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PubMed1991

POLLUX: a program for simulated cloning, mutagenesis and database searching of DNA constructs.

Computer support for research in biotechnology has developed rapidly and has provided several tools to aid the researcher. This report describes the capabilities of new computer software developed in this laboratory to aid in the documentation and planning of experiments in molecular biology. The program, POLLUX, provides a graphical medium for the entry, edit and manipulation of DNA constructs and a textual format for display and edit of construct descriptive data. Program operation and procedures are designed to mimic the actual laboratory experiments with respect to capability and the order in which they are performed. Flexible control over the content of the computer-generated displays and program facilities is provided by a mouse-driven menu interface. Programmed facilities for mutagenesis, simulated cloning and searching of the database from networked workstations are described.

Base Sequence↗

PubMed1975

NUMEDICS: a system for on-line data processing in nuclear medicine.

A multiterminal system --NUMEDICS--has been developed to study the problems of on-line acquisition, processing, and display of scintigraphic data. The hardware-software configuration of NUMEDICS permits simultaneous and independent operation of terminals in the Division of Nuclear Medicine, the Physics Research Laboratory, and the Cyclotron Laboratory of the Massachusetts General Hospital. This paper describes the hardware and software developments in NUMEDICS which have been proven to be of value in clinical and research applications. These features are illustrated by applications to the evaluation of left ventricular performance, three-dimensional imaging, and functional imaging of rCBF.

Nuclear Medicine↗

PubMed1989

Topographical brain electrical activity mapping on an IBM-compatible personal computer.

A new system for computing brain electrical activity maps on a standard IBM-compatible computer has been developed. The EEG is recorded using a CED1401 intelligent laboratory interface and stored in the computer; colour coded maps are generated using software developed in Turbo PASCAL and displayed on the EGA graphics screen. An acceptable computation time of 1.2 s for a 64 x 64 map displayed as a 128 x 128 pixel image has been achieved by incorporating assembly language routines and a maths coprocessor. The system may be readily upgraded as improved hardware becomes available and further software can be added. In addition to triggering auditory, visual and somatosensory stimulators, it provides the potential for the generation of complex stimuli for cognitive experiments by means of mass RAM and digital-to-analogue converters.

Brain Mapping↗

PubMed1985

A computer-assisted electrocardiographic analysis system: methodology and potential application to cardiovascular toxicology.

An automated analysis of electrocardiographic (ECG) waveforms, based on a precise one-dimensional analysis of features within a generalized computer-enhanced ECG waveform, has been developed in our laboratory. ECG signals are monitored, amplified, and recorded using standard techniques. The recorder output signal is distributed to a microcomputer system. Software developed for the microcomputer slows the signal playback rate and permits operator review of the slowed signal for arrhythmia analysis. The analysis program identifies and superimposes 10-40 individual ECG complexes, depending on the heart rate, and generates an "ensembled" waveform. Operator interaction permits delineation of specific points on the displayed waveform and calculation of heart rate and duration of components within the ECG complex. The primary advantages of this system include (1) extensive automation--computer support decreases analytical time, increases precision, and permits rapid screening of large numbers of animals; (2) enhanced sensitivity--the use of functional parameters should provide a more sensitive index of toxicity than morphological parameters; (3) broad utility--this system provides the capability to utilize a variety of animals, both anesthetized and unanesthetized, ranging in age from fetuses to geriatrics, and permits studies of block as well as longitudinal design; and (4) ease of replication--standardization of equipment and techniques facilitates replication by other laboratories.

Animals↗

PubMed1986

BACOMP--database of bioactive compounds for structure-activity relationship.

BACOMP database is presented for structure-activity relationship (SAR) investigations; it was realized on a BK-1300 general purpose microcomputer using the MICRO-SETOR network database management system. Some general considerations of database design are given and the models and facilities for a development of a microcomputer-based SAR oriented database are described. The database contains the following information for the bioactive compounds: chemical structures, biological activities, trade names, reference numbers and information sources. For computer representation of chemical structures SAR oriented language is used. The database software includes: system software, data capture and data editing software, information retrieval and data processing applications. The software development is done in FORTRAN IV and MACRO assembly language. The programs are written in a completely interactive mode. The information retrieval software includes 12 functions giving an information for the database as a whole and for a single compound as well. The data processing software includes 8 functions for finding common structural fragments among compounds with similar biological activity and for estimating a structural similarity between different compounds. The functions are selected from corresponding screen MENUs. The function realization results are framed as appropriate screen formats and the receipt of hardcopies is available. The database can be used to develop predictive methods in respect of the investigated biological activity.

Drug Information Services↗

PubMed1992

Interactive video: an analysis of its value to nurse education.

This paper attempts to explain the emerging technology of interactive video and examine its possible place in nursing education. A brief description of the media is given with an exploration of the educational theory and justification underlying its use. A range of approaches to the evaluation of the technology itself and software available are given, which examine advantages and disadvantages for individual learners and for an organisation considering investment in this area. The possible role of interactive video in nurse education is discussed and a recommendation given that nurse educators need to keep up-to-date with developments in this type of educational technology and develop software suitable for the needs of nurses, rather than having to use packages developed for other purposes which have limited application for nursing.

Computer-Assisted Instruction↗

PubMed1988

Quality controlling interpretive reporting systems in clinical medicine--a changing responsibility.

This paper presents some observations on a number of topics which affect the quality of computer software and includes: current trends in software design, current levels of responsibilities for the various parties involved in bringing automation to clinical medicine, why software development is so difficult to quality control, and certain characteristics of system development which contribute most to the construction of inaccurate models.

Humans↗

PubMed1989

A cardiac potential mapping system.

The technical aspects of a multiple-purpose cardiac mapping system are presented. The authors begin with a brief history of hardware and software development and then concentrate on the major problems in acquiring high-quality recordings from the torso surface or from the epicardial surface and on the processing of the signals for display of color maps or other analysis. To achieve the desired adaptability to a variety of cardiac applications and experiments, they incorporated three parallel microprocessors that can record the signals from 240 electrodes and simultaneously provide display and analysis of the incoming cardiac data. While the parallel processors and modular software offer computational and flexibility advantages, the user interacts with an ordinary AT-compatible computer. This discussion is not a survey of the systems used in the many research laboratories or specific cardiac applications but is focused on experience in developing the specific hardware for such a multi-purpose instrument, and less specifically on the software that makes the system easy to use and adaptable to a variety of experimental and clinical situations.

Action Potentials↗

PubMed1990

Magnetic resonance imaging simulator: a teaching tool for radiology.

The increasing use of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a clinical modality has put an enormous burden on medical institutions to cost effectively teach MRI scanning techniques to technologists and physicians. Since MRI scanner time is a scarce resource, it would be ideal if the teaching could be effectively performed off-line. In order to meet this goal, the radiology Department at the University of Pennsylvania has designed and developed a Magnetic Resonance Imaging Simulator. The simulator in its current implementation mimics the General Electric Signa (General Electric Magnetic Resonance Imaging System, Milwaukee, WI) scanner's user interface for image acquisition. The design is general enough to be applied to other MRI scanners. One unique feature of the simulator is its incorporation of an image-synthesis module that permits the user to derive images for any arbitrary combination of pulsing parameters for spin-echo, gradient-echo, and inversion recovery pulse sequences. These images are computed in 5 seconds. The development platform chosen is a standard Apple Macintosh II (Apple Computer, Inc, Cupertino, CA) computer with no specialized hardware peripherals. The user interface is implemented in HyperCard (Apple Computer Inc, Cupertino, CA). All other software development including synthesis and display functions are implemented under the Macintosh Programmer's Workshop 'C' environment. The scan parameters, demographics, and images are tracked using an Oracle (Oracle Corp, Redwood Shores, CA) data base. Images are currently stored on magnetic disk but could be stored on optical media with minimal effort.

Computer Simulation↗

PubMed1990

Image-guided stereotactic surgery: a 10-year evolutionary experience.

The recent revolution in medical imaging has demanded concurrent development of sophisticated and compatible stereotactic guiding devices in order to diagnose or treat mass lesions on the brain and disorders of cerebral physiology. Between July 1, 1979, and July 1, 1989, 1,006 patients underwent image-guided stereotactic surgery at the University of Pittsburgh. During this 10-year interval the first dedicated computed tomography stereotactic operating room and the first North American radiosurgical suite containing a 201 60Co source gamma knife were constructed. Early in our experience, 60.5% of the patients underwent diagnostic (biopsy) stereotactic surgery whereas, by 1988, 77.8% of the patients underwent therapeutic stereotactic surgery. At our institution, stereotactic surgery was performed last year in 257 patients, representing 19.9% of all neurosurgical operations. During the past 10 years, stereotactic surgery has developed an integral and definitive role in contemporary mainstream neurosurgery. Across the world stereotactic technology is now widely available. In the future increasing emphasis will be placed on therapy, image integration, computer software development, and new instrumentation designed to meet the evolving needs of neurological surgeons who demand safe, precise, and effective tools to explore the brain.

Biopsy↗

PubMed1988

Computers in anatomic pathology. A survey of California hospitals.

The anatomic pathology services of 434 health care institutions in California were surveyed about their use of computers. Of 200 (46%) respondents, 106 (53%) did not use computers at all. Of 94 (47%) respondents who used computers, 77 (82%) used them for administrative purposes; 74 (79%), for any routine processing of surgical specimens; 43 (45%), for processing surgical specimens other than word processing (eg, database); 52 (55%), for processing cytology specimens; and 60 (63%), for processing autopsy specimens (including word processing). Computer use was slightly greater with higher work loads. Among nonusers, on a scale of 1 to 5 the average interest in using computers was 3.5 for surgical pathology data, 3.4 for cytology data, and 2.8 for autopsy data. The interest rate also increased with work load, and was nearly 4 for laboratories with greater than 4000 surgical or cytology cases per year. The average interest in controlling and/or making decisions about computer hardware and software was 3.9 for hardware and 4 for software. Reasons for low computer use in anatomic pathology despite interest in utilization are discussed, including the limited selection of affordable commercial software for anatomic pathology and difficulties of in-house software development.

Autopsy↗

PubMed1991

The MAClinical Workstation Project at Georgetown University.

The intent of the MAClinical Workstation Project is to develop computer workstations for medical students of the sort they will use in future medical practice. The idea is to instill information query habits in the daily clinical activities of these young physicians-in-training. The Georgetown University Medical Center Library spearheads the project in conjunction with the School of Medicine. The library handles technical support, including software development, user training, equipment maintenance, and network installations. The project began in 1988 with nine Macintosh computers; today thirty machines are distributed throughout the Georgetown University Hospital conference rooms, faculty and resident offices, and at four affliated hospitals. The Macintosh computers are connected to the medical center's local area network (LAN) with access to the Integrated Academic Information Management System (IAIMS) and Library Information System (LIS) databases. The MAClinical workstations serve multiple educational purposes in the clinical setting. Primarily, students gain experience in medical informatics by using a variety of software systems installed at the stations: the H&P Writer, a history and physical system written in the C programming language, can be used by students to prepare the admission record on patients they examine; also, students can keep patient records, check findings against a diagnostic system, look up drugs and treatment protocols, develop medical sketches, and find additional information when needed in the medical literature.

Computer Systems↗

PubMed1989

Evaluation of routine telephone transmission of nuclear medicine studies.

Rapid and reliable transmission of nuclear medicine studies using conventional telephone lines and commercially available modems and computer systems has been accomplished through use of software developed within the authors' hospital. Original digital images of all-night and weekend studies, acquired on any of the acquisition computers from different manufacturers, are now routinely sent for remote reading at the physician's home. Data, software, and letters are routinely exchanged using modems and standard telephone lines with a sister institution in Haifa, Israel. The software has been designed to achieve no loss data compression and minimal turnaround time loss. Thus, an average lung perfusion image or gallbladder study requires about 1-3 minutes of transmission time. Full analysis and display software is available on the remote computer.

Computer Communication Networks↗

PubMed1990

Analysis of jaw movements and masticatory muscle activity.

This paper describes software developed to analyze the temporal and spatial aspects of jaw movements, the speed, direction and magnitude of these movements in three dimensions, and the associated electromyograms (EMGs) of the masticatory muscles. Data from a subject chewing gum illustrates the software application. Manipulations of the stored digitized data are described. Temporal aspects of each chewing cycle are defined by specified delimiters for the beginning and ending of jaw opening and closing; spatial aspects are quantified by measurements derived from movement trajectories; and peak and mean velocities are derived from the velocity profiles. EMGs are digitized, rectified, averaged and referenced to jaw movement. Onset latencies, burst durations, rise times to peak activity, time of occurrence of peak activity, and amplitudes of peak and mean activities are measured from the EMGs. This detailed kinematic/EMG analysis provides previously inaccessible information about jaw muscles and the movements they control.

Electromyography↗

PubMed1988

Automated acquisition and analysis of animal behavior data utilizing an Apple IIe.

A method is described for interfacing an Apple IIe computer to common programming modules which will allow the collection and organization of digitized data into files compatible with readily available statistical packages. The system will thus eliminate the need for manual entry of data for statistical analysis. The required hardware and software developed is discussed in sufficient detail to allow assembly and use by individuals with minimal computer expertise.

Animals↗

PubMed1991

Databases for neuroscience.

Databases for neuroscience must handle large volumes of image and graphical data as well as domain knowledge. Several software development efforts are addressing these issues in an attempt to aid the acquisition, analysis and exchange of complex data sets.

Databases, Bibliographic↗

PubMed1985

An efficient medical database system implementation with its tool and data structure consideration.

The development of a new system for medical database application running on minicomputer under MUMPS system is described. Two kinds of data representation in global structure are briefly reviewed. The use of a subject oriented multi-dimensional data structure greatly simplifies database design and facilitates data manipulation, organization, selective retrieval and software development. It is concluded that the program generator approach can provide the flexibility necessary for various applications and future growth of computerized medical record system. The final system has been proven effective in practical operation. The future extension concerns the introduction of multi-microprocessor structure and logic representation is presented.

Computers↗

PubMed1987

Use of a microcomputer in a pediatric hospital.

The implementation and uses of a microcomputer in a 186-bed pediatric hospital are described. A Kaypro-10 portable microcomputer and an Epson Fx-80 printer were purchased in anticipation of increased workload generated by addition of beds to the hospital's neonatal intensive-care unit. Programs in C-BASIC language were developed for performing mathematical calculations, labeling of unit dose injections and oral liquids, and generating automatic-stop-order renewal notices. A master menu was designed to allow access to all programs. Work sheets to aid in the calculation of solution volumes required to deliver desired dosages of emergency drugs and for preparation of parenteral nutrient solutions are generated by the microcomputer, along with labels for these solutions. Other computer programs allow charging of floor stock items for i.v. admixtures, tracking of emergency-drug boxes, and generation of controlled-substances and anaphylaxis-dosing labels. A total of 510 hours was required to develop the microcomputer programs at a salary cost of $2600. Hospital pharmacies experiencing an expansion of patient services may be able to reduce the impact of the increased workload on manpower requirements by computerizing existing systems. Pharmacies with specialized needs can consider microcomputer implementation and inhouse software development as one alternative.

Arkansas↗