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PubMed2006

The reaction products of the 193 nm photolysis of vinyl bromide and vinyl chloride studied by time-resolved Fourier transform infrared emission spectroscopy.

Time-resolved Fourier transform infrared (TRFTIR) emission spectroscopy has been used to study the 193 nm photolysis of vinyl bromide (C(2)H(3)Br) and vinyl chloride (C(2)H(3)Cl). Time-resolved IR emission was analysed to obtain nascent vibrational state populations of two primary photolysis products: HBr (v = 1-7) and HCl (v = 1-6). In both cases the nascent vibrational state populations monotonically decrease with increasing v and are in excellent agreement with previously published data. Time-resolved populations were analysed to yield rate constants for vibrational relaxation of HBr (v = 1-3) and HCl (v = 1-4) by parent vinyl bromide and vinyl chloride, respectively. In both cases the rate constants were found to increase with increasing vibrational quantum number, in agreement with a single quantum de-excitation via vibrational to vibrational energy transfer. Butadiene (C(4)H(6)) was identified as a secondary product of the photolysis of both vinyl halides, and shown to be formed from the reaction of parent vinyl halide with the vinyl radical. The presence of a buffer gas was found to produce a strong emission feature centred at 2,200 cm(-1), the intensity of which was dependent on the pressure of the buffer gas used, and whose kinetics are indicative of a secondary reaction product. We propose that this emission is from the vibrational progression of the electronic transition A(0, v, 1) --> X(0, v, 2) in the secondary reaction product C(2)H, whose formation route is favoured by the presence of buffer gas.

Journal Article↗

PubMed1986

Ventilatory sensitivity to inhaled carbon dioxide around the control point during exercise.

Rapid steady-state CO2 responses were determined in five normal adults at rest and at up to six levels of exercise by injecting pure CO2 at a constant flow into the inspiratory limb of a breathing circuit. Ventilation (V) was measured with a dry gas meter and PCO2 at the mouth was recorded by a mass spectrometer. Mean alveolar PCO2 (PACO2) was taken as equal to end-tidal PCO2 at rest, and during exercise was derived graphically from the sloping alveolar plateaus. The accuracy of the latter method was checked in separate experiments against arterial PCO2 (PaCO2). The mean results showed a linear relationship between change in PACO2 and change in V for work loads ranging from rest to 75 W (r = 0.94-0.98). Above 75 W the response became concave down with an initial essentially isocapnic phase. This suggests that during exercise there is a large increase in CO2 sensitivity about the control point.

Blood Gas Analysis↗

PubMed1999

Setting up a breast cancer family history clinic.

Breast cancer causes around 21,000 deaths per year in the UK, the vast majority of these occurring in women aged over 50 years with no genetic predisposition to the disease. Screening and symptomatic services for these women, although by no means perfect or homogeneous, have gradually improved over the last 10 years and, perhaps as a result of this, together with increased use of adjuvant systemic therapy, mortality in this group has fallen. Despite this reassuring state of affairs, media interest in the disease and patients' perception of their risk of developing breast cancer have risen. Part of this is undoubtedly due to the new scientific developments in cancer genetics and, in particular, identification of the BRCA1 gene in 1994 and BRCA2 gene shortly afterwards. These genes are dominantly inherited with up to 80% penetrance; thus, women (and occasionally men) inherit these genes and have a high lifetime risk of developing breast cancer, usually at a younger age than average and possibly of a more aggressive phenotype. Unaffected family members can now be screened and, if they prove carriers, screening for early detection and prevention strategies such as bilateral prophylactic mastectomy can be offered. Because of the high risk of ovarian cancer in BRCA1 carriers, screening or prophylactic ovariectomy may also be considered.

Adult↗

PubMed2005

Measurement of regional rates of cerebral protein synthesis with L-[1-11C]leucine and PET with correction for recycling of tissue amino acids: II. Validation in rhesus monkeys.

The confounding effect of recycling of amino acids derived from tissue protein breakdown into the precursor pool for protein synthesis has been an obstacle to adapting in vivo methods for determination of regional rates of cerebral protein synthesis (rCPS) to positron emission tomography (PET). We used a kinetic modeling approach to estimate lambda, the fraction of the precursor pool for protein synthesis derived from arterial plasma, and to measure rCPS in three anesthetized adult monkeys dynamically scanned after a bolus injection of L-[1-11C]leucine. In the same animals, lambda was directly measured in a steady-state terminal experiment, and values showed excellent agreement with those estimated in the PET studies. In three additional monkeys rCPS was determined with the quantitative autoradiographic L-[1-14C]leucine method. In whole brain and cerebellum, rates of protein synthesis determined with the autoradiographic method were in excellent agreement with those determined with PET, and regional values were in good agreement when differences in spatial resolution of the two methods were taken into account. Low intrasubject variability was found on repeated PET studies. Our results in anesthetized monkey indicate that, by using a kinetic modeling approach to correct for recycling of tissue amino acids, quantitatively accurate and reproducible measurement of rCPS is possible with L-[1-11C]leucine and PET.

Amino Acids↗

PubMed1982

Thiopental disposition in lean and obese patients undergoing surgery.

The effect of obesity on the disposition kinetics of thiopental was studied in seven morbidly obese (age 25 to 46 years) and eight age-matched lean patients (age 25 to 43 years), undergoing primarily abdominal surgery. Based upon total (bound + free) thiopental concentrations, the average (+/-SD) volumes of distribution in the terminal disposition phase and at steady-state (V beta and V ss) were significantly larger in the obese (7.94 +/- 4.55 1/kg and 4.72 +/- 2.73 1/kg, respectively) than in the age-matched lean patients (1.95 +/- 0.63 1/kg and 1.40 +/- 0.46 1/kg, respectively). Clearance of total thiopental, normalized for total body weight was not significantly different between the obese (0.18 +/- 0.081 . h-1 . kg-1) and lean patients (0.21 +/- 0.06 1 . h-1 . kg-1). However, total body clearance not normalized for total body weight was significantly larger in the obese (24.98+/- 14.87 1/h) than in the lean patients (11.86 +/- 3.66 1/h). The elimination half-life of thiopental was significantly longer in the obese (27.85 h) than in the lean patients (6.33 h) and this difference was primarily a function of a larger apparent volume of distribution for thiopental. The unbound fraction of thiopental in serum (range, 17.8 per cent to 27.6 per cent) was not correlated with the degree of obesity. The most appropriate means of comparing intrinsic metabolizing capacity (i.e., normalized vs. non-normalized for weight) between lean and obese subjects remains unresolved.

Abdomen↗

PubMed1992

Risk factors for depression in elderly people: a prospective study.

In 1982-1983 a random sample of 1486 people aged 65 years and above was generated from general practitioner lists; 1070 were interviewed in the community using the Geriatric Mental State and a Social History questionnaire. The cohort was followed up by interview 3 years later. At year 3 the diagnostic computer program AGECAT diagnosed 44 incident cases of depression. Information from the depressed group's initial and further interviews was compared with a control group (which excluded cases of affective or organic mental illness). Univariate analysis yielded three factors that were significantly associated with the development of depression 3 years later: a lack of satisfaction with life; feelings of loneliness; and smoking. Multivariate analysis confirmed their independent effects and revealed 2 further factors attaining significance: female gender and a trigger factor, bereavement of a close figure within 6 months of the third-year diagnosis. Some other factors traditionally associated with depression, such as poor housing, marital status and living alone, failed to attain significance as risk factors.

Aged↗

PubMed2001

Immunological basis for reactivation of tuberculosis in mice.

In this study different inbred strains of mice appeared to control and contain a low dose aerosol infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a similar manner, giving rise to a chronic state of disease. Thereafter, however, certain strains gradually began to show evidence of regrowth of the infection, whereas others consistently did not. Using C57BL/6 mice as an example of a resistant strain and CBA/J mice as an example of a strain susceptible to bacterial growth, we found that these animals revealed distinct differences in the cellular makeup of lung granulomas. The CBA/J mice exhibited a generally poor lymphocyte response within the lungs and vastly increased degenerative pathology at a time associated with regrowth of the infection. As a possible explanation for these events, it was then observed that the CBA/J mouse strain was also less able to upregulate adhesion molecules, including CD11a and CD54, on circulating lymphocytes. These results therefore suggest that a failure to control a chronic infection with M. tuberculosis may reflect an inability to localize antigen-specific lymphocytes within the lung.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

Immediate ventilatory response to sudden changes in venous return in humans.

We changed venous return transiently by postural manoeuvres, and by lower body positive pressure, to see what happened simultaneously to ventilation. Cardiac output was measured by a Doppler technique. In seven subjects, after inflation of a pressure suit to 80 and 40 mmHg at 30 deg head-up tilt, both cardiac output and ventilation increased. Ventilation increased rapidly to a peak in the first 5 s, cardiac output more slowly to a steady state in about 20 s, at 80 mmHg inflation. After inflation to 80 mmHg in six subjects at 12.5 deg head-up and 30 deg head-down tilt, cardiac output did not change in the first, and fell in the second case. There were no significant changes in ventilation. On release of pressure there were transient increases in both cardiac output and ventilation, with ventilation lagging behind cardiac output, in contrast to (2) above. In five subjects, elevation of the legs at 30 deg head-up tilt caused a rise in both cardiac output and ventilation, but in two subjects neither occurred. In all seven subjects there was a transient increase in cardiac output and ventilation when the legs were lowered. Ventilation and cardiac output changes were approximately in phase. We were therefore unable to dissociate entirely increasing cardiac output from increasing ventilation. The relation between them was certainly not a simple proportional one.

Adult↗

PubMed1975

The effects of cosmic Particle radiation on pocket mice aboard Apollo XVII: V. Preflight studies on tolerance of pocket mice to oxygen and heat. Part I. physiological studies.

Tests were carried out on pocket mice to ascertain their tolerance to elevated oxygen pressures alone and to a combination of hyperoxta and heat in excess of that expected during the flight of the mice on Apollo XVII. the mice withstood oxygen partial pressures up to 12 pst at normal room temperature (24 degrees C, 75 degrees F) over a period of 7 days. A few mice previously exposed to increased PO2 died in the course of exposure to an oxygen pressure of 10 pst or 12 psi (517 mm or 620 mm Hg) for 13 d in ambient heat of 32 degrees C (90 degrees F). Supplemental vitamin E and physiological saline loading given prior to exposure had no apparent protective effect. The overall conclusion was that the pocket mice which were to go on Apollo XVII could readily survive the ambient atmosphere to which they would be exposed.

Adaptation, Physiological↗

PubMed2000

Predictors of participation in primary care group-format back pain self-care interventions.

OBJECTIVE: The goal of this study was to explain how primary care back pain patients who volunteer for a group-format self-care intervention differ from nonvolunteers. This is relevant to the generalizability of studies that rely on volunteers as well as the characteristics of patients who do not seek out self-care interventions. SETTING: This study was conducted at a large health maintenance organization in western Washington state. PATIENTS: "Volunteers" (n = 481) were primary care back pain patients participating in randomized trials of a self-management intervention who were recruited through passive nonintensive means (a mailed invitation). "Nonvolunteers" (n = 967) consisted of a representative sample of consecutive back pain patients. We compared the baseline characteristics of these two groups. RESULTS: The relatively small percentage (8%) of primary care back pain patients who volunteered for, and ultimately participated in, group self-management classes tended to be white, older, better educated, and more likely to be retired than nonvolunteers. The two groups did not differ significantly on most clinical measures, including pain intensity and persistence. Patients experiencing the highest (and lowest) levels of pain-related activity interference were less likely to volunteer than those with moderate activity limitations, however. CONCLUSIONS: Those individuals volunteering to participate in a group-format self-care intervention in a primary care setting differed from nonvolunteers primarily on demographic measures as opposed to clinical measures. Back pain patients experiencing the highest levels of activity limitations were somewhat less likely to participate than those with moderate activity limitations. Recruitment for effective self-care interventions is an important issue in determining their impact on a population basis.

Activities of Daily Living↗

PubMed2004

Cytology of human ovarian surface epithelial brushings.

BACKGROUND: The human ovarian surface epithelium (HOSE) is the putative source of ovarian epithelial cancer, the most lethal gynecologic malignancy that affects women in the United States. The current study was designed to provide a database of normal HOSE cell features for diagnostic and research applications. METHODS: HOSE was harvested from 42 women undergoing laparoscopy or laparotomy for benign gynecologic disorders, infertility problems, or pregnancy. Of the 42 women, 12 were postovulatory and 20 were receiving hormonal regimens. Cells were harvested with a sterile brush inserted through a laparoscopic port or with a sterile cell scraper at laparotomy. RESULTS: Two HOSE populations were identified, ranging in size from 8 to 10 microm and from 15 to 20 microm, respectively. The cells measuring 15-20 microm exhibited slight anisonucleosis, more prominent nucleoli, fine cytoplasmic metachromasia, and an overall reparative or squamoid morphology. Cells were single or arranged in small clusters, sheets, or papillae. They coexpressed cytokeratin and vimentin but did not overexpress p53. Cellularity and proliferation (up to 3.2% +/- 0.8) were higher and papillae more frequent in postovulatory and cyst-bearing ovaries, including polycystic ovaries, suggesting underlying ovarian or hormonal influences. Representative HOSE brushings yielded a mean of 23,133 cells per patient (range, 4250-64,500 cells), equivalent to an estimated 0.58, 0.46, and 0.14 microg of nuclear protein, cell RNA, and nuclear DNA, respectively. Within 7-10 days of explantation, HOSE cells formed confluent monolayers with immunohistochemical and ultrastructural epithelial features. CONCLUSIONS: The current study defined baseline features of HOSE cells important to pathologists and clinicians evaluating women at risk for ovarian epithelial cancer and to researchers investigating the pathobiology of this aggressive gynecologic malignancy.

Adult↗