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PubMedDate not supplied

Effects of skin temperature on skin-electrode impedance: measurements at high direct current density.

Skin-electrode impedance was determined between two disposable electrodes 5 cm apart on the volar skin of the forearm in 20 patients during cooling on cardiopulmonary bypass. Measurements were made using a constant direct current pulse of 200 microseconds duration, at a current density of 25.6 mA cm-2. The mean inter-electrode resistance was 1.11 k omega, and the mean inter-electrode capacitance was 33.3 nF. In 19 patients there was no change in the inter-electrode resistance or the inter-electrode capacitance with changes in skin temperature from 27.5 to 36.0 degrees C. In one patient the inter-electrode resistance increased from 1.71 k omega at 35 degrees C to 1.94 k omega at 31.0 degrees C, while the inter-electrode capacitance increased from 19.6 to 26.6 nF. We conclude that temperature effects on the impedance of the stimulus electrodes are not responsible for the observed failure of evoked electromyography during clinical monitoring of neuromuscular function.

Body Temperature↗
PubMedDate not supplied

A comparison of oral micronized estradiol with soy phytoestrogen effects on tail skin temperatures of ovariectomized rats.

OBJECTIVE: Whether phytoestrogen-containing soy supplements have beneficial effects on hot flashes of postmenopausal women and how those effects, if any, compare to estrogen replacement therapy has been uncertain. It is possible that the uncertainty is due to the low doses of soy isoflavones (30-60 mg per day) used in the studies. We used ovariectomized retired breeder rats and a higher dose of soy phytoestrogens to approach these uncertainties experimentally. DESIGN: The treatment groups were as follows: (1) Control group fed a casein/lactalbumin-based diet; (2) Soy(-) group fed alcohol-washed soy protein isolate with the phytoestrogens extracted; (3) Soy(+) group fed phytoestrogen-containing soy protein (equivalent to a woman's dose of 144 mg isoflavones per day)--a dose two to three times higher than that in most studies with women; and (4) E2 group fed oral micronized estradiol (E2) at a dose equivalent to a woman's dose of 1 mg per day. A temperature-transponder was taped to the surface of the tail to measure temperature. Tail skin temperature was significantly increased within a week after ovariectomy. The animals were pair-fed during the last 21 days of treatment for daily temperature measurement. RESULTS: Soy(-) had no effect on skin temperature. E2 had a large effect on skin temperature (about 1.4 degrees C reduction from Control). Soy(+) was intermediate between the E2 treatment and no treatment (about 0.8 degrees C reduction from Control). CONCLUSIONS: Soy phytoestrogens have a modest effect on average skin temperatures, being about half that of E2, even at high doses in the rat model.

Administration, Oral↗
PubMed2003

[Bladder temperature versus tympanic membrane and forehead skin temperature].

INTRODUCTION: The purpose of the study was to compare three different methods of assessing the core temperature: by measuring the bladder temperature, the tympanic temperature, (Braun Thermoscan 3000) and the forehead skin temperature (Philips SensorTouch). Measuring of the bladder temperature and the tympanic temperature are wellknown methods whereas measuring of the forehead skin temperature by the use of Sensor Touch is a fairly new method by which the temperature at the warmest area of the forehead is measured. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Forty-two randomly chosen adult patients who all had a bladder catheter with a thermometer and a normal urine output. The patients were admitted to an intensive care unit and none were intubated nasally. Otoscopy was performed prior to temperature measurement. The temperatures were measured almost simultaneously. At the same time a white blood cell count and the C-reactive-protein value was recorded. RESULTS: There was a good linear coherence between the bladder temperature and the tympanic temperature (r = 0.97). The linear coherence between the bladder temperature and the forehead skin temperature was poor (r = 0.59). We found a mean deviation of 0.07 degree C and a standard deviation of 0.3 degree C of the difference between the bladder temperature and the tympanic temperature (p = 0.19). The mean of the difference between the bladder temperature and the forehead skin temperature was 0.5 degree C and a standard deviation of 0.8 degree C (p = 0.0003). Furthermore the forehead skin thermometer was not able to measure temperatures < 35.0 degrees C. We found no statistically significant coherence between the core temperature and the white blood cell count or C-reactive-protein. DISCUSSION: Tympanic temperature was well coherent with bladder temperature--forehead skin temperature was poorly coherent with bladder temperature. By evaluating the core temperature in intensive care patients the tympanic temperature is a reliable alternative to the bladder temperature.

Adult↗
PubMed1996

Effectiveness of ice packs in reducing skin temperature under casts.

Skin temperature lowering effects were measured after application of crushed ice packs to the surface of synthetic and plaster casts. The skin temperature of legs in synthetic casts decreased an average of 10.4 degrees C (range, 8.3 degrees-12.6 degrees) to a minimum temperature of 19.7 degrees C (range, 16.2 degrees-21.8 degrees), and the temperature of legs in plaster casts decreased an average of 11 degrees C to a minimum of 18.7 degrees C (range, 13 degrees-22.8 degrees). It took an average of 56 minutes (range, 40-80 minutes) for the legs in synthetic casts and 63.8 minutes (range, 26-116 minutes) for the legs in plaster casts to reach the minimum temperature. Cryotherapy is used clinically with the intention of lowering skin temperature and presumably decreasing the pain and swelling of a patient's injured extremity. The presence of a synthetic or a plaster cast does not eliminate the lowering effects of skin temperature when crushed ice packs are applied to the surface of the casts.

Adult↗
PubMed1976

Further studies of physiological concomitants of hypnosis: skin temperature, heart rate and skin resistance.

Forehead skin temperature, heart rate and palmar skin resistance were recorded during passive hypnosis and compared with corresponding data obtained during the resting awake condition in a group of highly hypnotizable subjects experienced in self-hypnosis. Similar physiological measures were also monitored during experimental periods when subjects were experiencing suggested environmental conditions of cold and heat in hypnosis as compared with imagining the stress conditions. The data from these subjects were also compared with those obtained from a randomly selected group of people who were low in waking suggestibility and had never been hypnotized. The results indicate that the differences in mean physiological parameters were greatest between the two subject groups, although some noteable differences were also apparent between hypnosis and the awake condition within the experimental group.

Cold Temperature↗
PubMed1995

Measurement of skin temperature and heat flow from skin in term newborn babies.

Regional heat loss and skin temperature changes in 25 healthy, full-term infants were studied under controlled conditions at environmental temperatures of 28-32 degrees C. Skin temperatures for all body regions followed changes in operative temperatures. Regional dry heat losses closely followed the external temperature gradient (difference between skin and operative temperature). The technique allows measurement of regional dry heat loss from the newborn skin exposed to different environmental conditions for different body surface areas. Thermal conductance, as an index of cutaneous blood flow, was calculated in a subgroup of 8 of the 25 babies by decreasing the operative temperature by 3-4 degrees C from the assumed thermoneutal zone. Thermal conductance indicated that only the foot responded to lower temperatures with vasoconstriction. Blood flow index of the chest region increased in all babies at lower temperatures.

Body Temperature Regulation↗
PubMed1999

The clinical utility of the rectal-skin temperature difference in the assessment of young infants.

OBJECTIVE: Previous studies have suggested that the degree of difference between rectal temperature and peripheral skin temperature [rectal-skin temperature difference (RSTD)] is predictive of serious illness in young infants. The authors sought to determine the clinical utility of the RSTD in the outpatient evaluation of infants up to 2 months of age for serious infectious illness (SII). METHODS: Simultaneous rectal and skin (anterior mid-lower leg) temperatures were recorded for all infants < or = 2 months of age seen in the ED over a one-year period. The physician's clinical assessment, rectal temperature, skin temperature, laboratory results, and final diagnoses were also recorded. The RSTD (rectal temperature - skin temperature) was calculated for each infant. Final diagnoses were recorded and classified as SII or nonserious illness (NSI). Mean RSTD for each group was calculated and data were analyzed by the Wilcoxon rank sum test and multivariate regression model. RESULTS: A total of 601 infants [mean age of 28 days (range 2-65 days)] were enrolled. Nine percent (57 of 601) of infants had SII. Forty percent (23 of 57) of infants with SII were febrile, and 60% (34 of 57) were afebrile. The mean RSTD of febrile infants with SII was 5.8 +/- 1.7 degrees C (range 3.2-9.7 degrees C) and 5.3 +/- 1.4 degrees C (range 3.0-7.6 degrees C) for febrile infants with NSI. The mean RSTD of afebrile infants with SII was 4.8 +/- 1.8 degrees C (range 2-12.5 degrees C) and 4.4 +/- 1.5 degrees C (range 0.04-10.9 degrees C) for afebrile infants with NSI. The RSTD was not associated with SII in either febrile or afebrile infants (p > 0.05, Wilcoxon rank sum test). A multivariate logistic regression model of age, rectal temperature, and RSTD suggested an independent association of rectal temperature with SII (p < 0.0001), but none between age or RSTD and SII (p > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Once the rectal temperature is known, the RSTD is not a clinically useful test in the evaluation of young infants for serious infectious illness.

Body Temperature↗
PubMed2003

Heated socks maintain toe temperature but not always skin blood flow as mean skin temperature falls.

INTRODUCTION: This study was conducted to examine whether toe skin blood flow (Q(toe)) could be maintained in subjects exposed to cold air by warming the foot using a heated sock. METHODS: Four male subjects were exposed to air at 4 degrees C. They wore aramid shirt and trousers, a coverall made from metalized spun bonded polyethylene ("space blanket" fabric), arctic mittens, a 4-ply aramid balaclava, and loose fitting padded boot liners. The subjects rested recumbent on a couch with a pair of heated socks turned on for 120 min and with socks turned off for a further 60 min. Q(toe) was measured using laser Doppler flowmetry. RSULTS: Although the heated socks maintained the skin temperature of the feet above 37 degrees C, Q(toe) was not maintained in two of the four male subjects for the 120 min that the socks were turned on. DISCUSSION: Heated socks cannot be relied on to maintain Q(toe) or to prevent non-freezing cold injuries during prolonged exposure to cold conditions.

Adult↗
PubMed1984

Changes in rectal and mean skin temperature in response to suggested heat during hypnosis in man.

Rectal temperature, mean skin temperature and heart rate were recorded in 7 subjects during hypnosis, induced either alone or while sensations of heat were suggested. During hypnosis alone, a fall in the heart rate of about 10 beat X min-1 was the only autonomic response observed; body temperatures were unaltered. In contrast, during hypnosis with suggestion of heat, the following changes occurred: (1) Mean rectal temperature decreased 0.20 degrees C (p less than 0.05) within 50 min. Its mean time course differed significantly from that for hypnosis alone (p less than 0.001). (2) Comparison of individual rectal temperature time sequences showed that in fact this temperature only declined in 4 subjects out of 7, and tended to form a plateau located 0.35 degrees C below the value of the preceding waking state. Despite reinforcement of heat suggestion, the plateau continued until the end of the hypnotic trance. (3) Mean skin temperature tended to rise. (4) When hypnosis with suggestion ceased, both rectal and skin temperatures very slowly returned to their levels during the preceding waking state.

Adult↗
PubMed1985

Low skin temperatures produced by new skin refrigerants.

Temperatures produced by Cryosthesia -30 degrees C, Cryosthesia -60 degrees C, and Frigiderm were measured in minipigs. Cryosthesia -60 degrees C and Cryosthesia -30 degrees C were both found to rapidly lower skin temperatures to levels that have been shown to cause cell injury, necrosis, and loss of melanocytes. Use of these agents requires extreme caution in dermabrasion.

Animals↗
PubMed1997

Skin temperature changes and changes in skin blood flow monitored with laser Doppler flowmetry and imaging: a methodological study in normal humans.

The aim of the present study was to elucidate the interrelation between changes in skin temperature and changes in skin blood flow, as measured by laser Doppler techniques. Therefore, 17 healthy volunteers were studied upon immersion of both feet in water of 15 degrees C for 10 min followed by body warming for 30 min. Measurements using laser Doppler flowmetery (LDF) were performed from the nailfold of the big toe, while measurements using laser Doppler imaging (LDI) were performed from the dorsum of the foot. Temperatures were recorded simultaneously from the toe tip and the dorsal foot skin. Temperatures at the toe tip were significantly lower than at the dorsal foot skin. Cooling caused decreased values in all parameters, with restitution during indirect heating. There was an exponential interrelation between LDF and temperature readings from the toe owing to very high LDF values at the end of indirect heating. On the dorsum of the foot, relative changes in LDI and temperature showed a linear relationship (rs = 0.65), although LDI values were consistently higher than temperatures. It is concluded that temperature readings constitute an ambiguous measure of skin blood flow. On the toe tip, blood flow through opened arteriovenous shunts during indirect heating does not correlate with temperature. Cooling of the foot decreases skin temperature, mainly by heat conduction, whereas skin blood flow is only slightly reduced.

Adult↗
PubMed1987

A thermographic study of the effect of body composition and ambient temperature on the accuracy of mean skin temperature calculations.

The problem associated with using measurements from a small number of sites to determine mean skin temperature was investigated by studying variations in distributions of skin temperatures of the bare torsos of humans exposed to ambient temperatures of 18, 23, and 28 degrees C. Following a 60 minute equilibration period the temperatures of four regions (chest, abdomen, upper back, and lower back) were measured using both thermistors and an infra-red thermographic system. Regions of the torso usually represented by a single temperature exhibited significant point-to-point temperature variations especially in chilled subjects. Also an earlier finding was confirmed: in that larger variations in skin temperature distributions occur as body fat content increases. Caution must therefore be used in applying the concept of a mean skin temperature derived from a few select sites, especially with nude subjects who are chilled or have a high body fat content.

Adipose Tissue↗
PubMed1989

An improved method for tail-flick testing with adjustment for tail-skin temperature.

The tail-skin temperature is an important factor in determining tail-flick latency to noxious radiant heat in rats and mice. A simple, non-invasive method for recording the tail-skin temperature during conventional tail-flick testing is described. The method is conveniently performed during conventional tail-flick testing. It does not require additional handling of the animals, and it is not stressful. The method utilizes a small-sized thermocouple which is brought in contact with the dorsal surface of the tail close to the area exposed to the radiant heat stimulus. A computer based system is used to record the temperature and control the tail-flick apparatus. Continuous monitoring of skin temperature showed that the temperature as measured 23 mm from the tip of the tail agreed well with skin temperature in the position where the beam was focused during tail-flick testing (13 mm from the tip). The skin temperature closer to the base of the tail (100 mm from the tip) showed considerably more deviation from the temperature 13 mm from the tip. Temperature measurements close to the heated area gave a higher degree of correlation between recorded temperature and tail-flick latencies than did temperature measurements closer to the base of the tail. These results provide further support for the contention that tail-skin temperature is an important factor when assessing nociception by means of the tail-flick test, and demonstrate that the temperature should be measured as close to the heated area as possible.

Animals↗