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PubMed1994

Seasonal variation of neonatal and infant deaths by cause in Greece.

The seasonal variation of neonatal and infant deaths in Greece was analyzed for nine consecutive years (1979-1987) by cause of death, age of death and urbanization of permanent residence. Data were supplied by the National Statistical Service of Greece. Statistical analysis was done using the Edward's method. The seasonal patterns of the number of deaths and death rates were similar. Neonatal deaths in total did not show significant seasonality but postneonatal deaths showed seasonal variation with a peak in the winter, more evident in rural areas. Neonatal deaths from prematurity showed statistically significant seasonal variation with a peak in May. Postneonatal deaths from infections and mainly those from pneumonia showed very significant seasonal variation with a peak in February that was more prominent in rural areas. Seasonal pattern with peak in late winter was also found for postneonatal deaths from injuries. The seasonal patterns for neonatal and postneonatal deaths from sudden infant death syndrome were suggestive of an increased occurrence during the winter months mainly in urban areas.

Age Factors↗
PubMed2002

The ebb and flow of the NHS waiting list: how do recruitment and admission affect event-based measures of the length of 'time-to-admission'?

The likelihood of admission is reported in England as the percentage of elective episodes occurring within a certain time, for example, within three months of the date of enrollment on the waiting list. This event-based measure is calculated from cross-sectional data: the denominator is the number of elective episodes occurring in a specified calendar period, and the numerator is the number found to have enrolled on the waiting list less than three months previously. Now the number of elective episodes occurring within three months reflects the likelihood of admission and the numbers eligible to be admitted. If there is any increase in the likelihood of admission or in the number of people exposed to that likelihood then there will be an increase in the number of elective episodes found to have enrolled on the waiting list less than three months previously. Thus the numerator used by the Government Statistical Service accurately reflects conditions during the calendar period and within the enrollment cohorts of interest. The Government Statistical Service also needs a denominator so the episodes observed 0-2, 3-5, 6-8, 9-11 etc. months after enrollment are added as an indication of the number of people that could have been admitted within three months. This denominator implies that the number of people eligible for admission from the 3-5 month waiting time category is the same as the number surviving admission from the 0-2 month waiting time category but, during the period of interest, these two groups of people belong to cohorts that were recruited to the waiting list quite independently. As a result, this denominator will be too big if the number surviving to the end of one waiting time category is bigger than the number eligible for admission from the next and it will be too small if the number surviving to the end of one waiting time category is smaller than the number eligible for admission from the next. The event-based measure assumes that the waiting list is stationary and closed and only gives unbiased estimates under these conditions. This paper describes three alternative measures which recognize that the number of people recruited or admitted may vary from one quarter to the next. It uses Department of Health data to assess the size of the error if the event-based measure is used in these circumstances.

Elective Surgical Procedures↗
PubMed2004

Death Certification and New Zealand Health Information Service (NZHIS) statistics for diabetes mellitus: an under-recognised health problem.

The main aims were to determine how much diabetes is under-recorded on death certificates, the influence of demographic variables and to what extent New Zealand Health Information Service (NZHIS) coding is able to compensate for deficiencies. A retrospective review of 600 death certificates (during 1999) from the Mortality Review Database in Christchurch Hospitals was carried out. Clinical data, laboratory results, coroner's reports, hospital clinical coding and NZHIS coding were collated and analysed. One hundred and four cases (17%) had clinically documented diabetes, of which only 47 (45%) had diabetes recorded on either the death certificate or the coroner's report. Diabetes was recognised in NZHIS coding in 45 (43%) of cases and in 94 (90%) cases in hospital clinical coding. Diabetes was more likely to be recorded on the death certificate in males and in subjects treated with insulin (P<0.05). Of the 496 subjects without documented diabetes, 159 (32%) had a highest random plasma glucose >11.1 mmol/l. Documented diabetes is thus under-reported on more than 50% of death certificates and this is not compensated by NZHIS coding. In addition, there is likely to be a significant number of cases with undiagnosed diabetes. This may adversely affect the reliability of mortality statistics.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Women's health and women's work in health services: what statistics tell us.

This article draws together statistical information in several broad areas that relate to women's health, women's reproductive activities and women's occupations in Sweden. The statistical analysis reflects the major changes that have occurred in Swedish society and that have had a major impact on the health and well-being, as well as on the social participation rate, of women. Much of the data is drawn from a recent special effort at Statistic Sweden aimed at influencing the classification, collection and presentation of statistical data in all fields in such a way that family, working, education, health and other conditions of women can be more readily and equitably compared with those of men. In addition, social changes have seen the shifting of the responsibility of health care from the unpaid duties of women in the home to health care institutions, where female employees predominate. These trends are also discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1994

The National Dairy Heifer Evaluation Project: a profile of heifer management practices in the United States.

The National Dairy Heifer Evaluation Project was a cooperative, USDA-sponsored project involving state agricultural departments, the Cooperative Extension Service, the National Agricultural Statistics Service, and the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. A series of retrospective and prospective descriptive surveys using a multiple list and area frame sampling technique were conducted. Information collected pertained primarily to dairy neonates and replacement heifers. Much of the study was related to observational information on health and management characteristics that can be related to the animals' long-term physical and economic performance. The data reflect herds representing 78% of the national dairy cow population. Average herd size was 86 milking and dry cows and 66 heifers. Many characteristics of these herds reflect accepted and recommended practices in the area of dairy replacement management and nutrition. Data summarized in this national study can be utilized to evaluate the impact of management practices on dairy operations.

Animal Nutritional Physiological Phenomena↗