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PubMed1989

Analysis of intrathyroidal cytokine production in thyroid autoimmune disease: thyroid follicular cells produce interleukin-1 alpha and interleukin-6.

Cytokine production was studied in thyroid tissue from patients with Graves' disease, Hashimoto's thyroiditis and non-toxic goitre. The expression of interferon gamma, tumour necrosis factor alpha and beta, interleukin-1 alpha and beta, interleukin-6 and platelet-derived growth factor A chain was assessed by slot-blot analysis of the respective mRNA in freshly isolated tissue samples. All seven cytokines were detected in patients of all groups. Although the respective mRNA levels were, in general, higher in thyroid autoimmune disorders, this appeared to relate to the degree of the lymphocytic infiltration of the thyroid gland at the time of surgery. Purified thyroid follicular cells expressed high levels of interleukin-1 alpha and interleukin-6 mRNA and when established in primary culture, purified thyroid follicular cells from Graves' disease as well as non-toxic goitre produced interleukin-1 alpha and interleukin-6 bioactivity spontaneously. In the case of interleukin-1 this could be further augmented by addition of lipopolysaccharide to the thyroid follicular cell cultures. These results demonstrate that the lymphocytic infiltrate found in autoimmune and non-autoimmune thyroid disorders is associated with cytokine production. Additionally we have shown that intrathyroidal cytokine production is not restricted to thyroid-infiltrating mononuclear cells, but may also involve thyroid follicular cells both in vivo and in vitro. The cytokines produced by thyroid follicular cells may have an important role in stimulating autoantigen specific T cells in vivo as both interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 facilitate T cell activation.

Adult↗
PubMed1994

Reproductive manifestations of thyroid disease.

Thyroid function and reproductive function have many interactions, the scope and mechanism of which are not fully understood. These functions are of greatest clinical importance for veterinarians working with breeders of purebred dogs. Thyroid dysfunction does not always result in clinical signs of reproductive disorders or in subfertility. It seems that animals with overt thyroid dysfunction are those most likely to manifest reproduction problems.

Animals↗
PubMedDate not supplied

Laryngeal involvement by thyroid disease.

Thyroid tissue or neoplastic derivatives therefrom in the larynx or trachea have their genesis in either ectopia or a direct invasion by carcinoma of the thyroid gland proper. The benign lesions are found preponderantly in patients from regions in which goiter is endemic, and they may represent as much as 7% of all benign tracheal tumors. Laryngotracheal invasion by thyroid carcinoma also has a frequency of approximately 7%, with all histologic types represented.

Choristoma↗
PubMed1997

Occupational and Environmental Determinants for Benign Thyroid Disease and Follicular Thyroid Cancer.

Occupational and environmental determinants of benign thyroid disease and follicular thyroid cancer were evaluated in a series of cases in 1977-1987. Of the cases initially diagnosed as follicular thyroid cancer, only 31 remained after a reclassification, whereas 44 were found to be benign thyroid disease. Both series were compared with 387 randomly selected population controls. Occupational solvent exposure was strongly associated with benign thyroid disease (odds ratio, OR, 2.8; 95% confidence interval, 95% CI, 0.9-9.0 for women and OR 18.9; 95% CI 2.2-161 for men). Eight of the nine men found to have benign disease had been exposed to solvents, and six of them to trichloroethylene. For both types of cases, a private well at the birth address increased the risk, OR 2.0; 95% CI 0.9-4.0 and OR 3.0; 95% CI 1.2-7.2, respectively, whereas the risk was lower for those living in coastal areas. Less fish and shellfish in the diet increased the risk for malignant thyroid disease only. Although based on small numbers, the study indicates etiologic roles of occupational and environmental factors for both conditions studied. The influences of occupation and diet differ, however, for the two outcomes.

Journal Article↗
PubMedDate not supplied

History of thyroid diseases and subsequent thyroid cancer risk.

A history of benign thyroid diseases has been associated with the risk of thyroid cancer. We have analyzed this issue using data from a case-control study conducted in northern Italy between 1986 and 1992 on 399 incident, histologically confirmed thyroid cancer cases and 617 controls admitted to the hospital for acute, nonneoplastic, non-hormone-related diseases. The overall multivariate relative risk (RR) estimates were 2.8 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.6-12.4] for previous episodes of thyroiditis, 27.1 (95% CI, 6.5-111.9) for adenoma, 8.2 (95% CI, 3.5-19.1) for goiter, 3.8 (95% CI, 1.4-10.9) for hyperthyroidism, and 1.5 (95% CI, 0.4-5.1) for hypothyroidism when all histotypes were analyzed. The RR for any thyroid disease was 7.7 (95% CI, 4.6-12.8). A family history of thyroid disease was significantly related to thyroid cancer with an RR of 1.6. The RR for having resided in endemic goiter areas was 1.3 for < 20 years of residence and 1.6 for 20 or more years. These associations were somewhat stronger when only papillary, follicular, and mixed papillary/follicular cancers were considered. Analyses of data in separate strata of sex and age suggested that several benign conditions play a more important role in females and in subjects younger than 50 years. Results were similar to the overall ones when papillary and follicular carcinomas were considered separately. The population-attributable risk for any previous thyroid disease was approximately 20% in this Italian population. These results confirm that history of thyroid disease is a relevant indicator of subsequent thyroid cancer risk also in areas at relatively low prevalence of goiter and other thyroid diseases.

Adenocarcinoma, Follicular↗
PubMed1987

Prevalence of thyroid disease and abnormal thyroid function test results in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus.

Although thyroid disease has been associated with other autoimmune conditions, it is not well recognized in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients. We found that in 332 SLE patients hospitalized during a 5-year period, the overall prevalence of diagnosed thyroid disease (7.5%) was similar to that in other female populations, but the prevalence of diagnosed hypothyroidism (6.6%) was unexpectedly high. There was also a high frequency of abnormal thyroid function test results in 175 SLE patients without diagnosed thyroid disease who underwent laboratory screening. More than 45% of these patients had elevated levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone, 34% had low T3 determinations, and 18% had high antimicrosomal antibody titers. When patients were categorized into "functional groups," some showed evidence of the "euthyroid sick syndrome" (15%), but many more had laboratory test results suggestive of true (5%) or incipient (39%) primary hypothyroidism. We conclude that abnormal thyroid function test results are common in patients with SLE and that hypothyroidism, especially, should be considered when evaluating symptoms and signs in SLE patients.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1996

Occult micropapillary carcinoma associated with benign follicular thyroid disease and unrelated thyroid neoplasms.

Surgically resected thyroids from 425 patients with thyroid disease other than carcinoma of follicular cell derivation were thoroughly examined for occult micropapillary carcinoma (MPC). There were 317 cases of nodular hyperplasia, 36 of thyroiditis, 44 follicular adenomas, and 28 others. Glands were sectioned at 2- to 3-mm intervals and fixed in formalin. Every section was examined histologically. There were 71 cases (16.7%) of MPC containing 118 tumors. Among 343 women, 51 (14.9%) had MPC; among 82 men, 20 (24.4%) had MPC. The average age of all of the patients was 46.9 years and of those with MPC, 50.5 years. The occurrence of MPC peaked between 40 and 70 years and declined in older patients. MPC was found in 8.9% of patients who underwent lobectomies, 10.8% who had hemithyroidectomies, and 24.1% of those who had total thyroidectomies. Logistic regression analysis revealed significant associations between the presence of MPC and the patient sex, age, and extent of surgery; in contrast, there was no association between the occurrence of MPC and the underlying thyroid disease. These data indicate that MPC is present in up to 24.1% of thyroids removed for unrelated thyroid disease. The predominance of this lesion in men is in striking contrast to the occurrence of clinically significant thyroid cancer. This suggests that the initiation of carcinogenesis is not sexually dimorphic, whereas promoters of tumor growth are. A rational management of this common disease awaits the results of careful controlled trials.

Adolescent↗
PubMed1988

Thyroid disease and mental illness: a study of thyroid disease in psychiatric admissions.

The notes of 1007 consecutive admissions to a District General Hospital adult psychiatry unit were examined retrospectively to establish the role of the thyroid disease detected in routine management. Thyroid function tests were performed on 300 admissions, leaving 707 untested. Ten had abnormal results (3.3% of admissions tested), accounted for by nine patients with affective disorder. Two of the nine settled spontaneously, but seven cases (2.3%) had sustained abnormality. Five of the seven had a known history of thyroid disease, leaving two new findings of hypothyroidism who presented with no clinical signs other than their mental illness (0.7% of admissions tested). In five cases, which included the two new findings, the thyroid disease had been judged to precipitate the mental illness. All cases except one transitory abnormality occurred in females. When the results of this and other surveys are compared with the figures for thyroid disease in the general population, the value of screening psychiatric patients seems questionable. However, diagnosis is important in a few cases where thyroid disease apparently contributes to the mental illness. For psychiatric patients aged up to 65, elimination of unnecessary thyroid function tests without sacrificing detection may be possible by restricting use to female patients with affective disorder, patients with a past or family history of thyroid disease or with presenile dementia. Abnormal results obtained during the acute phase of the illness may be transitory and require confirmation.

Adult↗
PubMed1989

Hashimoto's disease, thyroid lymphoma and splenic atrophy.

An elderly woman is described who developed Hashimoto's thyroiditis and, subsequently, thyroid lymphoma more than 15 years after the onset of splenic atrophy. This case supports the concept that splenic atrophy predisposes to the development of autoimmune thyroid disease. The relationship between splenic atrophy and autoimmune thyroid disease is reviewed.

Aged↗