonatal (< 29 days of age) and post neonatal (28-364 days of age) rates of death, and for both the White and American Indian populations. An analysis of the causes of infant death showed that during the year 2000 there was an approximate 50% decrease in previous years' rate of death attributable to congenital anomalies and Sudden Infant Death Syndrome. As its special topic, this year's report discusses the epidemic of overweight and obesity that affects approximately one-third of school age youth in South Dakota and is associated with risks for their current and future health.

Adolescent↗