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PubMed1994

Genetic and environmental influences on perceptions of self-worth and competence in adolescence: a study of twins, full siblings, and step-siblings.

Although it is generally assumed that the origins of adolescents' perceptions of self-competence lie in shared family environmental influences, the contributions of nonshared environmental or genetic influences have not been explored. We investigated sibling resemblance for perceived competence and self-worth in 720 adolescent pairs aged 10 to 18 years, using a twin, full sibling, and step-sibling design. Our goals were to assess the magnitude of shared and nonshared environmental influences and to disentangle resemblance due to shared genetic heritage from that due to shared environmental experiences. Shared environment was not significant for any of the scales. 4 of the subscales showed significant genetic influence: scholastic, social, physical, and athletic competence. We also explored possible sources of genetic influences on perceived competence. Bivariate models revealed common genetic variance between scholastic competence and vocabulary and social competence and sociability. These measures, however, did not account for all of the genetic variance in perceived social and scholastic competence.

Achievement↗
PubMed2005

Sibling donor cord blood transplantation for thalassemia major: Experience of the Sibling Donor Cord Blood Program.

The Sibling Donor Cord Blood (SDCB) Program was initiated in 1998 as a resource to collect, characterize, and release cord blood units (CBUs) from families affected by malignant and nonmalignant disorders for transplantation. Families in the United States were recruited by telephone after referrals by community and academic physicians. Collection kits were mailed to prospective participants and family members were instructed about CBU procurement from community hospitals and shipping to a central laboratory. Data about the infant's delivery and CBU harvest, CBU processing, prethaw characteristics, sterility, and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) typing were collected. Standard outcome data were collected after CBU release for transplantation. Descriptive analyses of CBU collections, processing, release, and transplantation outcomes were performed. Currently, 1617 CBU collections have been processed from families with thalassemia (6%), sickle cell disease (28%), malignant disorders (49%), and other rare hematological disorders (17%). Thirty-two of 96 donor-recipient pairs with thalassemia major were HLA identical and 14 have received cord blood transplantation, either alone or in combination with bone marrow or peripheral blood progenitor cells (N = 4) from the same donor. Eleven of the 14 survive free of thalassemia after transplantation. These preliminary results confirm the feasibility and utility of remote-site sibling donor cord blood collection and subsequent transplantation for hematological disorders, with a very high rate of usage from a cord blood bank dedicated to performing these unique collections. It was concluded that cord blood transplantation from sibling donors represents a suitable alternative to bone marrow transplantation.

Anemia, Sickle Cell↗
PubMedDate not supplied

The sibling group: beginning to meet the needs of child siblings of psychiatrically hospitalized children.

Child siblings of children admitted to psychiatric hospitals often find themselves in a unique and potentially isolating situation. Because of the crisis affecting all family members and the focus of both parents' and professionals' energies on the identified patient, this sibling group is often overlooked. This paper describes an educational and supportive group designed by the authors to begin to address the needs of this population and offered as part of the family-services component of a child and adolescent psychiatric unit. The group serves multiple functions by diminishing the non-hospitalized children's sense of isolation, offering them education and support, and providing the treatment providers an opportunity to assess the needs of the inpatient's sibling. The authors describe a highly structured format that facilitated group members' participation.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1999

Older sibling correlates of younger sibling drug use in the context of parent-child relations.

The purpose of this study was to examine older brother correlates of younger brother drug use in the context of parental influences and younger brother personality. The sample consisted of 278 White male college students and their oldest brothers, who volunteered to answer self-administered questionnaires. Results indicated that 3 domains of influence each had an independent impact on younger brother drug use: (a) parent-younger brother relationships and parent drug use, (b) older brother-younger brother relationships and older brother drug use, and (c) younger brother personality. Modeling of nondrug use and a strong attachment relationship in the parent-younger brother and sibling dyads, as well as younger sibling traits of conventionality, had strong links to low younger brother drug use. Our findings highlight the importance of modeling and mutual parent-child attachment relationships as well as sibling relationships as they relate to the possible etiology of drug use.

Adult↗
PubMed1979

Siblings as babysitters: responses of adolescents to younger siblings in problem situations.

Adolescents (75 males, 150 females) assumed the role of parent surrogate and responded to nine problem situations involving younger siblings. Responses were coded into 21 categories--grouped as high, medium, low and non-power as well as "effective" or "ineffective"--and analyzed by sex, grade (10, 11, or 12) and birth order (first-, second-, or laterborn). Ninety-two percent of responses were categorized as "ineffective" (i.e., not communicating own or sibling's feelings). Seniors used less high and more medium and non-power responses than younger students. Most students, particularly females, expressed interest in joining a group to learn better ways of relating to younger siblings.

Adult↗
PubMed1981

Sibling groups. Interaction with siblings of oncology patients.

Siblings of pediatric oncology patients in active therapy met as a group for 5 consecutive weeks with two oncology team members. The parents met simultaneously in another location in the hospital. The goals were to provide (1) a support group for the siblings, (2) information regarding the various treatment regimens, and (3) specific knowledge regarding the particular stresses of specific therapy programs. The following problem areas were identified: (1) reiteration of resentment toward the patient due to the amount of attention focused on them by family and friends, (2) embarrassment in talking about the patient's illness, and (3) the relationship between the parent's willingness to discuss the patient's illness at home and the sibling's comprehension of the illness.

Child↗
PubMed1999

Sibling resemblance of erythrocyte ion transporters in French-Canadian sibling-pairs affected with essential hypertension.

OBJECTIVES: Erythrocyte Na+/Li+ countertransport and Na+,K+ cotransport are increased in some Caucasians with essential hypertension. This study examines the relative contributions of genetic and shared environmental factors to the activity of these ion carriers in French-Canadian sibling-pairs affected with essential hypertension. DESIGN: The activity of Na+/Li+ countertransport and Na+,K+ cotransport (rate of Na+ o-dependent Li+ efflux and bumetanide-sensitive 86Rb influx, respectively) was measured in 122 French-Canadian siblings with essential hypertension, including 36 brother/brother and 48 sister/sister pairs. Sibling/sibling correlations were estimated using the FCOR program of the S.A.G.E. package. RESULTS: Na+/Li+ countertransport and Na+,K+ cotransport were respectively higher by 27% (P = 0.002) and 42% (P = 0.0009) in erythrocytes from men compared with women. Intra-individual correlation analysis did not reveal a significant effect of age on the activity of these ion transporters in both males and females, and an influence of plasma lipids (triglycerides, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, high-density lipoprotein) in females. In males, Na+,K+ cotransport was correlated with the level of serum triglycerides only (P = 0.01). Familial correlation analysis showed that sibling resemblance of Na+/Li+ countertransport and Na+,K+ cotransport was higher in men (r = 0.26 and 0.39) than in women (r = 0.01 and 0.03, respectively). CONCLUSION: The present data indicate that different factors contribute to the regulation of monovalent ion carriers in erythrocytes from Caucasian men and women with essential hypertension. The activity of erythrocyte Na+/Li+ countertransport and Na+,K+ cotransport appears to be more strongly determined by inheritable factors in men than in women.

Adult↗
PubMed1973

Serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity: sibling-sibling correlation.

Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase activity is released into the blood with catecholamines from the adrenal medulla and sympathetic nerves. This enzyme activity has been measured in the blood of 317 normal children and 227 normal adults. A significant sibling-sibling correlation of serum dopamine-beta-hydroxylase values was found in the 94 sibling pairs tested. Frequency distributions of serum enzyme values in both children and adults suggest the existence of two populations with regard to serum activity of this enzyme.

Adult↗
PubMed2003

Longitudinal direct and indirect pathways linking older sibling competence to the development of younger sibling competence.

A 4-wave longitudinal model tested direct and indirect links between older sibling (OS; M = 11.7 years) and younger sibling (YS; M = 9.2 years) competence in 152 rural African American families. Data were collected at 1-year intervals. At each wave, different teachers assessed OS competence, YS competence, and YS self-regulation. Mothers reported their own psychological functioning; mothers and YSs reported parenting practices toward the YS. OS competence was stable across time and was linked with positive changes in mothers' psychological functioning from Wave 1 to Wave 2. Mothers' Wave 2 psychological functioning was associated with involved-supportive parenting of the YS at Wave 3. OS Wave 2 competence and Wave 3 parenting were indirectly linked with Wave 4 YS competence, through Wave 3 YS self-regulation. Structural equation modeling controlled for Wave 1 YS competence; thus, the model accounted for change in YS competence across 3 years.

Achievement↗
PubMed2005

Chromosomal aberrations and CD38 expression in two siblings with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a report of two siblings.

In this study our purpose was to define chromosomal aberrations and CD38 expression in male siblings 69 and 66-years-old with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL). Cells from peripheral blood were analysed by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). The alteration detectable by CGH was the over-representation of the Y chromosome in both samples. Interphase FISH were performed using locus (13q14 and 17p53) and centromere (chromosome 12, 17 and Y) specific DNA probes. One brother (patient 1, 69 years of age) showed deletion of the 13q14 region, this alteration was associated with low CD38 expression, both predicting a favourable prognosis. However, the younger patient's (patient 2, 66 years of age) cells expressed CD38 in high percent, which is considered as an indicator of poor prognosis, and deletion of the 13q14 was not seen. Other, relatively frequent chromosomal alterations including trisomy 12 and deletion of 17p53 were not present in any of the samples. The cytogenetic findings and the CD38 expression are in concordance with the clinico-pathological data of the siblings. Thus, we found the variability of these parameters described in B-CLL even in the familial form of the disease.

ADP-ribosyl Cyclase↗
PubMed1997

A new instrument to assess sibling relationships in antisocial youth: the social interaction between siblings (SIBS) interview: a research note.

This paper presents psychometric information on a new interview (SIBS) designed to examine sibling influences on antisocial behavior. The feasibility of the instrument and internal consistency of the SIBS scales was documented in a sample of 29 children (ages 6-11) with a delinquent older brother. In addition, adequate to excellent test-retest reliability of the SIBS scales was demonstrated in an unselected sample. The potential utility of the SIBS interview for assessing the role of siblings in the development of antisocial behavior is discussed.

Adolescent↗
PubMed2002

Population based ascertainment of twins and their siblings, born in Western Australia 1980 to 1992, through the construction and validation of a maternally linked database of siblings.

This paper describes the creation of a unique maternal identifier for use in the investigation of perinatal, postneonatal and child outcomes in relation to maternal characteristics. All Midwives' records of Western Australian (WA) births were routinely linked to registrations of births and deaths for infants born from 1980 to 1992 inclusive, then linked to WA hospital discharge data and to registries of birth defects and cerebral palsy to create a longitudinal health record for each infant. However, since each birth to a woman was recorded as a separate event, there was no way to identify siblings. Probabilistic record linkage, based on information about the mother, was used for this task. Logical inconsistencies within the data were used to test the validity of the linkages between birth records attributed to each mother. Information about the mother from other epidemiological studies and data abstracted from hospital case notes was also used to validate sibships. Linkage of the records of 310,255 births in WA during that period resulted in the formation of 181,133 sibships of one or more children. Pooling the results of all of the validation methods gave an error of 0.9%. Linkage identified 3678 sibships containing multiple births, and 305 sets of maternal twins. Ascertainment of twins and their siblings for an ongoing twin register, the WA Twin Child Health (WATCH) study, was a natural consequence of this process.

Bias↗
PubMed1999

Association tests using unaffected-sibling versus pseudo-sibling controls.

We used family-matched case-control data to screen the genome for markers associated with disease in the simulated data set. Two different types of controls were considered: (1) unaffected siblings and (2) 'pseudo siblings,' a comparison sample created using the parental alleles. The scans were conducted on the first replicate of each study population. Overall, the two methods identified 14 marker loci associated with disease at the 0.001 significance level. Marker D1G24 (locus D) was the only true disease locus found by both approaches. No associations were found at any of the markers flanking the unobserved disease susceptibility loci (A, B, or C). We subsequently pooled the 25 replicates from a single population. This large sample still did not yield any associations at the flanking markers. We tested for association at locus D using a pseudo-sib approach restricted to alleles shared identical by descent between affected sib pairs. The power was 44% (11/25 replicates) at a significance level of 0.001.

Alleles↗
PubMed1997

Clinical and toxicological findings in two young siblings and autopsy findings in one sibling with multiple hospital admissions resulting in death. Evidence suggesting Munchausen syndrome by proxy.

A 15-month-old girl underwent several emergency department (ED) visits and two admissions for parent-reported histories of ingestions, apnea, and seizures. She was initially admitted following reports of several unusual episodes of syncope accompanied by convulsive movements and was discharged on mephobarbital with a diagnosis of atypical seizure disorder. The day after discharge, she was brought to the ED in cardiopulmonary arrest and was resuscitated after a prolonged period. She was declared brain dead 2 days later. Ante- and postmortem toxicology produced several inconclusive findings, none of which explained death. Autopsy findings, including neuropathology, failed to demonstrate any significant disease processes. Approximately 3 months later, a 4-month-old female sibling was brought to the ED with a parent-reported history of apnea and seizures similar to the deceased child. A stool specimen obtained 2 days after admission contained numerous tiny seeds, which were found by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis to contain lorazepam and temazepam. The role of these benzodiazepines in the apnea episodes in this infant was unknown, but the presence of the seeds in such a young infant coupled with the parent's aberrant behavior, led to the tentative diagnosis of Munchausen syndrome by proxy. This diagnosis was strengthened when results from these studies persuaded legal authorities to remove the surviving sibling from the parents, resulting in an asymptomatic recovery.

Anti-Anxiety Agents↗
PubMed2005

The effect of linkage on the calculation of DNA match probabilities for siblings and half siblings.

The loci in many forensic multiplexes are often selected to avoid linked loci. However as the multiplices used increase in the number of loci represented instances are occurring of loci that are loosely linked. As yet little attention has been paid to the likely consequence of this. We begin the process of developing formulae to give the match probability at two linked loci for full and half siblings. The methodology proceeds from the previously published joint IBD states for two linked loci [B.K. Suarez, J. Rice, T. Reich, The generalized sib pair IBD distribution: its use in the detection of linkage, Ann. Hum. Genet. Lond. 42 (1978) 87; J.K. Haseman, R.C. Elston, The investigation of linkage between a quantitative trait and a marker locus, Behav. Genet. 2 (1972) 3-19]. Our formulation has the drawback of assuming linkage equilibrium. This assumption may be tenable as a first order approximation. We hope to stimulate work on developing better treatments.

Alleles↗
PubMed2000

Residual chloride secretion in intestinal tissue of deltaF508 homozygous twins and siblings with cystic fibrosis. The European CF Twin and Sibling Study Consortium.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: Cholinergic stimulation of chloride secretion is impaired in the intestines of patients with cystic fibrosis (CF). However, intestinal chloride secretion has been observed in patients with mild CF mutations. The aim of this study was to investigate residual Cl(-) secretion in the intestine of DeltaF508 homozygous CF patients, and examine the contribution of cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) and alternative Cl(-) conductances. Twins and siblings with identical CFTR genotypes were investigated to determine the impact of factors other than CFTR on chloride secretion. METHODS: Chloride secretion in rectal tissue was investigated by applying Ca(2+) and adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP)-linked agonists before and after the inhibition of alternative Cl(-) conductances with 4,4'-diisothiocyanostilbene-2, 2'-disulfonic acid (DIDS). RESULTS: cAMP-mediated Cl(-) secretion was observed in 73% of patients, and 20% showed DIDS-sensitive Ca(2+)-activated Cl(-) secretion. This DIDS-sensitive alternative chloride conductance was seen only in CF patients who also responded to cAMP agonists. Chloride secretion was more concordant within monozygous twins than within dizygous pairs. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest the presence of CFTR-mediated Cl(-) secretion in a subgroup of patients, implying that a portion of deltaF508 CFTR can be processed in vivo and function as a chloride channel in the apical membrane of intestinal cells. Moreover, a considerable number of deltaF508 homozygous patients express chloride conductances other than CFTR in their intestinal epithelia.

4,4'-Diisothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-Disulfonic Acid↗