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PubMed1990

Isolation, purification and characterization of surface antigens of the bovine filarial parasite Setaria digitata for the immunodiagnosis of bancroftian filariasis.

The surface antigens of the bovine filarial parasite Setaria digitata were isolated by EDTA extraction and purified by affinity chromatography using sepharose bound human filarial (Wuchereria bancrofti) antibodies obtained from chronic human filarial sera. The purified and crude antigens were used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the detection of serum antibodies in bancroftian filariasis. The purified antigen showed sensitive and specific reactions in ELISA for the detection of antibodies in filarial sera and showed least cross reactivity with other parasitic infections. The crude and purified antigens showed about 18 and 6 peptide bands respectively in SDS-PAGE and about 11 and 6 antigenic bands respectively in enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot (EITB). The purified antigen was observed to be glycoprotein in nature. It was possible to identify the stage-specific infection in human filariasis by using the crude and purified antigens in EITB.

Animals↗
PubMed1995

Allergic reactivity and IgG subclasses to a proteinase fraction of Setaria digitata in filariasis.

A low molecular weight fraction (30 KDa) of the cattle filarial parasite Setaria digitata that was earlier demonstrated to have allergenic activity was characterized to be a zinc-dependent cysteine proteinase. Immediate type hypersensitivity (ITH) reaction to the proteinase was evaluated in lymphatic filariasis patients and in endemic controls from Orissa, India. The extent of ITH positivity to the proteinase in infected individuals ranged from 20% in chronic filariasis (CP) patients group to 56% in asymptomatic microfilaraemic carriers (AS). About 62% of endemic normals (EN) were also ITH positive. The serum levels of IgG subclasses were compared in ITH positive and ITH negative filarial patients (AS and CP) as well as in endemic normals (EN) respectively. IgG4 levels were found to be inversely dependent on ITH reaction only in AS groups. Asymptomatic patients (AS) with positive ITH reactivity had lower IgG4 than ITH negative individuals from the same group. The serum levels of other IgG subclasses except IgG2, did not correlate with ITH reactivity. IgG2 levels were higher in ITH negative EN and CP patients but not in the AS group.

Animals↗
PubMed1982

Identification of some common infective filarial larvae in Malaysia.

Infective larvae of Wuchereria, Brugia, Breinlia, Dirofilaria and Setaria species from an experimental vector, Aedes togoi, are compared. The distinctive bubble-like caudal papillae of Wuchereria bancrofti are readily distinguishable from the protuberant ones of Brugia spp; the 'ear-like' papillae of Breinlia are distinct from the 'knob-like' ones of Dirofilaria or the 'thorn-like' terminal papilla of Setaria.

Aedes↗
PubMed1980

A comparison of the sites of acid phosphatase activity in an adult filaria, Setaria sp. and in some gastro-intestinal nematodes.

The histochemical localization of acid phosphatase in an adult filaria, Setaria sp. obtained from the peritoneal cavity of a cow was closely examined and compared with that of adult nematodes parasitic in the host alimentary canal; special attention was paid to the intestine and body wall of the parasites. Setaria sp. was found to show high acid phosphatase activity in the interchordal hypodermis of the body wall and uterine microfilariae, and similar activity is suspected to occur in the cuticle. The intestine of this nematode exhibited very low, if any, activity. In contrast, nematodes parasitic on the alimentary canal, such as Toxocara cati, T. canis, Physaloptera sp. and Ancylostoma caninum, showed no activity in the body wall and very high activity in the luminal surface of their intestine. The possible function of the abundant acid phosphatase in the body wall of this filaria is discussed.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1996

Setaria digitata microfilaraemia in Mastomys coucha: an animal model for chemotherapeutic and immunobiological studies.

Intraperitoneal implantation of adult gravid females of the bovine filarial parasite, Setaria digitata in Mastomys coucha was found to induce microfilaraemia lasting for about 125 days. The microfilariae (mf) could be detected as early as 4 days post-implantation (p.i.) and peak levels of about 30 mf in 20 microliters of blood were observed by 21 days. A significant positive correlation was found between mf density and the body weight of recipients pre-implantation. The implanted adult worms were generally viable only for less than 1 week. Implantation resulted in a significant decrease in total leucocytes and erythrocytes, induction of eosinophilia, splenomegaly and anti-erythrocyte autoantibodies. The microfilariae in circulation developed into 3rd-stage infective larvae (L3) when fed onto Aedes aegypti (refm, Liverpool strain). The mf in circulation were found to be eliminated by oral administration of diethylcarbamazine citrate, indicating the usefulness of this model for screening potential anti-microfilarial drugs. During the microfilaraemic phase, priming with tetanus toxoid (TT) resulted in significantly decreased production of anti-toxin levels indicating a state of generalized immunosuppression. Induction of antibodies to various fractionated antigenic components of adult parasites could be demonstrated by enzyme immunoassay (EIA) in M. coucha implanted with live or cold-stunned adult worms. The S. digitata-M. coucha model thus is found amenable to perform chemotherapeutic and immunobiological investigations in experimental filariasis.

Aedes↗
PubMed1988

Oxidative activities in mitochondria-like particles from Setaria digitata, a filarial parasite.

The oxidative metabolic potential of Setaria digitata, a filarial parasite found in the intraperitoneal cavity of cattle, was investigated. These worms showed active wriggling movements which were not affected by respiratory poisons such as cyanide, rotenone and malonate. They also possessed cyanide-insensitive and glucose-independent oxygen consumption pathways. By differential centrifugation of sucrose homogenates, a fraction containing mitochondria-like particles was obtained in which the activity of the marker enzyme, succinate dehydrogenase, was recovered. This fraction catalysed succinate- and NADH-dependent reduction of both cytochrome c and dyes. Oxygen uptake found with succinate, NADH and ascorbate as substrates was not sensitive to cyanide. Cytochromes could not be detected in either this fraction or homogenates of the worms. H2O2 generation with a number of substrates and lipid peroxidation by measuring malondialdehyde formed as well as by accompanying oxygen uptake were demonstrated in the mitochondria-like particles. A lipid quinone, possibly with a short side chain and related to ubiquinone, was detected in the worms. The results suggested the existence of two cyanide-insensitive oxygen-consuming reactions in Setaria: one respiratory substrate-independent lipid peroxidation, and a second substrate-dependent reaction that requires an auto-oxidizable quinone but not a cytochrome system.

Animals↗
PubMed2001

Human bancroftian filariasis - a role for antibodies to parasite carbohydrates.

Studies on immune responses to parasites have been undertaken in filariasis with a view to understand protective immunity, pathogenesis of the disease process and mechanisms of immune deviation. However none of the investigations conducted so far on antibody responses have addressed the issue of immunogenicity of filarial carbohydrate antigens in human lymphatic filariasis. In this communication we report details on relative protein and carbohydrate contents of various developmental stages of filarial parasites and antibody responses to filarial proteins (Fil.Pro) and carbohydrates (Fil.Cho) in different clinical spectrum of human bancroftian filariasis. As expected, antibodies of IgM and IgG2 subclass recognized primarily Fil.Cho while IgG4 filarial antibodies recognized exclusively Fil.Pro. Reactivity of IgG3 to Fil.Cho was similar to that of IgG2 while IgG1 more readily recognized Fil.Pro than Fil.Cho. The IgG2 and IgG3 antibodies to Fil.Cho were found to be significantly more in patients with chronic filarial disease and in endemic normals when compared with microfilariae (mf) carriers while IgG4 antibodies to Fil.Pro were significantly more in mf carriers. The dichotomy in reactivity of filarial IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4 was dependent on active filarial infection as indicated by presence of circulating filarial antigen (CFA). Individuals with CFA were found to possess significantly more IgG4 to Fil.Pro than those without CFA while IgG2 and IgG3 levels to Fil.Cho was significantly more in CFA negative subjects when compared to those with CFA. Although IgG1 reacted more readily with Fil.Pro, unlike IgG4, their levels were significantly more in CFA negative subjects when compared to those with active filarial infection. Absorption of sera with phosphorylcholine (PC) resulted in no significant loss of reactivity to Fil.Cho indicating that most of the anticarbohydrate antibodies were recognizing non-PC determinants in human filariasis. Elevated levels of IgG2 and IgG3 antibodies to Fil.Cho in individuals free of filarial infection indicate a possible role for carbohydrate antigens in induction of protective immunity in human filariasis.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Antibodies to diethylcarbamazine potentiate the antifilarial activity of the drug.

The antifilarial drug diethylcarbamazine citrate (DEC) is known to mediate in vivo microfilaricidal activity in conjunction with the host immune system. In this study passive transfer of antibodies to DEC elicited by immunization with methyl piperazine carboxylic acid (MPCA) coupled to bovine serum albumin (BSA), was found to potentiate microfilaricidal activity of subcurative doses of DEC in Setaria digitata infected Mastomys coucha. Active immunization of microfilaraemic animals with MPCA-BSA followed by administration of subcurative doses of DEC also resulted in rapid clearance of microfilaraemia in both S. digitata and Brugia malayi infected M. coucha indicating the synergistic activity of DEC and the antibodies to the drug. Since some of the filarial antibodies are known to react with DEC, it is proposed that such antibodies may potentiate the microfilaricidal activity of the drug in vivo.

Aedes↗
PubMed2003

Setaria equina infection of Turkish equines: estimates of prevalence based on necropsy and the detection of microfilaraemia.

Necropsies on 43 horses, 35 donkeys and two mules slaughtered in Ankara, Turkey, revealed that 12 (15%) of the equines harboured adult Setaria equina. When blood samples were checked for microfilariae, using Knott's method and a combination of membrane filtration followed by histochemical staining for acid phosphatase (AP), only three (4%) of the animals were found to be microfilaraemic. When stained for AP, the S. equina microfilariae exhibited diffuse red staining over the entire body, including the sheath, with brighter staining around the anal and excretory pores. Application of Knott's method revealed only two of the three microfilaraemias detected using the combination of filtration and AP staining. The combination may represent a useful technique for the detection of equine microfilaraemia.

Acid Phosphatase↗
PubMed1994

Efficacy of ivermectin against Setaria microfilariae in calves and cerebrospinal setariosis in sheep and goats.

Ten calves harboring microfilariae (Mf) were injected with ivermectin at a single dose of 200 micrograms/kg body weight. Thereafter, the number of calves harboring Mf was gradually reduced to 7, 2 and 0 by 1, 4 and 12 weeks, respectively and remained negative for microfilariae by 16 weeks after injection. Furthermore, none of 221 goats and sheep injected twice with ivermectin at a dose of 200 micrograms/kg body weight developed setariosis while 17 out of 303 non-injected animals suffered from that disease. Therefore, ivermectin was much effective for the eradication of Mf in calves and the prevention of setariosis in sheep and goats.

Animals↗
PubMed1996

A consideration on the relationship between worm age and mortality of Setaria marshalli recovered from the peritoneal cavity of calves born in Tottori prefecture, Japan.

Eight calves born in November-December of 1992 were necropsied at the age of 29-230 days in an attempt to estimate the life span of Setaria marshalli in Japan. Worm ages were estimated on the base of active season for mosquitoes. Thirty worms estimated 4-9 months old recovered from 4 calves were all alive in the peritoneal cavity. Thirty-five out of 50 worms estimated 7-13 months old were dead with being entrapped by fibrin on the peritoneum. It is speculated that this is a normal fate of this parasite at the end of its life, and therefore, the life span of S. marshalli would be approximately one year after prenatal infection.

Aging↗
PubMed1999

Setaria digitata in cattle of Thailand identified by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.

Adult Thai Setaria worms collected from cattle which were bred, housed and slaughtered in Thailand were morphologically identified as Setaria digitata. Furthermore, in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) adult Thai S. digitata had the same protein profiles as adult Japanese S. digitata, but did not possess the protein with a molecular size of 69 kDa which was confirmed in adult S. marshalli. In addition, there were no differences in the protein profiles between male and female S. digitata. In point of the distribution pattern of the proteins ranging from 73 to 64 kDa revealed by 2D-PAGE, there were no differences between Thai and Japanese S. digitata, and between male and female worms of the species.

Animals↗
PubMed2002

Ocular infection of cattle with Setaria digitata.

One 5-month-old female native Korean calf and a 2-year-old female Holstein cow raised in two farms about 4 km apart from each other in Korea, were found to have the left eye opaque, which included motile white worms in the aqueous humor. The parasite removed from the left eye of the calf was identified as Setaria digitata based on both light and electron microscopic features. The ocular infection with S. digitata reported herein may document the first aberrant case in Korean cattle.

Animals↗
PubMed2003

Cerebrospinal setariosis with Setaria marshalli and Setaria digitata infection in cattle.

Setaria digitata and S. marshalli larvae were observed in the cerebrospinal cavity of 2 paralyzed cattle in Taiwan. The 2 affected cattle showed quadriplegia and lumbar paralysis, respectively. At necropsy, which was performed 7 days after the 7-month-old cattle became quadriplegic, three and nineteen S. marshalli larvae as well as two female adult worms were found in the cranial cavity, spinal cavity and peritoneal cavity of the cattle, respectively. Necropsy on the other 8-month-old cattle was also performed 3 days after it showed lumbar paralysis, and ten S. digitata larvae were found in the spinal cavity. In both cattle, many mononuclear inflammatory cells mixed with a few eosinophils were seen accumulated in the connective tissue around the root of the spinal nerves. Infiltration of eosinophils and mononuclear inflammatory cells into the epidura and arachnoidea of the brain were also observed. The major inflammatory cell was lymphocytes, but neutrophils and eosinophils were also present. The number of cells in the cerebrospinal fluid collected initially from the two affected cattle were 105/0.01 ml and 143/ 0.01 ml, respectively. This is the first report of cerebrospinal setariosis in cattle associated with S. marshalli.

Animals↗