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[Documentation of surgical performance--does more really help more? Comparison of the effects of maximum and limited documentation depth of clinical patient data on theoretical revenue volume of a surgical clinic after introduction of the DRG-based reimbursement system].

INTRODUCTION: The forthcoming introduction of a DRG-based account system in Germany aims at higher transparency and economic efficiency, particularly in the sector of in-patient health care. The availability of documentation of the highest quality, taking into account all potentially relevant diagnoses, appears to be the best method for achieving maximum revenue in individual surgical units. The aim of the study was to determine the relevance of various degrees of documentation depth on calculated DRG-based revenue. Furthermore, we evaluated whether improvements in the quality of documentation can be realized in current hospital organization. METHODS: In a prospective study, clinical data from 402 in-patients were collected and revenues were calculated based on the Australian-Refined DRG system. Various qualities of documentation were defined. In order to find the medical sectors most sensitive to "under-documentation", homogenous cases were classified into 23 treating groups, according to diagnosis. RESULTS: In 267 cases, maximum revenue was determined only by one main diagnosis, while better results could be achieved in 137 cases (34%) by extended documentation quality. Half of this gain could only be achieved by an independent medical documentation specialist. An upper limit of documentation intensity (number of diagnoses) could be defined. Maximum gain did not require maximum number of diagnoses. CONCLUSIONS: Documentation depth has an important influence on the calculated revenue of surgical therapy based on AR-DRG system. The quality and depth of the documentation is not, in itself, sufficient. In order to be really effective, it requires the highest degree of professionalism from hospital staff.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗

Objective surgical performance evaluation based on haptic feedback.

In order to develop effective virtual reality training systems for surgery there is a need to provide appropriate sensory and performance feedback to the user. This paper aims to demonstrate a method by which performance data can be collected. This is used to investigate the effect of haptic feedback on performance. A PHANTOM desktop device was used in conjunction with a suturing simulation A pair of needle-holders was instrumented with strain gauges and attached to the stylus of the PHANTOM allowing the measurement of force application and time. Suturing performance was evaluated in terms of stitch completion time, peak force application, and the length and straightness of the stitch. The effect of the level of force feedback provided by the simulation and performance over time was considered. The results indicate that the presence of force feedback affected task completion time, peak force application and the straightness of the stitch. Task completion time was shown to increase with the level of force feedback provided. Performance was seen to improve over time in terms of task completion time and the accuracy ofthe stitch. The work has examined how the presence and level of force feedback affects performance of a simple task. The accuracy of haptic feedback is important in the design of surgical simulation systems to ensure effective training transfer. A data collection method by which objective performance evaluation can be made is demonstrated. The method can be applied to training using bench models, simulations and potentially in the operating theatre.

Clinical Competence↗

[New classification of practical surgical performance].

The commission was founded in April 1990 by the Professional Association of German Surgeons to devise a new evaluation of surgical practice, especially operative procedures. The catalogue uses time as its first approach, but also gives other qualities for surgical work. The given time values for some standard operations are backed up by statistical calculation of well-documented times in three different surgical units.

Cost-Benefit Analysis↗

A 6 year experience with the St. Jude medical valve: hemodynamic performance, surgical results, biocompatibility and follow-up.

After in vitro testing (confirmed in vivo) of three contemporary valve designs (St. Jude, Björk-Shiley and Carpentier-Edwards) demonstrated that the St. Jude valve possessed the most favorable hydrodynamic performance characteristics, a limited clinical trial was begun in high risk patients who might benefit from a prosthesis with improved hemodynamics. Between March 1978 and March 1984, 419 St. Jude prostheses (157 aortic, 156 mitral and 53 double aortic-mitral) were implanted in 366 patients. Ninety-six percent were in New York Heart Association functional class III or IV preoperatively. Early (30 day) mortality was 10.4% overall, and was lower after aortic (5.7%) or double (7.5%) than after isolated mitral valve replacement (16.0%). Forty-four prosthetic mitral valve recipients with severe ischemic mitral regurgitation experienced a 32% early mortality rate; without this group, mitral valve replacement carried a 10% early mortality rate (p less than 0.01). Multivariate logistic regression analysis confirmed that early death was strongly associated with three preoperative patient characteristics (p less than 0.05): ischemic mitral valve disease, depressed left ventricular function (ejection fraction less than 0.55) and advanced functional class (class IV). Late follow-up (7,055 patient-months, mean 22) was 99.7% complete (1 patient lost). Actuarial survival at 4 years was 80, 80 and 79% after aortic, mitral (nonischemic) and double valve replacement, respectively; in the subset with ischemic mitral regurgitation, actuarial survival was 34% (p less than 0.01). Eighty-six percent of survivors were in functional class I or II.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)

Biocompatible Materials↗

Comparison of UK paediatric cardiac surgical performance by analysis of routinely collected data 1984-96: was Bristol an outlier?

BACKGROUND: Reports of high mortality after paediatric cardiac surgery at the Bristol Royal Infirmary, UK, led to the establishment of an independent public inquiry. A key question was whether or not the mortality statistics in Bristol were unusual compared with other specialist centres. To answer this question, we did a retrospective analysis of mortality in the UK using two datasets. METHODS: Data from the UK Cardiac Surgical Register (CSR; January, 1984, to March, 1996) and Hospital Episode Statistics (HES; April, 1991, to December, 1995) were obtained for all 12 major centres in which paediatric cardiac surgery is done in the UK. The main outcome measure was mortality within 30 days of a cardiac surgical procedure. We estimated excess deaths in Bristol using a random-effects model derived from the remaining 11 centres. Additionally, a sensitivity analysis was done and case-mix examined. FINDINGS: For children younger than 1 year, in open operations, the mortality rate in Bristol was around double that of the other centres during 1991-95: within the CSR, there were 19.0 excess deaths (95% interval 2-32) among 43 deaths; and in HES, there were 24.1 excess deaths (12-34) among 41 deaths recorded. There was no strong evidence for excess mortality in Bristol for closed operations or for open operations in children older than 1 year. INTERPRETATION: Our results suggest that Bristol was an outlier, and we do not believe that statistical variation, systematic bias in data collection, case-mix, or data quality can explain a divergence in performance of this size.

Adolescent↗

Impact of a surgical postgraduate course on undergraduate surgical performance.

Postgraduate medical education generally has one of two basic goals: to improve general cognitive knowledge or to impart technical and management skills in a narrower area of medicine. Physicians invest enormous amounts of time and money in acquiring continued medical education, but there are little data on the objective benefits derived from such efforts. Because it is so difficult to make valid assessments of additions to cognitive knowledge gained by practicing surgeons, we studied the responses of a more homogeneous group, third- and fourth-year medical students, to an intensive four-day surgical course. These students were serving a surgical clerkship and were required to attend the course. Junior medical students who attended the course received higher scores on written examinations than their peers who did not participate in the course, but this did not reach statistical significance (P = .02). On objective tests, there was no difference between the scores of the fourth-year medical students. This report emphasizes the inherent difficulty in using objective criteria to measure courses.

Clinical Competence↗

Quantitative Doppler and ultrasound measurements in surgically performed arteriovenous fistulas of the arm.

Quantitative Doppler flow velocity determinations were made combined with ultrasound estimation of the arterial diameter of the feeding vessel in arteriovenous fistulas of the arm used both for dialysis administration of cytostatics and parenteral nutrition. In 83 patients flow velocity alone was determined while the volume flow was calculated in 63. The effect of the length of the dialysis period and age of the fistula on the different parameters is discussed.

Adolescent↗

Subjective effects of double gloves on surgical performance.

This randomised trial compared single gloves with combinations of double gloves to determine the subjective effects on comfort, sensitivity and dexterity in 32 surgeons. Glove perforation rates were also compared. Single gloves of the surgeon's normal size (method A) were used as control. Double gloves were worn in three different ways, selected randomly: normal gloves inside and gloves one-half size larger outside (method B); the larger gloves inside and the normal gloves outside (method C); and lastly, two pairs of gloves of normal size (method D). Double gloves by all three methods significantly protected against needle perforation of the inner gloves when compared with single gloves, but also significantly impaired comfort, sensitivity and dexterity. When the three types of double gloving were compared, there appeared to be advantages for method C for all modalities, but the differences did not reach statistical significance; also, more surgeons expressed a preference for method C. Perforation of the inner gloves was significantly less for double gloves than for single gloves. We conclude that double gloves often protect the surgeon against needle perforations, but are felt to impair comfort, sensitivity and dexterity.

Attitude of Health Personnel↗